Clin Immunol. 2015 Aug;159(2):122-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.05.014. Epub 2015 Jun 30. Review
Mucosal Immunity
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We recently identified a cohort of children with recurrent episodes of acute otitis media (AOM) who fail to generate protective antibody titres to otopathogens and several vaccine antigens. 
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Int J Nanomedicine. 2015 Dec 3;10:7275-7290.
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It is unclear how the immune response in early life becomes appropriately stimulated to provide protection while also avoiding excessive activation as a result of diverse new antigens. T cells are integral to adaptive immunity; mouse studies indicate that tissue localization of T cell subsets is important for both protective immunity1, 2, 3, 4 and immunoregulation5, 6. In humans, however, the early development and function of T cells in tissues remain unexplored. We present here an analysis of lymphoid and mucosal tissue T cells derived from pediatric organ donors in the first two years of life, as compared to adult organ donors, revealing early compartmentalization of T cell differentiation and regulation. Whereas adult tissues contain a predominance of memory T cells7, 8, in pediatric blood and tissues the main subset consists of naive recent thymic emigrants, with effector memory T cells (TEM) found only in the lungs and small intestine. Additionally, regulatory T (Treg) cells comprise a high proportion (30–40%) of CD4+ T cells in pediatric tissues but are present at much lower frequencies (1–10%) in adult tissues. Pediatric tissue Treg cells suppress endogenous T cell activation, and early T cell functionality is confined to the mucosal sites that have the lowest Treg:TEM cell ratios, which suggests control in situ of immune responses in early life. Via Marcelo de Carvalho Bittencourt
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Companion animals provide an excellent model for studies of the gut microbiome because potential confounders such as diet and environment can be more readily controlled for than in humans.
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Objective The prevalence of coeliac disease in Sweden during the “epidemic period” (1984−1996) was one of the highest in the world.
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Author Summary Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the second most common infectious cause of infant death worldwide. Despite this great clinical impact, no effective antivirals or vaccines against RSV are available.
Krishan Maggon 's curator insight,
December 13, 2015 11:34 AM
Citation: Johnson SM, McNally BA, Ioannidis I, Flano E, Teng MN, Oomens AG, et al. (2015) Respiratory Syncytial Virus Uses CX3CR1 as a Receptor on Primary Human Airway Epithelial Cultures. PLoS Pathog 11(12): e1005318. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1005318
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Loss of tolerance of the adaptive immune system towards indigenous flora contributes to the development of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Defects in dendritic cell (DC)-mediated innate and adoptive immune responses are conceivable.
Krishan Maggon 's curator insight,
December 11, 2015 1:42 AM
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2015, 16(12), 28998-29010; doi:10.3390/ijms161226143 Article Reduced Dendritic Cells Expressing CD200R1 in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Correlation with Th17 and Regulatory T Cells Mohamed F. Elshal 1,2,3,* , Alia M. Aldahlawi 2,4,5 1 Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia3 Molecular Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Sadat City University, Sadat City 32897, Egypt4 Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia5 Immunology Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia6 Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia7 Flow Cytometry Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Published: 4 December 2015
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In a novel study demonstrating the influence of the immune system on gut bacteria evolution, scientists from the Insitito Gulbenkian de Ciencia (IGC) in Po
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The course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently aggravated by exacerbations, and changes in the composition and activity of the microbiome may be implicated in their appearance.
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Immunotherapy doesn’t work for everyone, and a series of studies might explain why.
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
the atlantic is hot! on mucosal immunity
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The effect of microbial colonization on the host proteome varies by ...
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From the daintiest sleeve-stifled 'shoo to the mightiest head-whipping howl, a sneeze is as unique to an individual as a laugh -- we all do it, but everyone seems to do it differently.
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In progressive immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN), cyclophosphamide pulse therapy (CyP), high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) and mycophenolic acid (MPA) have been used to stop progressive loss of renal function, but disease...
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Mini Rev Med Chem. 2015;16(3):179-85.
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Wyss Institute replicates gut’s microenvironment in the lab, allowing researchers new access | In a new study, the Wyss Institute’s human gut-on-a-chip technology is used to co-culture gut microbiome and human intestinal cells, which...
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The skin is the human body’s largest organ. At 1.8 square meters for the average adult, skin covers about as much area as a large closet, and accounts for 12-15% of total body weight.
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For the first time, more than 40,000 IBD patients, researchers, and healthcare providers will be brought together by IBD Plexus to create the world's largest registry of IBD patients of all ages which will transform how IBD research is being...
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Recent evidence indicates that antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) serve key roles in defending the urinary tract against invading uropathogens. To date, the individual contribution of AMPs to urinary tract host defense is not well defined.
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Original Article from The New England Journal of Medicine — Intensive Supportive Care plus Immunosuppression in IgA Nephropathy
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Host T cell reactivity toward gut bacterial epitopes has been recognized as part of disease pathogenesis. However, the specificity of T cells that recognize this vast number of epitopes has not yet been well described.
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Very little is known about how the diversity of gut microbes might vary among different groups of people, and whether and how those variations might play into well-recognized health disparities.
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Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
already posted november 27! via Facebook and SMI, thanks
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New research shows a network of immune cells helps the appendix play a pivotal role in maintaining digestive health, supporting the theory that the appendix isn’t a redundant organ.
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
Complementarity and redundancy of IL-22-producing innate lymphoid cells. Rankin LC, Girard-Madoux MJ, Seillet C, Mielke LA, Kerdiles Y, Fenis A, Wieduwild E, Putoczki T, Mondot S, Lantz O, Demon D, Papenfuss AT, Smyth GK, Lamkanfi M, Carotta S, Renauld JC, Shi W, Carpentier S, Soos T, Arendt C, Ugolini S, Huntington ND, Belz GT, Vivier E. Nat Immunol. 2015 Nov 30. doi: 10.1038/ni.3332. [Epub ahead of print] Abstract Intestinal T cells and group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3 cells) control the composition of the microbiota and gut immune responses. Within the gut, ILC3 subsets coexist that either express or lack the natural cytoxicity receptor (NCR) NKp46. We identified here the transcriptional signature associated with the transcription factor T-bet-dependent differentiation of NCR- ILC3 cells into NCR+ ILC3 cells. Contrary to the prevailing view, we found by conditional deletion of the key ILC3 genes Stat3, Il22, Tbx21 and Mcl1 that NCR+ ILC3 cells were redundant for the control of mouse colonic infection with Citrobacter rodentium in the presence of T cells. However, NCR+ ILC3 cells were essential for cecal homeostasis. Our data show that interplay between intestinal ILC3 cells and adaptive lymphocytes results in robust complementary failsafe mechanisms that ensure gut homeostasis.
follow-up of the ILC story http://www.scoop.it/t/mucosal-immunity?q=ILC and a review http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26374472
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by Peris Mumbi Munyaka, N. Eissa, Charles Noah Bernstein, Ehsan Khafipour, Jean-Eric Ghia Background and aims Postnatal maturation of the immune system is largely driven by exposure to microbes, and thus the nature of intestinal colonization may be...
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