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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
April 4, 2017 2:34 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
April 1, 2017 9:29 AM
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Natural killer (NK) cells which belong in innate immunity, play an important role for defense against invading pathogens and microbes. NK cells make up around 5-20% of the white blood cells circulating in the bloodstrea
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 31, 2017 4:16 AM
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The European Biotech News Website
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 29, 2017 1:41 PM
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O/'Shea and colleagues review recent advances in Jak–STAT biology, focusing on immune cell function, disease etiology and therapeutic intervention, as well as broader principles of gene regulation and signal-dependent transcription factors.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 27, 2017 12:58 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 24, 2017 5:40 AM
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Biomarkers that can identify tuberculosis (TB) disease and serve as markers for efficient therapy are requested. We have studied T cell cytokine production [interferon (IFN)‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐2
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 23, 2017 1:37 PM
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Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells play an important role in eliminating malignant tumor cells and the number and activity of tumor-infiltrating T cells represent a good marker for tumor prognosis. Based on these findings, immunotherapy, e.g. checkpoint blockade, has received considerable attention during the last couple of years. However, for the majority of patients immune control of their tumors is gray theory as malignant cells use effective mechanisms to outsmart the immune system. Increasing evidence suggests that changes in tumor metabolism not only ensure an effective energy supply and generation of building blocks for tumor growth, but also contribute to inhibition of the antitumor response. Immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment is often based on the mutual metabolic requirements of immune cells and tumor cells. Cytotoxic T and NK cell activation leads to an increased demand for glucose and amino acids, a well-known feature shown by tumor cells. These close metabolic interdependencies result in metabolic competition, limiting the proliferation and effector functions of tumor-specific immune cells. Moreover, not only nutrient restriction but also tumor-driven shifts in metabolite abundance and accumulation of metabolic waste products (e.g. lactate) lead to local immunosuppression, thereby facilitating tumor progression and metastasis. In this review we describe the metabolic interplay between immune cells and tumor cells and discuss tumor cell metabolism as a target structure for cancer therapy. Metabolic (re)education of tumor cells is not only an approach to kill tumor cells directly, but could overcome metabolic immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment and thereby facilitate immunotherapy.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 23, 2017 2:54 AM
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A human heart recuperating from inflammation, a condition called myocarditis, can take one of two paths: a healthy return to normal function or a dangerous
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 21, 2017 2:37 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 19, 2017 5:53 AM
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IL-21 is central to follicular helper T cell function and germinal centre responses.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 18, 2017 2:49 PM
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Inflammatory mechanisms may be involved in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. By using a novel histology-based method to quantify plaque instability here we assess whether the activation of the lectin complement pathway (LP), a major inflammation arm, could represent an index of plaque instability. Plaques from 42 consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and the lipid core, cholesterol clefts, hemorrhagic content, thickness of tunica media and intima, including or not infiltration of cellular debris and cholesterol, were determined. The presence of ficolin-1, -2 and -3 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), LP initiators, was assessed in the plaques by immunofluorescence and in plasma by ELISA. LP activation was assessed in plasma by functional in vitro assays. Patients presenting low stenosis (≤75%) had higher hemorrhagic content than those with high stenosis (>75%), indicating increased erosion. Increased hemorrhagic content and tunica media thickness, as well as decreased lipid core and infiltrated content were associated with vulnerable plaques and therefore used to establish a plaque vulnerability score that allowed to classify patients according to plaque vulnerability. Ficolins and MBL were found both in plaques’ necrotic core and tunica media. Patients with vulnerable plaques showed decreased plasma levels and intraplaque deposition of ficolin-2. Symptomatic patients experiencing a transient ischemic attack had lower plasma levels of ficolin-1. We show that the LP initiators are present within the plaques and their circulating levels change in atherosclerotic patients. In particular we show that decreased ficolin-2 levels are associated with rupture-prone vulnerable plaques, indicating its potential use as marker for cardiovascular risk assessment in atherosclerotic patients.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 8, 2017 4:43 AM
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joint with the meeting on Type I Interferon: Friend and Foe Alike Understanding of the signaling mechanisms by whic
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 6, 2017 2:01 PM
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Immune cells give rise to the most interconnected system in the body. Meissner and colleagues perform comprehensive proteomics and secretomics to describe in detail the /`social network/' of human immune cells and throw light on previously unknown cell connectivities.
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Rescooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
from Virology News
April 2, 2017 3:42 AM
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The ability to recognize invading viral pathogens and to distinguish their components from those of the host cell is critical to initiate the innate immune response. The efficiency of this detection is an important factor in determining the susceptibility of the cell to viral infection. Innate sensing of viruses is, therefore, an indispensable step in the line of defense for cells and organisms. Recent discoveries have uncovered novel sensors of viral components and hallmarks of infection, as well as mechanisms by which cells discriminate between self and non-self. This review highlights the mechanisms used by cells to detect viral pathogens in the cytosol, and recent advances in the field of cytosolic sensing of viruses.
