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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 9, 2020 6:47 AM
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The prevalence of monoclonal IgA deposition was 9.2 %. Although some parameters differed between the groups, renal outcome were similar. Thus, IgAN with monoclonal IgA deposition seems not to be different entity from those with polyclonal IgA deposition.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 9, 2020 6:46 AM
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Mucosal surfaces provide a remarkably effective barrier against potentially dangerous pathogens. Therefore, enhancing mucosal immunity through vaccines—strengthening that first line of defense—hold...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 9, 2020 3:31 AM
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bioRxiv - the preprint server for biology, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a research and educational institution
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 8, 2020 4:15 AM
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This article reviews the application of the human airway Calu-3 cell line as a respiratory model for studying the effects of gas concentrations, exposure time, biophysical stress, and biological agents on human airway epithelial cells.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 6, 2020 2:02 PM
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Colonization by the microbiota causes a marked stimulation of B cells and induction of immunoglobulin, but mammals colonized with many taxa have highly complex and individualized immunoglobulin repertoires1,2. Here we use a simplified model of defined transient exposures to different microbial taxa in germ-free mice3 to deconstruct how the microbiota shapes the B cell pool and its functional responsiveness. We followed the development of the immunoglobulin repertoire in B cell populations, as well as single cells by deep sequencing. Microbial exposures at the intestinal mucosa generated oligoclonal responses that differed from those of germ-free mice, and from the diverse repertoire that was generated after intravenous systemic exposure to microbiota. The IgA repertoire—predominantly to cell-surface antigens—did not expand after dose escalation, whereas increased systemic exposure broadened the IgG repertoire to both microbial cytoplasmic and cell-surface antigens. These microbial exposures induced characteristic immunoglobulin heavy-chain repertoires in B cells, mainly at memory and plasma cell stages. Whereas sequential systemic exposure to different microbial taxa diversified the IgG repertoire and facilitated alternative specific responses, sequential mucosal exposure produced limited overlapping repertoires and the attrition of initial IgA binding specificities. This shows a contrast between a flexible response to systemic exposure with the need to avoid fatal sepsis, and a restricted response to mucosal exposure that reflects the generic nature of host–microbial mutualism in the mucosa. A mouse model of systemic versus mucosal exposure to microbial taxa reveals that the former provokes a flexible B cell response with a diverse immunoglobulin repertoire, whereas the latter generates a more-restricted response.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 2, 2020 11:59 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 2, 2020 6:32 AM
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The impact of respiratory virus infections on the health of children and adults can be very significant.Yet, in contrast to most other childhood infections as well as other viral and bacterial diseas...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 2, 2020 5:27 AM
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The recent announcement that a replication defective adenovirus-type 5 Gag-Pol-Nef HIV-1 vaccine developed by Merck failed in the STEP human Phase IIb efficacy trial to either prevent HIV-1 infection or to suppress viral load in subjects who subsequently ...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 28, 2020 4:35 AM
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Guanzhong goat and Holstein cow milk are the major milks supplied in China. Whey proteins
play an important role in immune defense for newborn mammals. This study aimed to analyze the differentially expressed whey proteins of Guanzhong goat milk and Holstein cow milk by using isobaric tags for...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 27, 2020 5:12 AM
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Hou et al. present a reverse genetics system for SARS-CoV-2, which is then used to
make reporter viruses to quantify the ability of patient sera and antibodies to neutralize
infectious virus and to examine viral tropism along the human respiratory tract.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 27, 2020 3:09 AM
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olfactory epithelium and Covid-19 by sciencemag
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 26, 2020 4:54 AM
