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Autophagy. 2016;12(1):1-222. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356. Guideline 
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Front Immunol. 2016 Oct 7;7:405. eCollection 2016. REVIEW
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Author Summary Eukaryotic cells elicit innate immune responses against invading microbes including viruses. IFI16, a predominantly nuclear protein, has emerged as an innate response nuclear DNA sensor.
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Thousands of new immune system signals have been uncovered with potential implications for immunotherapy, autoimmune diseases and vaccine development.
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The immune system is way more complicated than we thought.
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Nat Immunol. 2016 Oct 3. doi: 10.1038/ni.3578. [Epub ahead of print]
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The present report meta-analyzes more than 300 empirical articles describing a relationship between psychological stress and parameters of the immune system in human participants.
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Randy R. Brutkiewicz + Author Affiliations Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Randy R. Brutkiewicz, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, 950 West Walnut Street, Building R2, Room 302, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5181. E-mail address: rbrutkie@iu.edu Abstract Cell signaling pathways regulate much in the life of a cell: from shuttling cargo through intracellular compartments and onto the cell surface, how it should respond to stress, protecting itself from harm (environmental insults or infections), to ultimately, death by apoptosis. These signaling pathways are important for various aspects of the immune response as well. However, not much is known in terms of the participation of cell signaling pathways in Ag presentation, a necessary first step in the activation of innate and adaptive T cells. In this brief review, I discuss the known signaling molecules (and pathways) that regulate how Ags are presented to T cells and the mechanism(s), if identified. Studies in this area have important implications in vaccine development and new treatment paradigms against infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and cancer.
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It is well established that Ly6Chi monocytes develop from common monocyte progenitors (cMoPs) and reside in the bone marrow (BM) until they are mobilized into the circulation. In our study, we found that BM Ly6Chi monocytes are not a homogenous population, as current data would suggest. Using computational analysis approaches to interpret multidimensional datasets, we demonstrate that BM Ly6Chi monocytes consist of two distinct subpopulations (CXCR4hi and CXCR4lo subpopulations) in both mice and humans. Transcriptome studies and in vivo assays revealed functional differences between the two subpopulations. Notably, the CXCR4hi subset proliferates and is immobilized in the BM for the replenishment of functionally mature CXCR4lo monocytes. We propose that the CXCR4hi subset represents a transitional premonocyte population, and that this sequential step of maturation from cMoPs serves to maintain a stable pool of BM monocytes. Additionally, reduced CXCR4 expression on monocytes, upon their exit into the circulation, does not reflect its diminished role in monocyte biology. Specifically, CXCR4 regulates monocyte peripheral cellular activities by governing their circadian oscillations and pulmonary margination, which contributes toward lung injury and sepsis mortality. Together, our study demonstrates the multifaceted role of CXCR4 in defining BM monocyte heterogeneity and in regulating their function in peripheral tissues.
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Cells of the immune system routinely respond to cues from their local environment and feed back to their surroundings through transient responses, choice of differentiation trajectories, plastic changes in cell state, and malleable adaptation to their tissue of residence. Genomic approaches have opened the way for comprehensive interrogation of such orchestrated responses. Focusing on genomic profiling of transcriptional and epigenetic cell states, we discuss how they are applied to investigate immune cells faced with various environmental cues. We highlight some of the emerging principles on the role of dense regulatory circuitry, epigenetic memory, cell type fluidity, and reuse of regulatory modules in achieving and maintaining appropriate responses to a changing environment. These provide a first step toward a systematic understanding of molecular circuits in complex tissues.
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Follicular regulatory T cells (TFR cells) inhibit follicular helper T cell (TFH cell)-mediated antibody production. Sharpe and colleagues show that TFR cells induce a distinct suppressive state in TFH cells and B cells that can be reversed by the cytokine IL-21.
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While scientists know that there is some genetic connection that explains why some people develop psoriasis, little is known about any details. However, a
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
Trex2
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Front Immunol. 2016 Oct 7;7:414. eCollection 2016. REVIEW
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Abstract Innate and adaptive immunity has evolved complex molecular mechanisms regulating immune cell migration to facilitate the dynamic cellular interactions required for its function involving the chemokines and their receptors. One important chemokine receptor in the immune system is represented by CCR7. Together with its ligands CCL19 and CCL21, this chemokine receptor controls different arrays of migratory events, both in innate and adaptive immunity, including homing of CD56bright NK cells, T cells, and DCs to lymphoid compartments, where T cell priming occurs. Only recently, a key role for CCR7 in promoting CD56dim NK cell migration toward lymphoid tissues has been described. Remarkably, this event can influence the shaping and polarization of adaptive T cell responses. In this review, we describe recent progress in understanding the mechanisms and the site where CD56dim KIR+ NK cells can acquire the capability to migrate toward lymph nodes. The emerging significance of this event in clinical transplantation is also discussed.
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A Canada-US study led by Luis Barreiro, a professor at the University of Montreal's Department of Pediatrics and researcher at the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, ha
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RT @jclinicalinvest: mTOR differentially regulates early and late phase humoral immunity https://t.co/NDQenj4Bqs @ResearchatPenn #Bcells #…
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Antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, activate immunological T cells by presenting them with antigens bound by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).
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Author Summary Antibodies must recognize a great diversity of antigens to protect us from infectious disease. The binding properties of antibodies are determined by the DNA sequences of their corresponding B cell receptors (BCRs).
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The key ingredient in the recipe that make staphylococcus and streptococcus infections so dangerous? Superantigen toxins. A new study from The Hebrew Unive
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Lymph nodes are meeting points for circulating immune cells. A network of reticular cells that ensheathe a mesh of collagen fibers crisscrosses the tissue in each lymph node.
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Immunological memory has traditionally been regarded as a unique trait of the adaptive immune system. Nevertheless, there is evidence of immunological memory in lower organisms and invertebrates, which lack an adaptive immune system. Despite their innate ability to rapidly produce effector cytokines and kill virally infected or transformed cells, NK cells also exhibit adaptive characteristics such as clonal expansion, longevity, self-renewal, and robust recall responses to antigenic or nonantigenic stimuli. In this review, we highlight the intracellular and extracellular requirements for memory NK cell generation and describe the emerging evidence for memory precursor NK cells and their derivation.
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
NK cell memory?
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Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
or is it already history?
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Immunology. 2016 Oct 6. doi: 10.1111/imm.12678. [Epub ahead of print]
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