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Scooped by
Charles Tiayon
July 12, 2:43 AM
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De KFC à HSBC : le bêtisier des pires slogans mal traduits Les erreurs de traduction qui ont marqué l’histoire du marketing "“Mordre le têtard de cire” ou suggérer à ses clients de “Ne rien faire” : les archives du marketing regorgent de perles qui font sourire les étudiants, mais beaucoup moins les directions financières. Très souvent, la réussite d’un nom repose sur sa capacité à susciter une émotion en phase avec l’identité de l’entreprise. Dans un communiqué, l’agence Caupenne & Co revient sur certains “ratés” marketing devenus cultes et rappelle pourquoi la localisation est un enjeu de réputation autant que de communication. Comme le souligne Leylak de Caupenne, fondatrice de l’agence, “Une erreur de traduction marketing n’est jamais seulement une erreur de langue. C’est une erreur de perception”. Le piège des expressions littérales et des faux amis Le passage des frontières transforme parfois des slogans percutants en messages embarrassants. KFC en a fait l’expérience en Chine lorsque son célèbre “Bon à s’en lécher les doigts” s’est transformé en une invitation à “Manger ses propres doigts”. De même, Parker Pen aurait frôlé l’incident au Mexique en confondant le terme anglais “embarrassed” avec le mot espagnol “embarazada”, qui signifie enceinte. Une traduction efficace recrée l’effet voulu dans la culture cible plutôt que de calquer mécaniquement le texte source. Ces anecdotes montrent que l’humour ou l’image publicitaire ne survivent pas à une approche purement lexicale. Anticiper pour protéger la réputation commerciale Certains ajustements sont purement préventifs mais vitaux. Mitsubishi a ainsi dû renommer son modèle Pajero en « Montero » sur les marchés hispanophones en raison de la connotation vulgaire du nom original. Pour HSBC, une erreur d’adaptation du slogan « Assume Nothing » en « Do Nothing » a nécessité un investissement de remplacement pour lancer la campagne globale « The world’s local bank ». La localisation doit débuter dès la conception du produit pour éviter des refontes publicitaires onéreuses. Selon Leylak de Caupenne, “La bonne traduction n’est pas celle qui colle le plus au texte d’origine. C’est celle qui produit le bon effet dans la langue d’arrivée”. La rigueur linguistique comme levier de performance Pour rappel, fondée en 1994 et figurant dans le top 10 national des agences de traduction, Caupenne & Co accompagne des groupes tels qu’Alstom ou Engie sur plus de 160 combinaisons linguistiques. Certifiée ISO 9001 et ISO 17100, l’entreprise mise sur l’alliance entre expertise humaine et outils technologiques pour sécuriser la communication de ses clients. Le métier de traducteur consiste à garantir l’intégrité d’une intention commerciale dans un monde où une campagne traverse les frontières instantanément. Dans un environnement globalisé, l’approximation linguistique n’est plus une option pour les décideurs soucieux de leur image de marque." https://www.e-marketing.fr/marques-1296/veille-et-tribune-2251/les-erreurs-de-traduction-qui-ont-marque-lhistoire-du-marketing-173499/amp #metaglossia #metaglossia_mundus
"Charles Tiayon, cartographer of the translation world
Charles Tiayon is a translator, lecturer and consultant whose Scoop.it activity reflects the professional universe named in his bio: translation, terminology, lexicography and intercultural issues. Through METAGLOSSIA, his public selection tracks language as a field of work, a field of rights, and a field being altered by AI.
A systems view of language
Tiayon looks at translation as a living system. His selections connect interpreters, translators, dictionary makers, universities, publishers, language activists and software companies, rather than treating them as separate worlds.
Technology with memory
AI is a recurring concern, but it is not treated as the whole story. Real-time speech translation, OCR and voice AI appear alongside older and slower forms of linguistic work: dictionaries, terminology, literary translation and language education.
A multilingual compass
The geographic spread is notably international, with attention to French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Maltese, Breton, Ukrainian, Filipino, Indigenous languages in Canada and Indian language politics. No single country dominates the map.
What defines this selection
Archive-scale attention
With 99,235 posts analysed in a single topic, this is a long-running, high-volume observatory of the translation world. The account dates back to 2011, giving the selection the feel of an archive as much as a live feed.
A broad professional lens
The material moves easily between AI translation tools, national dictionaries, literary translation, terminology work, market news and language policy. That range reflects a professional view of language work as both craft and infrastructure.
Mixed-source reliability
The sources span institutions, universities, technology companies, mainstream media and regional outlets. UNESCO, university sites, DeepL, Mistral, CBC, Ouest-France and other sources create a mixed diet of policy, research, product news and local reporting.