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Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM cells) are crucial in protecting against reinvading pathogens, but the impact of reinfection on their tissue confinement and contribution to recall responses is unclear. We developed a unique lineage tracer mouse model exploiting the TRM-defining transcription factor homolog of Blimp-1 in T cells (Hobit) to fate map the TRM progeny in secondary responses. After reinfection, a sizeable fraction of secondary memory T cells in the circulation developed downstream of TRM cells. These tissue-experienced ex-TRM cells shared phenotypic properties with the effector memory T cell population but were transcriptionally and functionally distinct from other secondary effector memory T cell cells. Adoptive transfer experiments of TRM cells corroborated their potential to form circulating effector and memory cells during recall responses. Moreover, specific ablation of primary TRM cell populations substantially impaired the secondary T cell response, both locally and systemically. Thus, TRM cells retain developmental plasticity and shape both local and systemic T cell responses on reinfection. Van Gisbergen and colleagues show that tissue-resident memory T cells, genetically marked in Hobit reporter mice, can exit tissues upon reinfection and contribute to systemic memory responses.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 23, 2020 6:56 AM
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L’entreprise britannique Synairgen déclare avoir conçu un traitement permettant de réduire largement les risques de mortalité en cas de contamination par le SARS-CoV-2. La formule, baptisée SNG001, affiche des résultats significatifs ; ceux-ci n’ont toutefois pas encore été validés par un comité...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 9, 2020 6:47 AM
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Within the mammalian urinary tract uropathogenic bacteria face many challenges, including the shearing flow of urine, numerous antibacterial molecules, the bactericidal effects of phagocytes, and a scarcity of nutrients.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 9, 2020 6:46 AM
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Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 9 stimulation is required for induction of potent immune responses against pathogen invasion. The use of unmethylated CpG as adjuvants in vaccines provides an excellent means of stimulating adaptive immunity.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 8, 2020 4:16 AM
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New research from Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary has challenged current views on what causes hearing loss. Hair cell damage predicted the severity and pattern of the hearing loss.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 8, 2020 4:14 AM
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There are 1.5 - 5 million species of fungi which have the ability to grow almost anywhere including the ocean, soil, plants and animals. Some form spores which we inhale on a daily basis (e.g. Aspergillus species), and others live as human commensal organisms (e.g. Candida species).
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 3, 2020 3:58 AM
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Body odour is a characteristic trait of Homo sapiens, however its role in human behaviour and evolution is poorly understood. Remarkably, body odour is linked to the presence of a few species of commensal microbes. Herein we discover a bacterial enzyme, limited to odour-forming staphylococci that are able to cleave odourless precursors of thioalcohols, the most pungent components of body odour. We demonstrated using phylogenetics, biochemistry and structural biology that this cysteine-thiol lyase (C-T lyase) is a PLP-dependent enzyme that moved horizontally into a unique monophyletic group of odour-forming staphylococci about 60 million years ago, and has subsequently tailored its enzymatic function to human-derived thioalcohol precursors. Significantly, transfer of this enzyme alone to non-odour producing staphylococci confers odour production, demonstrating that this C-T lyase is both necessary and sufficient for thioalcohol formation. The structure of the C-T lyase compared to that of other related enzymes reveals how the adaptation to thioalcohol precursors has evolved through changes in the binding site to create a constrained hydrophobic pocket that is selective for branched aliphatic thioalcohol ligands. The ancestral acquisition of this enzyme, and the subsequent evolution of the specificity for thioalcohol precursors implies that body odour production in humans is an ancient process.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 2, 2020 8:40 AM
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Epidermal growth factor (EGF) maintains intestinal stem cell (ISC) proliferation and is a key component of organoid growth media yet is dispensable fo…
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 2, 2020 5:28 AM
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Worldwide, HIV-1 infects millions of people annually, the majority of whom are women. To establish infection in the female reproductive tract (FRT), HIV-1 in male ejaculate must overcome numerous innate and adaptive immune factors, traverse the genital ...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 27, 2020 10:39 AM
