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Sans en avoir l’air, Markowicz livre ses mémoires. Jamais il ne l’aurait fait de manière classique. Photo Richard Dumas pour «Libération».
Un an de chroniques partagées sur Facebook

Facebook place en situation de conversation. Cette caractéristique a incité André Markowicz à y écrire des chroniques régulièrement pour des «amis inconnus». Le côté chambre d’écho du réseau social. Penser, pour lui, ne peut se faire qu’en parlant. «J’ai absolument besoin de sentir une présence humaine autour de moi, devant moi. De voir des yeux. D’où l’idée que j’ai eu d’utiliser Facebook.» De même, le traducteur considère le travail sur la langue comme une «question d’échos, de conversations secrètes ou déclarées, de lignes tracées, interrompues et toujours reprises». Le dialogue se poursuit (facebook.com/andre.markowicz).

Ce pourrait être plusieurs livres tant Partages navigue entre des souvenirs, des établis de traduction, des «dossiers» dépoussiérés, des lectures, des poèmes maison, des histoires juives. Rien n’est bâclé, effleuré ou allusif. On y sent une exigence permanente de conférer de l’épaisseur, du sens et des détails. Sans en avoir l’air, Markowicz livre ses mémoires. Jamais il ne l’aurait fait de manière classique. On apprend et on devient en vivant.

Le lieu fondateur, la chaleur, se situe à Leningrad, dans un immense appartement devenu communautaire et une grand-tante née en 1890 qui avait 14 ans à la mort de Tchekhov. «Ce russe cristallin, inouï, que j’entendais quand elle parlait, et cette photo. Ces jeunes gens, sérieux et souriants, comme s’ils étaient, eux, les enfants de Verchinine dans les Trois Sœurs.» L’enfant né à Prague tombe dans Pouchkine dès ses premières semaines d’existence grâce à une grand-mère pédiatre qui lui disait les contes du poète, et Eugène Onéguine. Ce fameux Eugène Onéguine, roman en vers dont il confie à plusieurs reprises que c’est la traduction la plus importante qu’il ait jamais faite.

Son attitude face à une langue est animale, instinctive. Sa mère parlait le russe, son père français ne faisait pas attention à l’accent tonique (oreille française), mais il lui fait découvrir des textes anglais et l’emmène voir Laurence Olivier jouant Hamlet. Entre deux mondes, le fils sait tôt qu’il aura «du monde une sensation métrique».

C’est un des traducteurs les plus doués de sa génération qui va le dégrossir à l’âge de 16 ans. «J’ai eu un maître. Qu’est-ce que c’est, un maître ? - C’est, oui, comme, je pense, de compagnon en compagnon, de charpentier en charpentier, quelque chose qui se transmet, pas dans les livres, mais dans les mots, dans les conversations, dans le travail lui-même.» Efim Etkind, qui a participé à l’exfiltration du manuscrit de l’Archipel du goulag puis qui s’est retrouvé en France, lui lance un premier défi : «Tu ne voudrais pas traduire Pouchkine ?» L’adolescent indifférent à tout s’empare passionnément des poèmes, traduit, retraduit jusqu’à vingt fois. «C’est lui qui m’a appris les lois de la métrique, russe, et française.» Trente ans plus tard, après plus d’une centaine de livres, André Markowicz s’est rappelé les poètes chinois vantés alors par son maître.


Tout au long de cette année de chroniques, Ombres de Chine, débuté en 2011, apparaît en ombre chinoise, de-ci de-là dans le journal sur Facebook. On imagine son auteur les yeux écarquillés quand il réalise grâce aux poètes Tang que le deuxième conflit le plus sanglant de l’histoire de l’humanité, c’est la guerre civile qui a ravagé la Chine entre 755 et 763. Un minimum de 30 millions de morts en huit ans. Un de ses élus, Po Chü (772-846), pose «un regard fraternel sur la souffrance et la beauté du monde». «L’apogée et la ruine se succèdent/Au rythme du soleil et de la lune/Les changements ne laissent pas de trace/Qui peut savoir quand ils ont commencé?/Vainement incertain mille ans plus tard/Tourné vers le passé un voyageur.»