Specialist reach, public scale
The audience numbers are substantial, with more than 567,000 views and over 424,000 unique visitors across all topics. The reach suggests sustained interest beyond a narrow specialist circle.
Topics
◍
Metaglossia: The Translation World
This flagship topic covers translation, interpreting, intercultural communication, terminology and lexicography as they unfold in public life. It is especially strong on AI language tools, institutional language policy, minority languages, literary translation and dictionaries.
99.2K posts
en
Deep dives
Where language becomes infrastructure
Charles Tiayon’s main topic reads like a newsroom for the language professions, but with a wider lens than trade news alone. Translation, interpreting, terminology and lexicography appear beside minority-language rights, literary circulation, dictionaries, competitions, and the fast-moving world of AI speech and OCR tools.
Metaglossia: The Translation World
The strongest thread is the collision between language as culture and language as system. A new Maltese digital dictionary, a Doha historical dictionary with text-to-speech, UNESCO and Unicode cooperation, and First Nations language translation all sit in the same frame as DeepL, Mistral OCR, and real-time speech models.
Metaglossia: The Translation World
His editorial voice is not silent aggregation. The analysis points to regular INSIGHT notes, often substantial and quote-based, with an explanatory tone and occasional sharper framing when language politics or AI consequences are at stake. The result is a practical map of a field being reshaped by institutions, software, markets and communities at once."
Courtesy
Scoop.it
06.07.2026
#metaglossia_mundus
#metaglossia
L’IA au service des langues locales
Le Togo veut donner une place à ses dizaines de langues vernaculaires dans le monde de l'intelligence artificielle.
12 Juil 2026
Le gouvernement lance une initiative pour développer des modèles d'IA capables de comprendre et de parler ces langues, avec un double objectif : améliorer l'accès aux services publics numériques et combler la sous-représentation chronique des langues africaines dans les systèmes d'IA.
Annoncé cette semaine à Genève lors du sommet ‘AI for Good’, le projet réunit Togo AI Lab, la plateforme africaine Zindi et l'entreprise technologique togolaise Umbaji. Il s'inscrit dans la stratégie nationale d'IA du Togo, qui vise à renforcer l'inclusion numérique à travers des services capables de fonctionner en langues locales.
Le plan : bâtir une plateforme open-source pour collecter des données vocales et textuelles auprès des communautés du pays, avec un objectif d'au moins 50 heures de voix validées et 6 000 paires de phrases traduites pour chacune des 50 langues nationales.
Ces données alimenteront quatre compétitions d'IA ouvertes sur la plateforme Zindi, destinées à développer des modèles open-source de reconnaissance vocale, de synthèse vocale et de traduction automatique, avec 40 000 dollars de prix à la clé.
Le moment n'est pas choisi au hasard. Selon l'UNESCO, plus de 2 000 langues africaines restent gravement sous-représentées dans les jeux de données utilisés pour entraîner les modèles d'IA, privant des millions de personnes d'un accès véritable aux services propulsés par l'IA, largement construits autour de l'anglais ou du mandarin.
Ce n'est pas une première collaboration entre le Togo et Zindi. En 2024, le ministère en charge du Numérique avait déjà organisé, avec la plateforme, une compétition utilisant des données démographiques et géospatiales pour prédire la demande en infrastructures de fibre optique. Plusieurs des meilleurs participants avaient ensuite été recrutés par Togo AI Lab.
« Nous considérons les modèles linguistiques comme une infrastructure publique essentielle pour l'ère numérique », a déclaré la ministre de l'Efficacité du service public et de la Transformation numérique, Cina Lawson...
Pour la directrice générale de Zindi, Celina Lee, le constat reste le même : « Trop de langues africaines restent sous-représentées. En réunissant les communautés locales, des données ouvertes et un réseau mondial de praticiens de l'IA, cette initiative garantit que la diversité linguistique du Togo se reflète dans la prochaine génération de technologies d'IA africaines. »
Fondée en 2018, Zindi revendique une communauté de plus de 100 000 experts en IA répartis dans plus de 180 pays. Umbaji a, de son côté, déjà mené des projets de collecte de données multilingues couvrant 11 langues africaines dans six pays.
______
* Éwé, Mina (Gen), Kabyè, Tem (Kotokoli), Moba, Gourmantchéma (Gourma), Bassar (Ntcham), Losso (Naoudem), Akposso, Ana-Ifè …"
https://www.republicoftogo.com/toutes-les-rubriques/culture/l-ia-au-service-des-langues-locales
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Seamus Heaney’s translations: An exploration of a gifted work
Like Joyce, Heaney was keen to ‘dislodge’ his work from the single-perspective canon of English literature
Seamus Heaney and the Art of Translation
Author:
Edited by Eugene O’Brien and Ian Hickey
Eugene O’Brien’s introduction to 11 chapters exploring Seamus Heaney’s gifted translations opens with the “helmeted pump” in Heaney’s essay Mossbawn where he links the pump with “the Greek word, omphalos, meaning ... navel ... hence the stone that marked the centre of the world” and repeating it “until its blunt and falling music becomes the music of somebody pumping water at the pump outside our back door”.