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Eosinophils are granulocytes, typically implicated as end-stage effector cells in type-II immune responses. They are capable of producing a wide array of pre-formed molecules which render them with vast potential to influence a wide variety of processes. Nonetheless, eosinophil research has traditionally focused on their role in anti-helminthic responses and pathophysiological processes in type-II immune disorders, such as allergy and asthma, where eosinophilia is a hallmark phenotype. However, a number of key studies over the past decade have placed this restricted view of eosinophil function into question, presenting additional evidence for eosinophils as critical regulators of various homeostatic processes including immune maintenance, organ development, and tissue regeneration.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 27, 2020 3:33 AM
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Host-associated microbial communities have an important role in shaping the health and fitness of plants and animals. Most studies have focused on the bacterial, fungal or viral communities, but often the archaeal component has been neglected. The archaeal community, the so-called archaeome, is now increasingly recognized as an important component of host-associated microbiomes. It is composed of various lineages, including mainly Methanobacteriales and Methanomassiliicoccales (Euryarchaeota), as well as representatives of the Thaumarchaeota. Host–archaeome interactions have mostly been delineated from methanogenic archaea in the gastrointestinal tract, where they contribute to substantial methane production and are potentially also involved in disease-relevant processes. In this Review, we discuss the diversity and potential roles of the archaea associated with protists, plants and animals. We also present the current understanding of the archaeome in humans, the specific adaptations involved in interaction with the resident microbial community as well as with the host, and the roles of the archaeome in both health and disease. The archaeal community, the archaeome, is now increasingly recognized as an important component of host-associated microbiomes. In this Review, Moissl-Eichinger and colleagues discuss the diversity and potential roles of the archaea associated with protists, plants and animals, highlighting the potential roles of archaea in human health and disease.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
July 26, 2020 7:09 AM
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Saliva is a complex fluid, which influences oral health through specific and nonspecific physical and chemical properties. The importance of saliva in our everyday activities and the medicinal properties it possesses are often taken for granted.
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Rescooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
from Virus World
July 25, 2020 2:54 PM
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Early and accurate detection is critical for preventing the spread of COVID-19 and providing appropriate care for patients. Nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, which require inserting a long shaft into the nasal cavity to collect a sample from the back of the nose and throat, are currently the gold standard for collecting a specimen for diagnosis. But the procedure is technically challenging, often uncomfortable for patients and requires personal protective equipment that may be in short supply. Other approaches to collecting specimens—including from an oropharyngeal swab and sputum—have been tested in small studies, but there is uncertainty about which method is best for detecting the virus. In a new study published in EBioMedicine, investigators from Brigham and Women's Hospital conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, analyzing data from more than 3,000 specimens to compare the three approaches. The team found that sputum testing detected the RNA of the virus that causes COVID-19 at significantly higher rates while oropharyngeal swab testing had lower rates. Regardless of the collection method, the earlier samples were collected after symptoms began, the higher the detection rate. "The accurate diagnosis of COVID-19 has implications for health care, return-to-work, infection control and public health," said corresponding author Jonathan Li, MD, a faculty member in the Division of Infectious Diseases at the Brigham. "Our gold standard in and out of the hospital is the nasopharyngeal swab, but there's a lot of confusion about which sampling modality is best and most sensitive. Our study shows that sputum testing resulted in significantly higher rates of SARS-CoV-2 detection and supports the use of this type of testing as a valuable method for the diagnosis and monitoring of COVID-19 patients." Li and his colleagues scoured the literature—both preprints and published papers—for studies that assessed at least two respiratory sampling sites using an NP swab, oropharyngeal swab or sputum. From more than 1,000 studies, they identified 11 that met their criteria. These studies included results from a total of 3,442 respiratory tract specimens. The team examined how often each collection method produced a positive result. For NP swabs, the rate was 54 percent; for oropharyngeal swabs, 43 percent; for sputum, 71 percent. The rate of viral detection was significantly higher in sputum than either oropharyngeal swabs or NP swabs. Detection rates were highest within one week of symptom onset for all three tests. Study Published in EbioMedicine (July 18, 2020): https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102903
Via Juan Lama
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