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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 30, 2016 11:42 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 29, 2016 2:57 PM
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
December 29, 2016 4:55 AM
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The human thymus is the seat of T cell production, and thymic infection can alter both thymopoiesis and tolerance. Circulating antibodies from bone marrow–resident plasma cells have been shown to help protect the thymus from infection; however, the contribution of thymic-resident B cells has remained unclear. Now, Nuñez et al . report that plasma cells reside in the human thymus and that these plasma cells produce antibodies reactive to common viral proteins. These cells inhabit the thymic perivascular space, located between the thymic epithelial areas and the circulation, and therefore may fortify the thymus against pathogen invasion. These cells are maintained in aging individuals, suggesting that thymic plasma cells play a key role in thymic protection throughout the human life span.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 28, 2016 9:45 AM
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Immune responses are regulated by effector cytokines and chemokines that signal through cell surface receptors. Mammalian decoy receptors — which are typically soluble or inactive versions of cell surface receptors or soluble protein modules termed binding proteins — modulate and antagonize signalling by canonical effector–receptor complexes. Viruses have developed a diverse array of molecular decoys to evade host immune responses; these include viral homologues of host cytokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors; variants of host receptors with new functions; and novel decoy receptors that do not have host counterparts. Over the past decade, the number of known mammalian and viral decoy receptors has increased considerably, yet a comprehensive curation of the corresponding structure–mechanism relationships has not been carried out. In this Review, we provide a comprehensive resource on this topic with a view to better understanding the roles and evolutionary relationships of mammalian and viral decoy receptors, and the opportunities for leveraging their therapeutic potential.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 27, 2016 10:55 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 26, 2016 11:04 AM
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The immune system is composed of a variety of cells that act in a coordinated fashion to protect the organism against a multitude of different pathogens. The great variability of existing pathogen
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 26, 2016 4:49 AM
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JAK1 mediates intracellular signalling from multiple cytokine receptors. Here, Elettoet al.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 25, 2016 5:19 AM
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Editorial: Molecular Dynamics at the Immunological Synapse
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 24, 2016 1:02 PM
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Immunol Rev. 2016 May;271(1):221-9. doi: 10.1111/imr.12414. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 24, 2016 8:46 AM
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Immunol Rev. 2016 May;271(1):56-71. doi: 10.1111/imr.12418. Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 22, 2016 2:41 PM
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Recently developed cancer immunotherapy approaches including immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell transfer are showing promising results both in trials and in clinical practice. These approaches reflect increasing recognition of the crucial role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer development and progression. Cancer cells do not act alone, but develop a complex relationship with the environment in which they reside. The host immune response to tumors is critical to the success of immunotherapy; however the determinants of this response are incompletely understood. The immune cell infiltrate in tumors varies widely in density, composition, and clinical significance. The tumor vasculature is a key component of the microenvironment that can influence tumor behavior and treatment response, and can be targeted through the use of anti-angiogenic drugs. Blood vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells have important roles in the trafficking of immune cells and controlling the microenvironment, and modulate the immune response. Improving access to the tumor through vascular alteration with anti-angiogenic drugs may prove an effective combinatorial strategy with immunotherapy approaches, and might be applicable to many tumor types. In this review we briefly discuss the host’s immune response to cancer and the treatment strategies utilizing this response, before focusing on the pathological features of tumor blood and lymphatic vessels and the contribution these might make to tumor immune evasion.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 22, 2016 9:23 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 21, 2016 2:31 AM
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As part of the immune response, T cells react differently to an acute infection versus a chronic infection, and this difference is often the heart of what
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 29, 2016 2:58 PM
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
December 29, 2016 4:55 AM
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Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the balance of inflammation and tolerance in T cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that RA facilitates IgA isotype switching in B cells in vivo. However, it is unclear whether RA has a direct effect on T-independent B cell responses in vivo. To address this question, we generated a mouse model where RA signalling in the B cell lineage is specifically silenced. This was achieved through the overexpression of a dominant negative receptor for RA (dnRAR) in the B cell lineage. In this model, we found a dramatic reduction in marginal zone B cells and accumulation of transitional 2 B cells in the spleen. We also observed a reduction in B1 B cells in the peritoneum with a defect in the T-independent B cell response against 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP). This was not a result of inhibited development of B cells in the bone marrow but likely the result of both, defective expression of S1P1 in MZ B cells and a defect in the development of MZ and B1 B cells. This suggests that RAR expression in B cells is important for the B cell frequency in the marginal zone and peritoneum to generate an efficient T-independent humoral response.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 28, 2016 11:24 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 28, 2016 9:41 AM
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TNF receptor and RIPKinase
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 27, 2016 6:48 AM
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Researchers affiliated with the Kawasaki INnovation Gateway at SKYFRONT, have successfully generated the first ever non-human primate X-SCID models by using
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 26, 2016 9:34 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 25, 2016 12:00 PM
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Fat associated lymphoid clusters are atypical lymphoid tissues that were originally identified in mouse and human mesenteries due to that they contain a high number of Type 2 Innate Lymphoid cells/Nuocytes/Natural Helper cells. FALCs are located on adipose tissues (AT) in mucosal surfaces such as the mediastinum, pericardium, and gonadal fat. Importantly these clusters contain B1, B2 cells and T lymphocytes as well as myeloid and other innate immune cell populations. The developmental cues of FALC formation have started to emerge, showing that these clusters depend on a different set of molecules and cells than secondary lymphoid tissues for their formation. Here we review the current knowledge on FALC formation and we compare FALCs and omental milky spots and their responses to inflammation.
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
December 24, 2016 4:48 PM
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Can you live without your spleen? Honestly, what does that mysterious organ in your stomach do?
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 24, 2016 12:43 PM
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Immunol Rev. 2016 May;271(1):246-59. doi: 10.1111/imr.12411. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't; Review
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 23, 2016 4:10 AM
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The online version of Current Opinion in Immunology at ScienceDirect.com, the world's leading platform for high quality peer-reviewed full-text journals.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 22, 2016 2:40 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 22, 2016 4:50 AM
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Longevity of antibody responses has been attributed to persistence of plasma cells in mice.
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