Via Ed Rybicki
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 31, 2017 11:50 AM
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IUIS - International Union of Immunological Societies
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 29, 2017 2:08 PM
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Antibodies to neutralizing epitopes on hemagglutinin exhibit reproducible dynamic immunodominance patterns over time. Early responses target largely the Cb site, followed by Sb dominance and a concomitant rise in the diversity of neutralizing-antibody specificities.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 29, 2017 2:19 AM
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Author Summary In infections with intracellular pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), B-cells have long been ignored as their primary product, immunoglobulins, are unlikely to recognize intracellular bacteria. However, we have analysed here the frequency, phenotype and function of B-cells in tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease. Our data revealed that during active TB disease B-cell numbers are decreased and remaining B-cells are functionally impaired. Surprisingly, also individuals recently infected with Mtb suffered from poorly functional B-cells, but patients cured from the disease recovered with normal B-cell numbers and function. Thus, B-cell dysfunction contributes to impaired immune activation during Mtb infection.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 25, 2017 2:13 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 23, 2017 1:37 PM
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Since the first description of Natural Killer cells (NK) the view on their role in innate immunity has evolved considerably. In addition to first-line defense against transformed and pathogen-infected autologous cells NK cells contribute to modulate adaptive immune responses and in some cases acquire specialized functions including exhausted, adaptive and decidual NK cells. NK cells derive from CD34+ progenitors, in vivo and in vitro, however it is unclear whether the high phenotype diversity in vivo may be generated from these precursors alone. The recent characterization of a novel CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ precursor giving rise to apparently licensed and functional maturing NK cells may suggest the possibility for a higher than expected common lymphocyte precursor diversity and a consequently higher peripheral NK cell phenotype variability. Here we review the evidences on NK cell central and peripheral development from CD34+ precursors and propose a possible updated reading frame based on the characterization of CD34+DNAM-1brightCXCR4+ cell progenies which favors the possibility of concurrent NK cell maturation from different CD34+ precursors.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 23, 2017 10:08 AM
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Highlights • IL-7 signaling plays key roles in the development and function of T cells. • SOCS proteins inhibit cytokine-induced signaling pathways in T cells. • IL-7 induces the expression of a specific subset of SOCS genes in human CD8 T cells. • CIS and SOCS2 interact directly with CD127 following stimulation with IL-7. • An E3 ubiquitin ligase is recruited to direct CD127 to the proteasome for degradation.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 22, 2017 3:57 PM
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Selective suppression of effector CD4+ T cell functions is necessary to prevent immune cell–mediated damage to healthy tissues. This appears especially true during pregnancy or in individuals predisposed to autoimmunity. Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and induction of anergy, an acquired state of T cell functional unresponsiveness in Foxp3− cells, have both been implicated as mechanisms to suppress dangerous immune responses to tissue-restricted self-Ags. Anergic CD4+ T cells and Treg cells share a number of phenotypic and mechanistic traits—including the expression of CD73 and folate receptor 4, and the epigenetic modification of Treg cell signature genes—and an interesting relationship between these two subsets has recently emerged. In this review, we will compare and contrast these two subsets, as well as explore the role of anergy in the generation of peripheral Treg cells.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 19, 2017 3:18 PM
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Severe combined immunodeficiencies comprise a group of rare, monogenic diseases that are characterized by an early onset and a profound block in T lymphocyte development.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 18, 2017 3:16 PM
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The exovesicles (EVs) are involved in pathologic host-parasite immune associations and have been recently used as biomarkers for diagnosis of infectious diseases.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 10, 2017 9:36 AM
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Despite clear differences in immune system responses and in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases between males and females, there is little understanding of the processes involved. In this study, we identified a gene signature of immature-like neutrophils, characterized by the overexpression of genes encoding for several granule-containing proteins, which was found at higher levels (up to 3-fold) in young (20–30 y old) but not older (60 to >89 y old) males compared with females. Functional and phenotypic characterization of peripheral blood neutrophils revealed more mature and responsive neutrophils in young females, which also exhibited an elevated capacity in neutrophil extracellular trap formation at baseline and upon microbial or sterile autoimmune stimuli. The expression levels of the immature-like neutrophil signature increased linearly with pregnancy, an immune state of increased susceptibility to certain infections. Using mass cytometry, we also find increased frequencies of immature forms of neutrophils in the blood of women during late pregnancy. Thus, our findings show novel sex differences in innate immunity and identify a common neutrophil signature in males and in pregnant women.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 7, 2017 2:39 PM
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Kubes and Fassl discuss the role of NETosis in sterile inflammation and disease, and propose windows of opportunity for therapeutic targeting of NETs.
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