O’Brien sees this “seminal point” as a carrying over or translation of sound rather than meaning “a thing becomes a sound which becomes a word which allows for connection, empathy ... multiple perspectives.”
Translation is a tricky, layered art and O’Brien references Susan Bassnett’s view of “a dangerous act, potentially subversive and always significant”. Like Joyce, Heaney was keen to “dislodge” his work from the single-perspective canon of English literature. One can feel the sheer rebellious delight in his description of Beowulf as “somebody from the southwest of Sweden coming down into Denmark and helping the Danes, then returning to the southwest of Sweden and clearing a dragon out of that place. It is written in England, perhaps in Northumbria, but then Northumbria itself was a hybrid enough place…”
This book celebrates the endless ripples, each essay diving down and coming up with a fresh look. Ian Hickey sees Heaney’s translations as a shadow play between the original text and “the contemporary moment”, tracing the etymology of “confound” as it’s used in the sense of a blending of “the Lethe in Moyola” in Heaney’s poem The Riverbank. In From a Dark Wood to the Light of Heaven Mariella Gatto traces Heaney’s struggle to maintain poetic integrity while acknowledging that poetry and politics were “indissolubly linked” in what he called his “po-ethics”...
Heaney’s translations form a net of connections, rather than pointing out difference, O’Brien seeing them as a “heterogeneous, diverse and open interrogation of the present through the lens of the past.”
And Dennis O’Driscoll’s conversations with Heaney in Stepping Stones are an invaluable resource too, referenced many times here. Whether it’s Josie O’Donoghue’s On the Whim of a Marvellous Thing or O’Brien’s vision of Heaney “caught up in, and created by” a riverrun of languages – there is an exhilarating sense of an ever-renewing river of translations where no one will ever step twice."
Martina Evans
Sat Jul 11 2026
https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/review/2026/07/11/seamus-heaneys-translations-an-exploration-of-a-gifted-work/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Having an AI for Literature
NAAV AI is utilising an AI-assisted, human-refined process to translate India’s rich body of writing
Vikram Sampath and Sandeep Singh Chauhan
Mohd Shehwaaz Khan
Updated on:
12 Jul 2026, 1:33 am
It was not so much a coincidence as a statement that the first major book NAAV AI translated was Vikram Sampath’s My Name is Gauhar Jaan into Kannada. Published in English in 2010, the award-winning biography had never reached Kannada-speaking readers, even though Sampath grew up in Bengaluru and Gauhar Jaan spent her final years in Karnataka.
For Sampath, the choice was symbolic. More than a century after Gauhar Jaan became the first Indian artiste to commercially record her voice on the gramophone, her story became one of the first full-length books to be translated into Kannada using AI-assisted technology.
“As a historian, I look at patterns,” says Sampath. “When Gauhar Jaan embraced recording technology, many musicians said it would destroy music or anger the gods. Today, writers and publishers have similar doubts about AI. History is repeating itself.”
The brainchild of Sampath and technologist Sandeep Singh Chauhan, Bengaluru-based NAAV AI—short for Navigating AI Across Vocabularies, and a play on the Hindi word naav (boat)—uses artificial intelligence and human expertise to translate long-form content such as books. It currently supports 11 Indian languages, including Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Malayalam, as well as five foreign languages: French, German, Russian, Italian and Spanish.
The idea grew out of a frustration Sampath knew well as an author. “Only about five or six per cent of India consumes content in English. The actual soul of Bharat is in the Bharatiya bhashas,” he says. “But translation in India has largely remained a manual, mechanical, expensive and time-consuming process.”
Covers of books translated to Kannada, Tamil, Odia, and Hindi
Its flagship product, Translit, generates a first draft of an odd 300-page book in about an hour. It is then reviewed by language experts and professional translators, some from the Central Institute of Indian Languages Mysuru, who refine the text before publication. “The heavy lifting is done by AI, but the final product is human-refined,” adds Chauhan. “Every language has cultural and linguistic nuances that technology alone cannot fully capture.”
The result is a dramatic reduction in time. A 300-350 page book that would ordinarily take six to seven months can now be completed in around four weeks. “This isn’t about replacing translators,” says Chauhan. “Instead of translating one book in six months, the same translator can now work on six or seven books. Their role becomes more valuable.”