L’auteur vit à Rennes. Souvent, il témoigne des réactions violentes suscitées par les textes de Françoise Morvan, sa cotraductrice et auteur du Monde comme si, qui «remet en cause les fondements de l’engagement nationaliste en Bretagne». L’analyse du nationalisme breton l’ouvre à l’analyse de tout nationalisme. «Mais, partout en Europe, on sent monter, très fort, au lieu d’une solidarité nécessaire entre tous ceux qui souffrent de la crise, ce qu’on peut appeler le réflexe identitaire, le "moi moi moi" qui fait le "nous", et le culte des drapeaux.»L’antithèse à son goût de la vitalité et de l’altruisme des langues.

Church Architecture A Glossary of Terms Discovering Download Mark Child PDF PDF Download EBOOK PDF Here http://ajurit.com.

Every Tribe Every Nation, an alliance of philanthropic and Bible agencies, represents groups that have developed more than 85 percent of the Bible translations in the world. It includes the American Bible Society, Biblica, Seed Company, SIL, Wycliffe USA, and the United Bible Societies. After Christianity Todaypublished its article on Mobilized Assistance Supporting Translation (MAST) in its June issue, the alliance sent this statement. See also today’s CT report on the ongoing debate over MAST.

Speed and accuracy. In many areas of life, we are challenged to balance speed and accuracy. An equestrian trying to finish a course in the quickest time with the fewest penalties. The typist who strives for the fastest speed with the fewest errors. Medical researchers searching for the quickest path to a cure with the fewest side effects.

And when it comes to Bible translation, speed and meaningful accuracy are also fundamental principles that undergird the work. We have an incredible sense of urgency to ensure that all people can access the gospel message, but we take very seriously our spiritual responsibility to ensure that each new translation accurately relays the Scripture’s full meaning and spirit of the gospel.

The balancing act of delivering the Bible in a new language as quickly as possible while ensuring this accuracy of God’s Word has always been the challenge for Bible translators. People become Bible translators because they have experienced the power of God’s Word in their own lives and feel called to get the gospel message into the hands and hearts of others. But especially as this work of Bible translation moves closer and closer to local communities, they also recognize that the only thing worse than keeping someone waiting for the Bible in his or her heart language, is a new translation that jeopardizes the clear communication of this same gospel message.

While speed and meaningful accuracy are consistently hard to balance in Bible translation, technology has allowed us to make huge leaps forward in accelerating the process. For decades, translators used to labor in relative isolation over handwritten translations that were vulnerable to theft, fire, or natural disaster. Today’s translators use cutting-edge software that not only safeguards the translation, but also provides immediate access to collaboration tools including historical, archeological, and linguistic information.

Over the last five years as members of the Every Tribe Every Nation alliance, we have had the privilege of serving together, bringing more than 1,100 Scripture portions and versions of the Bible into one, universal Digital Bible Library. This library allows for rapid release of these texts through ministry “library cardholders,” seeking to serve the nearly 5 billion people represented by the languages housed here.

With this technology and the removal of perennial “de-celerants”—which could be as simple as a needed generator or advanced as necessary linguistic training—we’re beginning to see the length of translation projects moving faster. Where the average time for New Testament translation projects 60 years ago was more than 20 years, these projects are now being completed in less than half this time (eight years on average). And this last spring, one African New Testament project cut this time in half again (fewer than four years). While every translation is different, each with unique challenges, it is highly encouraging that this significant acceleration, with verified quality, is now emerging.

Majority of Marketers Aren't Targeting Multilingual Audiences Leading to Missed Growth Opportunities Worldwide

NEW YORK, Nov. 3, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- Smartling today released the results of a study that exposes the current state of multilingual marketing. The translation management software company polled more than 150 marketers at INBOUND 2015 to learn where their organizations stand in terms of targeting prospects and customers who don't speak English as their native language – both in and outside of the U.S. Given the global nature of e-commerce and the tremendous revenue opportunities it represents, the results are surprising. 

