Live imaging of the lung presents numerous challenges owing to its anatomy and physiology.Advances in imaging have allowed for real-time imaging despite some of these challenges.Behaviors of immune cells at steady state and in response to insult have been imaged.Advances in live imaging could reveal targets for new therapies in lung pathology.
The lung is a complex structure that is interdigitated with immune cells. Understanding the 4D process of normal and defective lung function and immunity has been a centuries-old problem. Challenges intrinsic to the lung have limited adequate microscopic evaluation of its cellular dynamics in real time, until recently. Because of emerging technologies, we now recognize alveolar-to-airway transport of inhaled antigen. We understand the nature of neutrophil entry during lung injury and are learning more about cellular interactions during inflammatory states. Insights are also accumulating in lung development and the metastatic niche of the lung. Here we assess the developing technology of lung imaging, its merits for studies of pathophysiology and areas where further advances are needed.
October 5, 2015 (Washington, DC)—Center for Food Safety (CFS) today released a new searchable database of consumer food products that contain nanotechnology.
by Haiyan Wang, Mingzhen Guo, Fenghua Liu, Jingli Wang, Zheng Zhou, Jing Ji, Yuanhua Ye, Weiqing Song, Shiguo Liu, Bo Sun Previous studies have suggested an important role for IL-17, mainly secreted by Th17 cells, in the development of systemic...
Background: The chronic course of pulmonary sarcoidosis can lead to lung dysfunction due to fibrosis, in which the signalling pathways TGF-β/Smad and VEGF-A may play a key role.
HIV particles are effectively trapped by the cervicovaginal mucus from women who harbor a particular vaginal bacteria species, Lactobacillus crispatus.
Defense systems against pathogens are a critical life-support system of fish that helps protect against infection. A complex network of immune cells and molecules that are located at the interface between the environment ...
In this work, Postdoctoral Researcher Luca Tacchi (et al) found for the first time primitive semi-organized lymphoid nodules or aggregates in the nasal and intestinal mucosa of African lungfish. Similar structures had been described over 40 years ago in amphibians but never in a non-four-legged vertebrate species.
The finding of these structures in African lungfish therefore means that organized secondary mucosal lymphoid tissues, or O-MALT, is not 250 million years old but a lot older. This study indicates that O-MALT emergence predates the origin of four-legged vertebrates (tetrapods) and first appeared about 410 million years ago.
by Huiling Wang, Caixia Li, Zhixiang Jian, Yingliang Ou, Jinrui Ou Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and miRNAs play important roles in cholangiocarcinoma progression.
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells serve as vanguards of antimicrobial host defense in nonlymphoid tissues, particularly at barrier epithelia and in organs with nonrenewable cell types (e.g., brain).
Experimental & Molecular Medicine is an open access journal that publishes the highest quality articles in translational research and biomedical studies.
Effective vaccines that protect at mucosal surfaces are much needed. This special feature of Experimental & Molecular Medicine contains four review articles that provide an overview of our current understanding of mucosal immunity and mucosal vaccines. The articles cover a range of key topics including regulatory T cell vaccination, antigen targeting to M cells, mucosal mast cells and the role mucosal dendritic cells play in shaping mucosal immunity.
Vaccines in tablet form delivered to a mucosal site provide both practical and immunologic advantages, Wendy Peters, PhD, from Vaxart Inc., South San Francisco, CA, explained at IDWeek 2015.
The immune system is commonly perceived as an army of organs, tissues, cells, and molecules that protect from disease by eliminating pathogens. However, as in human society, a clear definition of good and evil might be sometimes difficult to achieve. Not only do we live in contact with a multitude of microbes, but we also live with billions of symbionts that span all the shades from mutualists to potential killers. Together, we compose a superorganism that is capable of optimal living. In that context, the immune system is not a killer, but rather a force that shapes homeostasis within the superorganism.
by Xiaoxiao Fan, Shaoqiong Liu, Guanhua Liu, Jingpeng Zhao, Hongchao Jiao, Xiaojuan Wang, Zhigang Song, Hai Lin The chicken immune system is immature at the time of hatching.
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