Winning over publishers, however, has required patience. Sampath says much of his time is spent explaining that NAAV is AI-assisted rather than AI-driven. “It is natural for people in the creative industry to have doubts,” he says. “The fear is that AI will write the book or replace the translator. But the human expert remains central to the pipeline.”
The other product ZuNAAV creates audiobooks using AI-assisted technology in no time. “We make books come alive through immersive background sound, special effects and music. Our audio engineers and language experts refine the final version before it reaches the publishers,” adds Chauhan. The company has also successfully tested a Live Translation App with the spiritual organisation of Sadguru Madhusudan Sai, expected to go live shortly.
The startup has received funding support from Ola founder Bhavish Aggarwal and investors such as Asha Jadeja Motwani, Prashanth Prakash and Subrata Mitra.
For Sampath, the larger ambition goes beyond technology. “If technology helps literature travel across languages,” he says, “India’s languages will grow together rather than compete with one another, as they most often do in current times.”"
https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2026/Jul/12/having-an-ai-for-literature
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Créer en langues africaines: Nigeria, littérature en yoruba et roman fondateur de D.O. Fagunwa
50 millions de personnes parlent yoruba à travers les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest et leurs diasporas. C’est une langue essentiellement orale mais qui possède tout de même des œuvres littéraires. Daniel Olorunfemi Fagunwa publie le premier roman en langue autochtone en 1938, à une époque où seule la Bible était disponible en langue locale. Aujourd’hui, des acteurs de la culture œuvrent pour entretenir et encourager une production littéraire.
«La forêt aux mille démons » de Daniel Olorunfẹmi Fagunwa, premier roman publié en langue yoruba.
De notre correspondante à Lagos, Harmony Pondy Nyaga
Dans La Forêt aux mille démons, Daniel Olorunfẹmi Fagunwa conte en Yoruba l'épopée d'un héros confronté à des épreuves surnaturelles, entre le monde des vivants et celui des esprits. Un premier roman publié en 1938, dans le but de contribuer à l’alphabétisation de son peuple dans un Nigeria encore sous domination britannique, mais aussi de préserver et partager un patrimoine culturel.
Ce n’est que trente ans plus tard que ce roman pionnier sera traduit en anglais par Wole Soyinka, dramaturge et prix Nobel de littérature, considéré comme l’un des héritiers de Fagunwa. Dans sa note de traduction de l’ouvrage, il admet que : « Le plaisir que procure son talent verbal est sans aucun doute largement perdu dans la traduction, mais cela ne justifie pas pour autant de réserver la lecture de Fagunwa aux seuls locuteurs du yoruba ».
Cette réflexion résume le paradoxe des auteurs yorubas, tiraillés entre le désir de préserver la pureté de leur langue et la nécessité de traduire pour exister auprès d’autres publics.
Mettre en avant la littérature yoruba
Rasaq Malik Gbolahan, poète et écrivain, a choisi et il a lancé Atelewo, un magazine en ligne en langue autochtone qui décerne chaque année un prix aux œuvres en yoruba : « L'un des principaux projets que nous avons réalisés lorsque nous avons lancé Atelewo, nous avons lancé un appel à soumission d’œuvres littéraires : poèmes, nouvelles, essais écrits en langue yoruba. Nous voulions nous concentrer uniquement sur la langue yoruba. »
Au centre J. Randle pour la culture Yoruba, à Lagos, entre tenues et objets traditionnels sont également exposés les auteurs populaires de la littérature yoruba comme Amos Tutuola, Wole Soyinka ou plus récemment Lola Shoneyin.
Le directeur du centre, Qudus Onikeku, prépare l'ouverture d'une bibliothèque entièrement dédiée à ce patrimoine : « Ce serait une énorme collection de livres sur la culture yoruba et nigériane principalement, mais aussi sur l’Histoire. » « Je veux redonner vie à la tradition orale, poursuit-il, parce que je pense que la littérature pour nous était surtout puissante lorsqu'elle était lue à haute voix. »
Afin d'assurer de nouvelles générations de lecteurs, le centre culturel propose tout au long de l’année des cours de yoruba."
13/07/2026 - 00:05
https://www.rfi.fr/fr/podcasts/reportage-afrique/20260712-cr%C3%A9er-en-langues-africaines-nigeria-litt%C3%A9rature-en-yoruba-et-roman-fondateur-de-d-o-fagunwa-1-5
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
German Bundestag Opens Applications for 2027 International Parliamentary Scholarship (IPS)
"The German Bundestag has announced the opening of applications for the 2027 International Parliamentary Scholarship (IPS), an internationally recognised programme that offers young graduates the opportunity to gain first-hand experience of Germany’s parliamentary system and political processes.
The five-month scholarship provides participants from eligible countries with practical insight into parliamentary work while strengthening their understanding of democratic governance, political institutions, and intercultural cooperation. The programme is designed for academically qualified young professionals with a strong interest in politics, public affairs, and civic engagement.
