Background & Aims Intestinal microfold (M) cells are specialized epithelial cells that act as gatekeepers of luminal antigens in the intestinal tract.
Mucosal Immunity
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PLoS Pathog. 2015 Mar 13;11(3):e1004696. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004696. eCollection 2015. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 
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A recent genome–wide association study of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) identified 1q32, which contains multiple complement regulatory genes, including the complement factor H (CFH) gene and the complement factor H–related (CFHRs) genes, as an...
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Background Most antibodies recognize conformational or discontinuous epitopes that have a specific 3-dimensional shape; however, determination of discontinuous B-cell epitopes is a major challenge in bioscience.
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Soluble cervicovaginal biomarkers of inflammation, immune activation and risk of HIV acquisition are needed to reliably assess the safety of new biomedical prevention strategies including vaccines and microbicides.
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Background Comprehensive immunophenotyping cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens in gastric adenocarcinoma, specifically between Helicobacter pylori-infected and -uninfected gastric cancer patients by using DotScan™ antibody microarray has...
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Effects of Combined CCR5/Integrase Inhibitors-Based Regimen on Mucosal Immunity in HIV-Infected Patients Na https://t.co/WNbdOvEUrd
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Context Increased Anti-Mullerian Hormone in polycystic ovary syndrome, may be due to overactive follicles rather than reflect antral follicle count.
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Author Summary Despite the efficacy of ART to suppress HIV replication in blood, HIV-infected individuals experience persistent immunologic dysfunction and inflammation that predict mortality and have been related to a chronically injured...
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EFSA Panel on EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA)The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has asked the Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) to update the guidance on the scientific requirements for...
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Nature. 2016 Jan 14;529(7585):226-30. doi: 10.1038/nature16527. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
Abstract
Helminth parasitic infections are a major global health and social burden. The host defence against helminths such as Nippostrongylus brasiliensis is orchestrated by type 2 cell-mediated immunity. Induction of type 2 cytokines, including interleukins (IL) IL-4 and IL-13, induce goblet cell hyperplasia with mucus production, ultimately resulting in worm expulsion. However, the mechanisms underlying the initiation of type 2 responses remain incompletely understood. Here we show that tuft cells, a rare epithelial cell type in the steady-state intestinal epithelium, are responsible for initiating type 2 responses to parasites by a cytokine-mediated cellular relay. Tuft cells have a Th2-related gene expression signature and we demonstrate that they undergo a rapid and extensive IL-4Rα-dependent amplification following infection with helminth parasites, owing to direct differentiation of epithelial crypt progenitor cells. We find that the Pou2f3 gene is essential for tuft cell specification. Pou2f3(-/-) mice lack intestinal tuft cells and have defective mucosal type 2 responses to helminth infection; goblet cell hyperplasia is abrogated and worm expulsion is compromised. Notably, IL-4Rα signalling is sufficient to induce expansion of the tuft cell lineage, and ectopic stimulation of this signalling cascade obviates the need for tuft cells in the epithelial cell remodelling of the intestine. Moreover, tuft cells secrete IL-25, thereby regulating type 2 immune responses. Our data reveal a novel function of intestinal epithelial tuft cells and demonstrate a cellular relay required for initiating mucosal type 2 immunity to helminth infection.
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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a common pathogenic bacterium in the stomach that infects almost half of the population worldwide and is closely related to gastric diseases and some extragastric diseases, including iron-deficiency anemia and...
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Recognition of Gram-negative bacteria by toll-like receptor (TLR)4 induces MyD88 and TRIF mediated responses. We have shown that TRIF-dependent responses play an important role in intestinal defense against Gram-negative enteropathogens.
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Human skin contains various populations of memory T cells in permanent residence and in transit. Arguably, the best characterized of the skin subsets are the CD8 + permanently resident memory T cells (T RM ) expressing the integrin subunit, CD103.
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Food antigens, not microbiota, regulate regulatory Foxp3+ T cell in small intestine
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Noroviruses (NoV) are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. NoV infections are often asymptomatic, though individuals still shed large amounts of NoV in their stool.
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Professor Delphine Mary Vera Parrott 1929-2016 Delphine Parrott passed away peacefully at home in London on January 17, 2016. Over the course of her career she made many outstanding contributions to immunology. Delphine was a native of Dulwich in South London, and she graduated in 1949 with an honours degree in Physiology from Bedford College, …
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, mucus hypersecretion, and emphysema, which lead to reduced lung function and breathlessness. The pathologies of COPD are due to an abnormal immune response.
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REVIEW | MAIT Cells in Autoimmunity, Immune Mediated Diseases & Airways Disease @unimelb @unisouthampton https://t.co/LoQYLlAdCF
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Objectives Saliva is a biological fluid suitable for biomarker analysis, and differences in the salivary microbiota in oral health and disease have been reported.
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Krishan Maggon 's curator insight,
January 24, 2016 3:57 AM
Cancer Immunosurveillance by Tissue-Resident Innate Lymphoid Cells and Innate-like T Cells Saïda Dadi, Sagar Chhangawala, Benjamin M. Whitlock, Ruth A. Franklin, Chong T. Luo, Soyoung A. Oh, Ahmed Toure, Yuri Pritykin, Morgan Huse, Christina S. Leslie Ming O. Li Publication stage: In Press Corrected Proof
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Front Immunol. 2016 Jan 5;6:643. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00643. eCollection 2015. Review
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To date, few molecular conduits mediating the cross-talk between intestinal epithelial cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) have been described.
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Early life differentiation and regulatory function of human T cells is confined to particular anatomical sites.
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
lung, digestive tract
Gilbert C FAURE's curator insight,
January 16, 2016 3:40 AM
It is unclear how the immune response in early life becomes appropriately stimulated to provide protection while also avoiding excessive activation as a result of diverse new antigens. T cells are integral to adaptive immunity; mouse studies indicate that tissue localization of T cell subsets is important for both protective immunity1, 2, 3, 4 and immunoregulation5, 6. In humans, however, the early development and function of T cells in tissues remain unexplored. We present here an analysis of lymphoid and mucosal tissue T cells derived from pediatric organ donors in the first two years of life, as compared to adult organ donors, revealing early compartmentalization of T cell differentiation and regulation. Whereas adult tissues contain a predominance of memory T cells7, 8, in pediatric blood and tissues the main subset consists of naive recent thymic emigrants, with effector memory T cells (TEM) found only in the lungs and small intestine. Additionally, regulatory T (Treg) cells comprise a high proportion (30–40%) of CD4+ T cells in pediatric tissues but are present at much lower frequencies (1–10%) in adult tissues. Pediatric tissue Treg cells suppress endogenous T cell activation, and early T cell functionality is confined to the mucosal sites that have the lowest Treg:TEMcell ratios, which suggests control in situ of immune responses in early life. |