Key findings of the survey revealed:
Content is king – but the multilingual marketing coffers are empty
Every savvy marketer knows that personalized content and messaging are crucial to engaging prospects and customers, yet a low percentage of the marketers surveyed are dedicating any dollars to campaigns tailored for multilingual audiences.
48 percent of the marketers surveyed have no budget at all for translation outside of the U.S.
59 percent of respondents – nearly three out of five – do not have any money allocated to reach multilingual audiences within the U.S.
"Brands that want to resonate with consumers all over the world need to do more than just 'think' globally. They need to dedicate budget and resources to a truly global approach to their marketing efforts," said Judd Marcello, vice president of marketing at Smartling.
Brands are walling themselves in – not taking international expansion seriously
Smartling's research also exposed the fact that few organizations surveyed are conducting business outside of U.S. borders today, despite the fact that 13 languages together cover 90 percent of today's online spending power. Those who do srve overseas markets are not focused on creating native brand experiences for prospects and customers. 

Almost half of respondents (49.34 percent) report that five percent or less of their customer base is located outside of the U.S.
Of the 105 respondents who are marketing to multilingual audiences in some way, only 15 percent are very confident that their messages are resonating with them.
Organizations are putting the "mass" in mass communication – not making it personal
It's widely acknowledged that no one size fits all – especially in marketing. Yet, despite that fact, marketers are still limiting their content strategies to one language and are predominantly applying only one translation/localization practice. 

Half of all respondents (52.6 percent) are either not translating at all or are only translating into one language.
The majority of marketers (86 percent) admit that they generate U.S.-centric content and then translate it for a particular market. Only 14 percent of organizations create original content, and employ local/native marketers in the countries where they are seeking to expand their business.
Among the companies that are translating, a few still rely on machine translation (8.6 percent); many rely on human translators (42.1 percent); 14.5 percent use both; and others are beginning to use translation management software (4.6 percent). 
Marcello added, "Translation is the most fundamental step in personalization. However, traditional language translation practices are often disruptive to the business process, and that deters a lot of marketers. Many see only two distinct approaches – human translation services and machine translation. It's time to challenge conventional wisdom if brands want to effectively engage customers in a personalized way on a global scale. Multilingual content management software is absolutely essential to doing just that. It combines the essential human element with innovative technology to give brands the ability to easily add languages, reach new markets and ensure native experiences across all their touchpoints."
To view an infographic on the survey results, please go to: https://resources.smartling.com/i/592974-the-state-of-multilingual-marketing.
About Smartling
Smartling uses technology to transform the way content is created and consumed around the world. Smartling's Global Fluency Platform helps brands access new markets, more customers and greater value. The Global Fluency Platform enables ambitious brands to achieve a more dominant global position. Smartling enables brands such as British Airways, InterContinental Hotels Group, Uber, AdRoll, Shinola, Spotify, Pinterest, Hasbro and SurveyMonkey to provide truly native brand experiences. Smartling is headquartered in NYC with over 100 employees. For more information, visit www.smartling.com.
Media Contact:
Jackie Gerbus
Davies Murphy Group
508-479-2786
smartling@daviesmurphy.com
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To view the original version on PR Newswire, visit:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/majority-of-marketers-arent-targeting-multilingual-audiences-leading-to-missed-growth-opportunities-worldwide-300170482.html

Washoe is a chimpanzee who was taught to sign by her caretakers, Allen and Beatrice Gardner.  She was raised in a friendly environment in which she learned sign language both through imitation and instrumental learning.  Her language acquisition was notable in several respects.  Washoe was able to transfer signs to a new referent without specific instruction.  For example, she learned the word "more" in relation to tickling but was spontaneously able to apply the term to another referent.   Additionally significant was Washoe's use of signs in combinations after learning only about 8 or 10 signs.  This spontaneous combination of signs seems similar to the ability of human children to connect words in sentences to which they have never specifically been exposed.  Washoe has demonstrated reliable use of 240 signs.   A sign is deemed reliable when its use has been recorded by three separate observers on 15 consecutive days.  Her trainers have observed that Washoe mostly uses her signs to discipline her children and explain her concern about them. 