Eligible candidates are encouraged to submit their applications through the German Embassy in their home country before the applicable national deadline.
Scholarship Provides Five Months of Parliamentary Experience
The International Parliamentary Scholarship (IPS) is one of the German Bundestag’s flagship international exchange programmes aimed at promoting democratic values and international understanding.
Over a five-month period, participants gain practical exposure to the work of the German Parliament while expanding their knowledge of legislative processes, policymaking, and political institutions.
The programme enables scholars to:
Gain practical experience within Germany’s parliamentary system.
Develop a deeper understanding of democratic governance.
Strengthen intercultural communication and international cooperation.
Build professional networks with fellow scholars and parliamentary stakeholders.
Enhance their knowledge of political and social issues affecting Germany and the wider international community.
The IPS programme provides participants with valuable academic, professional, and cultural experiences that support future careers in public service, politics, international relations, research, and civil society.Health Foundations & Medical Research
Eligibility Requirements
Applicants must meet several academic, language, and personal requirements to be considered for the scholarship.
Eligible candidates must:
Hold citizenship of a participating country.
Be younger than 30 years of age at the start of the scholarship.
Have completed university studies with at least a Bachelor’s degree. In justified cases, proof of graduation may be submitted until 31 December 2026.
Demonstrate a strong interest in political and social issues.
Show evidence of social and/or political engagement.
Possess very good German language skills at Level B2 or higher according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR).
The programme seeks motivated young graduates who are committed to democratic participation and international cooperation.
Required Application Documents
Applicants must submit their complete application as a single PDF file by email to the German Embassy responsible for their country.
The application file should not exceed 10 MB. Applicants with larger files should divide their documents into multiple emails. ZIP files are not accepted.
A complete application must include:
Completed application form in German.
Proof of German language proficiency.
Motivation letter written in German (maximum two pages).
University degree certificate or officially certified copy in English or German.
Two recent letters of recommendation in German or English assessing professional qualifications.
Copy of a valid passport or national identity card confirming citizenship.
A recent passport-style photograph in JPEG or another standard image format.
Applicants are also encouraged to use the official application checklist to ensure all required documentation has been included before submission.
Selection Process
The International Parliamentary Scholarship follows a two-stage competitive selection process.
The recruitment process includes:
Initial assessment by the relevant German diplomatic mission abroad.
Invitation of shortlisted candidates to a personal interview.
Final selection by a committee of the German Bundestag.
Interviews are expected to take place between July and December, with final decisions based on applicants’:
German language proficiency.
Academic qualifications.
Professional potential.
Social engagement.
Intercultural competence.
The programme seeks candidates capable of contributing positively to international dialogue and democratic cooperation.
How to Apply
Interested applicants should submit their application electronically to the German Embassy serving their country of citizenship.
Applicants are advised to:
Complete the official application form in German.
Prepare all supporting documents in the required format.
Combine documents into a single PDF where possible.
Ensure file sizes comply with submission requirements.
Submit applications before the national deadline established by the relevant German Embassy.
Country-specific application deadlines for the 2027 programme are available through the German Bundestag and participating German diplomatic missions.
An Opportunity to Experience Germany’s Parliamentary Democracy
The International Parliamentary Scholarship offers young graduates a unique opportunity to gain practical parliamentary experience while expanding their understanding of democratic institutions and international cooperation.
By combining professional exposure with academic and intercultural learning, the programme equips participants with valuable leadership skills that can be applied in government, diplomacy, research, non-governmental organisations, and public policy.Health Foundations & Medical Research
Young leaders with strong academic backgrounds, demonstrated civic engagement, and advanced German language skills are encouraged to prepare their applications and contact the German Embassy in their respective countries for country-specific deadlines and submission instructions.
https://www.globalsouthopportunities.com/2026/07/12/international-45/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Des phrases limpides, sans fautes de grammaire. Sans hésitation, Lukaku déroule alors qu'il n'a jamais joué pour un club espagnol dans sa carrière, ni même vécu dans ce pays.
En l'occurrence l'attaquant de 33 ans a joué dans trois pays, mais son bagage linguistique va bien au delà de ça. Il y a d'abord les langues de son enfance, le français, héritage de son père, le lingala transmis par sa mère et le néerlandais appris à l'école, car il a grandi à Anvers, ville flamande belge. Si l'on ajoute l'espagnol évoqué précédemment, voilà déjà quatre langues maîtrisées.
