Mucosal Immunity
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The olfactory mucosa is a component of the nasal airway that mediates the sense of smell. Recent studies point to an important role for the olfactory mucosa as a barrier to both respiratory pathogens and to neuroinvasive pathogens that hijack the olfactory nerve and invade the CNS. In particular, the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that the olfactory mucosa is an integral part of a heterogeneous nasal mucosal barrier critical to upper airway immunity. However, our insufficient knowledge of olfactory mucosal immunity hinders attempts to protect this tissue from infection and other diseases. This Review summarizes the state of olfactory immunology by highlighting the unique immunologically relevant anatomy of the olfactory mucosa, describing what is known of olfactory immune cells, and considering the impact of common infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders at this site. We will offer our perspective on the future of the field and the many unresolved questions pertaining to olfactory immunity. This Review from Wellford and Moseman considers the unique immunology of the olfactory mucosa. The authors describe how stromal cells, innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells cooperate to defend the olfactory mucosa, protecting the host from potentially serious respiratory or neurotropic infections. They also discuss the relevance of olfactory mucosal immunology for the fields of vaccination and neurodegeneration. 
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Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into various variants, including the numerous highly mutated Omicron sub-lineages, significantly increasing immune evasion ability. The development raises concerns about the possibly diminished effectiveness of available vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics.
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Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the predominant mucosal antibody class with both anti- and pro-inflammatory roles 1,
2, 3. However, the specific role of the IgA receptor cluster of differentiation (CD)89, expressed by a subset of natural killer (NK) cells, is poorly explored. We found that CD89 protein expression on circulating NK cells is infrequent in humans and rhesus macaques, but transcriptomic analysis showed ubiquitous CD89 expression, suggesting an inducible phenotype. Interestingly, CD89+ NK cells were more frequent in cord blood and mucosae, indicating a putative IgA-mediated NK cell function in the mucosae and infant immune system. CD89+ NK cells signaled through upregulated CD3 zeta chain (CD3ζ), spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), zeta chain-associated protein kinase 70 (ZAP70), and signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 1 (SLAMF1), but also showed high expression of inhibitory receptors such as killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G (KLRG1) and reduced activating NKp46 and NKp30. CD89-based activation or antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity with monomeric IgA1 reduced NK cell functions, while antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity with combinations of IgG and IgA2 was enhanced compared to IgG alone. These data suggest that functional CD89+ NK cells survey mucosal sites, but CD89 likely serves as regulatory receptor which can be further modulated depending on IgA and IgG subclass. Although the full functional niche of CD89+ NK cells remains unexplored, these intriguing data suggest the CD89 axis could represent a novel immunotherapeutic target in the mucosae or early life.
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a heterogenous and complex group of idiopathic chronic inflammatory conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract and other extraintestinal systems with rising global incidences.
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Da Vinci Labs mène le tour de financement d'amorçage de Lovaltech !
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We report highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in dairy cattle and cats in Kansas and Texas, United States, which reflects the continued spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses that entered the country in late 2021. Infected cattle experienced nonspecific illness, reduced feed intake and rumination, and an abrupt drop in milk production, but fatal systemic influenza infection developed in domestic cats fed raw (unpasteurized) colostrum and milk from affected cows. Cow-to-cow transmission appears to have occurred because infections were observed in cattle on Michigan, Idaho, and Ohio farms where avian influenza virus–infected cows were transported. Although the US Food and Drug Administration has indicated the commercial milk supply remains safe, the detection of influenza virus in unpasteurized bovine milk is a concern because of potential cross-species transmission. Continued surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in domestic production animals is needed to prevent cross-species and mammal-to-mammal transmission.
Published in Emerging Infectious Diseases (April 20, 2024) https://doi.org/10.3201/eid3007.240508 Via Juan Lama
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Abstract. Established evidence indicates that oral microbiota plays a crucial role in modulating host immune responses to viral infection. Following severe
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Intravacc announces positive data of first in human intranasal OMV based vaccine for SARS-CoV-2 - read this article along with other careers information, tips and advice on BioSpace...
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Pattern recognition receptors are an essential part of the immune system, which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and help shape both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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IL-6–dependent Th17-to-Tfh plasticity during periodontitis limits disease pathology. Loss of Th17-to-Tfh cells results in altered oral antibody production
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The human mouth is a bustling ecosystem teeming with microscopic life. While we often associate oral health with brushing, flossing, and regular dental check-ups, there's more to the story.
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![[Video] CT Vacinas | Centro de Tecnologia de Vacinas on LinkedIn: #spraynasal #vacinaintranasal #usp #jorgekalil #ctvacinas | Mucosal Immunity | Scoop.it](https://img.scoop.it/EET5qrxV8MsF79LoVoTSrDl72eJkfbmt4t8yenImKBVvK0kTmF0xjctABnaLJIm9)
SPRAY NASAL PARA ENCERRAR A PANDEMIA COMPLETAMENTE
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