...and Loulis

Washoe adopted an infant chimp named Loulis.  No human sign language was used in Loulis' presence during the first 5 years of her life.  Remarkably, Loulis nonetheless acquired more than 50 signs by watching the other chimps.  Bob Ingersoll, who studied Washoe and Loulis, observed that there was little active teaching on the part of the adult chimps.  Loulis' language acquisition thus reflects the manner in which human children acquire language.  The Gardners concluded from Loulis' acquisition of language through observation of the other chimps that: "once introduced, sign language is robust and self-reporting, unlike the systems that depend on special apparatuses such as the Rumbaugh keyboards or the Premack plastic tokens."

Wolof (Wollof) belongs to the Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo language family. It is spoken by 3.5 million people in Senegal and by 165,000 people in the Gambia. Wolof is also spoken in Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania and France (Ethnologue).

The origin of Wolof has not been clearly established. Some linguists think that the name Wolof may have come from the area in which the Jolof empire was established in the 14th century, The Jolof Empire was at its peak in the early 16th century, when profitable trade was carried on with the Portuguese. Spread of the deserts and political causes drove Wolof-speaking people from the Jolof southward into other parts of Senegal. Socioeconomic integration, urbanization, and inter-ethnic marriages helped to spread the language in the 20th century.

Comment devenir interprète sportif ? Vous trouverez ici de précieux conseils pour faire carrière en tant qu'interprète dans le milieu du sport.

Quick Tutorial for Setting up Moses Part 1 *** Installing MOSES Decoder *** Install required pacakages : sudo apt-get install g++ git automake libtool zlib1g-dev ...

Dentro del ránking de las dudas y vacilaciones ortográficas hay una que se sitúa muy arriba: la diferencia entre por qué, porque, el porqué y por que en todas sus variantes, es decir, junto o separado, con tilde o sin ella. Vamos a empezar con la variante en dos palabras y con tilde: por qué. Esta es una combinación de una preposición (por) y un interrogativo o, a veces, exclamativo (qué). Sirve para preguntar por la causa de algo. Su uso más frecuente y más claro lo encontramos en las oracion

Based on the tremendous reaction to this recent piece about sign language interpretation, we thought you might like to know more about it.

AMERICAN ENGLISH COMPENDIUM 4TH EDITION

Prefaced by an expert Trtanslator

NEW YORK, NY, USA, November 1, 2015 /EINPresswire.com/ --

I certainly wish this book had been available when I arrived in the United States. It would have saved me countless hours of browsing through numerous dictionaries and other source material. It would have accelerated my understanding of American culture, as expressed in its language. Most important, it would have helped me achieve fluency and linguistic subtlety sooner and certainly would have added grace and flavor to my early English speech and writing.

At the time of my arrival, I was 17. Having attended an international school in Japan where all the classes had been conducted in English and French, both my written and spoken English were very good. My grammar was perfect; my vocabulary was quite extensive; I had read Shakespeare as well as many literary classics. And yet, and yet. . . Since then I have watched American television, read popular fiction extensively, and conversed with a wide variety of people from all over the world. I have been a professional translator and teach Japanese to English translation students at the Monterey Institute of International Studies.

Even with my language background, a book such as this is very useful. For most translators and students of English, who are not so fortunate, the book can be a timesaver at least and under some circumstances a lifesaver.


The problem lies in the smooth, effective communication of the content of the source text in appropriate English. The meaning must be accurate, which is achievable through the use of dictionaries and reference material. However, accuracy is not enough.. When I compare the works in English submitted by native speakers to those submitted by non-native speakers, there is often a certain awkwardness, even when the grammar and vocabulary are excellent. I believe this stems from the lack of cultural context.

In this book, Marv Rubinstein makes a valiant attempt at defining the less tangible cultural qualities which go into the concept of fluency, and provides a road-map shortcut to achieving fluency. Language students, native speakers and non-native speakers alike, can learn a lot from his observations. One of the author’s most striking characteristics is his correct, colorful, and creative use of the American language. His students at MIIS have been extremely fortunate to have taken his course, Quixotic English, and this book is as close as one can come to capturing the spirit of that course.

From those of us who work with languages, “Thank you, Marv!”

Tanya Sobieski, Professor GSTILE, MII
Graduate School of Middlebury College
Pacific Grove, CA

History of machine translation Top # 8 Facts.