Romelu Lukaku n'est pas polyglotte, mais hyper-polyglotte. Ce statut, on l'obtient lorsque l'on parle couramment six langues ou plus. Lukaku maîtrise aussi l'anglais, après avoir obtenu sa majorité à Londres durant son long passage au club de Chelsea. À l'époque, le jeune joueur qu'il était avait aussi appris le portugais comme une éponge auprès de son partenaire aîné, José Bosingwa. À cela s'ajoute son italien, parfait pour comprendre les consignes de son actuel entraîneur à Naples et aussi l'allemand, même si aucune explication n'est connue sur les motifs d'apprentissage de la langue de Goethe.
Au total, Romelu Lukaku sait s'exprimer dans huit langues. Le profil linguistique de l'avant-centre des Diables rouges fait de lui ce que les journalistes appellent « un bon client »."
Coupe du monde 2026: Romelu Lukaku, l’attaquant belge hyper-polyglotte qui étonne le monde - RFI https://share.google/PVcAbJDC6Nl3OgTwN
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Emotional Intelligence Plays a Role in Creativity, This is the Explanation of an Expert
YOGYAKARTA - Emotional intelligence and creativity are actually interrelated. Until now, many people think that creativity is only influenced by talent, although the ability to recognize and manage emotions also has an important role. A number of recent studies show that emotional intelligence can help a person think more flexibly, face challenges, and generate new ideas.
This was discussed by Anthony D. Fredericks, Ed.D., Professor Emeritus of Education at York College of Pennsylvania, reported by Psychology Today, Monday, July 6. He explained that emotional intelligence is one factor that can support the creative process. Although not the only determinant, the ability to understand and manage emotions makes a person more prepared to face the challenges that arise when looking for or developing ideas.
What is emotional intelligence?
Emotional intelligence or emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and effectively utilize emotions. This concept includes self-awareness, self-control, motivation, empathy, and relationship-building skills. With these abilities, a person can use their emotions as a source of energy to make decisions and solve problems.
A meta-analysis that combines the results of various studies found a positive relationship between emotional intelligence and creativity. The relationship is not very strong, but it is consistently found in various studies. According to researchers, people who have better emotional intelligence tend to be able to use emotions as fuel to generate ideas and reduce obstacles such as fear of failure or anxiety.
A systematic review published in 2025 also showed that adults with better emotional abilities generally have higher levels of creativity. However, the researchers stressed that the relationship still needs to be studied further to understand how the two affect each other. Nevertheless, the results of this study show that developing emotional intelligence has the potential to support creative thinking abilities.
Why does emotional intelligence play a role in creativity?
People who are able to recognize their emotions are usually easier to understand what they are feeling when facing a challenge. This awareness helps them turn emotional experiences into a source of inspiration, not an obstacle. As a result, they are more open to exploring various possibilities and generating more diverse ideas.
The ability to manage emotions also helps a person to survive when the ideas they have are rejected or have not been successfully realized. In the creative process, failure and criticism are normal so that resilience becomes an important ability. With more stable emotions, a person can try a new approach without easily giving up.
In addition, empathy allows a person to understand another person's point of view. The more perspectives that are understood, the greater the opportunity to find unique solutions or ideas. This is one of the reasons why emotional intelligence is considered to have a role in the creative process.
How to train emotional intelligence to develop creativity
One of the recommended exercises is to recognize the emotions you are feeling, then pour them into the form of a work or idea. For example, sad experiences can be written into stories, poems, or used as inspiration in solving a problem. This exercise helps the brain get used to processing emotions as a source of creativity.
You can also train empathy by trying to see an event from another person's point of view. This way makes you accustomed to understanding various perspectives that may not have been thought of before. The wider the point of view you have, the greater the opportunity for new ideas to emerge.
In addition, get used to reframing unpleasant experiences. Instead of just seeing it as a failure, try to find lessons or opportunities that can be taken from the experience. This habit can train flexibility of thinking, which is one of the important elements of creativity.
Creativity can continue to be developed.
Creativity is not just about talent that is possessed from birth. Various studies show that this ability can continue to be honed through experience and habits, including by developing emotional intelligence. When a person is able to understand and manage their emotions well, the creative thinking process can run more optimally.
Therefore, if you want to increase creativity, there is no harm in starting to train emotional intelligence in everyday life. The ability to recognize emotions, manage stress, and understand others can be an important asset to generate fresher and more innovative ideas. Thus, emotional intelligence is not only beneficial for social relationships, but also plays a role in supporting the creative process."
06 Juli 2026, 14:48
https://voi.id/en/lifestyle/583377
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
On pensait que dater l’apparition du langage était impossible : des chercheurs viennent de trouver la réponse dans notre ADN
Depuis quand les humains parlent-ils ? Jusqu’à présent, dater l’apparition du langage relevait du casse-tête. Entre les fossiles, les artefacts et les théories linguistiques, aucune piste ne permettait de répondre avec certitude à cette énigme. Toutefois, en étudiant la génétique des premières populations humaines, des chercheurs ont peut-être trouvé la clé du mystère. Une étude récente basée sur l’analyse de notre ADN avance une hypothèse surprenante : nous avions déjà la capacité de parler il y a au moins 135 000 ans.
Une approche génétique pour dater l’origine du langage
Jusqu’ici, les théories sur l’apparition du langage reposaient principalement sur des indices fossiles et archéologiques. Par exemple, certains scientifiques estiment que la modification du larynx et du crâne chez Homo sapiens suggérait une capacité à produire des sons articulés. D’autres se basaient sur les premières traces de pensée symbolique pour déduire que le langage devait déjà exister. Néanmoins, ces approches manquaient d’une base temporelle solide.
C’est ici que l’équipe de chercheurs, menée par Shigeru Miyagawa du MIT, a adopté une méthode inédite. Plutôt que d’analyser les vestiges matériels, ils ont étudié l’ADN des populations humaines anciennes. Leur raisonnement repose sur un principe simple : toutes les langues du monde sont issues d’une langue commune. Or, si l’on sait à quel moment les premiers groupes humains ont commencé à se séparer géographiquement, on peut estimer quand cette langue originelle était parlée.
Les chercheurs ont donc analysé quinze études génétiques qui couvrent les dix-huit dernières années. Ces études se basaient sur l’ADN mitochondrial (hérité de la mère), le chromosome Y (hérité du père) et des séquençages du génome entier. Le résultat ? Toutes les données convergent vers un point commun : il y a environ 135 000 ans, Homo sapiens formait encore une population unie avant de commencer à se disperser à travers le monde. Cela signifie que la capacité linguistique devait déjà être présente avant cette première grande séparation.
L’émergence du langage comme outil social il y a 100 000 ans
Si Sapiens possédait la capacité biologique de parler il y a 135 000 ans, cela ne signifie pas que le langage, tel que nous le connaissons aujourd’hui, existait déjà à cette époque. Selon les chercheurs, il aurait fallu encore plusieurs dizaines de milliers d’années pour que cette capacité se traduise par un véritable système de communication structuré.
Les indices archéologiques montrent qu’à partir de 100 000 ans avant notre ère, les humains ont commencé à produire des objets à forte valeur symbolique. Des pigments d’ocre rouge étaient utilisés pour décorer des coquillages et des outils, des gravures complexes apparaissent sur des os et des pierres, et des formes d’organisation sociale plus sophistiquées émergent. Cette explosion de créativité et de pensée symbolique suggère une transition majeure : le langage n’était plus seulement une capacité latente; il était devenu un outil actif de communication entre les individus.
D’après Miyagawa et ses collègues, cette transformation du langage a dû jouer un rôle clé dans le développement humain. Il aurait permis une meilleure transmission des connaissances, renforcé la cohésion des groupes et facilité la coopération. Autrement dit, il y a environ 100 000 ans, les humains ne se contentaient plus d’avoir la capacité de parler : ils parlaient réellement, échangeaient des idées et transmettaient leur savoir de manière organisée.
Une théorie qui divise encore la communauté scientifique
Bien que cette étude apporte des éléments solides à la compréhension de l’origine du langage, elle ne fait pas l’unanimité. La question de la date exacte de l’apparition du langage reste un sujet de débat intense. Certains chercheurs estiment en effet que le langage pourrait être bien plus ancien. Des études basées sur l’anatomie des hominidés suggèrent que des espèces comme Homo heidelbergensis, il y a 600 000 ans, possédaient déjà des capacités vocales avancées. D’autres vont encore plus loin et avancent que certaines formes rudimentaires de langage existaient peut-être chez les Australopithèques, il y a plus de deux millions d’années.
D’un autre côté, certaines théories postulent que le langage s’est développé de manière très progressive. Au lieu d’être un événement soudain, il aurait évolué par petites étapes au fil du temps, au fur et à mesure que les besoins de communication devenaient plus complexes.
Enfin, un point essentiel reste en suspens : comment prouver avec certitude que nos ancêtres parlaient ? Contrairement aux outils ou aux œuvres d’art, le langage ne laisse pas de traces fossiles. L’archéologie et la génétique peuvent fournir des indices, mais elles ne peuvent pas, pour l’instant, donner une preuve irréfutable de l’existence du langage à une époque précise."
Brice L.
10 juillet 2026, 17 h 32 min
https://sciencepost.fr/on-pensait-que-dater-lapparition-du-langage-etait-impossible-des-chercheurs-viennent-de-trouver-la-reponse-dans-notre-adn/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
How the Bilingual Brain Switches Languages With Ease
Similar concepts in different languages share an address in the brain
Shelly Fan
Jul 06, 2026
My octogenarian father-in-law is trilingual and a lifelong fan of the World Cup. As he cheers on his favorite teams in English, Spanish, or French—sometimes switching between them mid-sentence—I’m always amazed at how easy it seems.
Scientists have long been fascinated by the brain’s ability to learn and retain multiple languages. Even after years of disuse, a brief exposure can quickly revive a language without having to consciously relearn its grammar or vocabulary. Bilingualism may offer other cognitive perks. Small studies suggest it delays brain aging, lowers dementia risk, and provides a slight edge in executive function (the ability to stay focused on a goal).
But most of the evidence is from brain imaging studies that offer only a bird’s-eye view of neural activity and miss the finer details.
Now, scientists from the Baylor College of Medicine and collaborators have recorded activity from single neurons in four bilingual volunteers with epilepsy as they listened, read, and spoke in English and Spanish. The participants already had electrodes implanted in the hippocampus—a brain region critical for learning and memory—to track the source of their seizures.
“This is the very first study to look at how bilingual brains work at the level of individual neurons, and to do so in real time,” said study author Xinyuan Yan in a press release.
The results suggest the bilingual brain operates on two levels. Individual neurons often showed a strong preference for one language when participants heard or spoke words with the same meaning. But networks of neurons were largely language independent. They spontaneously organized into a concept map, placing words with related meanings—such as “dog” and “wolf”—closer together than unrelated words like “fork.”
Surprisingly, both languages relied on the same underlying map. Using the English concept map alone, the team could accurately predict clusters of related Spanish words.
“It’s like looking into a room from a different window. Everything inside is the same, but the perspective is different,” said study author Sameer Sheth.
Bridging Worlds
Language is central to human connection. Although some words don’t directly translate, people can express the same ideas across multiple languages without losing their core meaning.
Children raised in multilingual households are especially adept at switching between languages, often blending words and phrases together. Even when languages differ dramatically in grammar, syntax, and pronunciation, the brain somehow keeps their structures distinct while fluidly merging their meanings.
Long before we learn to speak, neural networks transform thoughts into electrical patterns that form words and sentences. Because languages are built differently—for example, where a verb falls in a sentence—it seems reasonable that each language would have a unique neural fingerprint.
But that might not be the case. A recent AI-powered analysis of functional MRI (fMRI) scans from monolingual speakers of 21 languages suggested that languages share a similar neural scaffold that represents meaning and concepts. Even fictional languages, including Klingon from Star Trek and Na'vi from Avatar, appear to tap into the same underlying system.
A growing body of evidence from bilingual speakers echoes these findings. One fMRI study found native Chinese speakers learned English more efficiently when they recruited brain networks used for Chinese. Another study identified shared speech-related brain activity sufficient for decoding words across languages.
Despite hinting at a universal language map, these standard imaging technologies struggle to capture detailed patterns as people switch languages in real time. To see how bilingual brains actually pull off the feat, we need to listen in on single cells.
Mapping It Out
The team studied four volunteers fluent in English and Spanish. All had learned the languages before age five and continued to use them regularly. Each also had electrodes implanted in the hippocampus to monitor seizures as part of epilepsy treatment, allowing researchers to track individual neuron activity as they listened and spoke.
Though often overlooked in language research, the hippocampus is increasingly recognized as a hub for word meaning, and it may also link concepts together. Here, the team monitored more than 100 neurons in each participant as they completed three language tasks.
First, the participants listened to roughly an hour of YouTube videos and the audiobook Eat Pray Love (Come Reza Ama). Next, they read aloud nearly 100 phrases displayed on a screen, such as “let’s have fun” and its Spanish equivalent “vamos a divertirnos.” Finally, they spent up to 90 minutes chatting with native speakers of each language, discussing everything from family to their epilepsy journey.
By the end, the team had compiled thousands of spoken words, hundreds of matched phrases, and hours of natural conversation.
A Language Landscape
Only a handful of neurons appeared truly bilingual, responding similarly to equivalent words such as "friends" and "amigos." To better interpret the neural activity, the team turned to mBERT, Google's multilingual language model that understands more than 100 languages. Like other LLMs, the model represents words according to their relationships and context rather than simple dictionary definitions.
The comparison revealed a similar pattern in brains and machines. Individual neurons rarely encoded the same word across languages. Instead, meaning emerged at the population level.
Both neural activity and mBERT tracked broader context, organizing words into an abstract conceptual landscape called semantic geometry. In this map, related concepts cluster together—“cat” sits closer to “dog” than to “galaxy,” for example—even if the precise features defining those relationships are unclear.
Yet the map remained largely unchanged across languages, suggesting it captured a fundamental mechanism for language processing in the brain. Using the English map alone, the team could predict which Spanish words would cluster around “perro” (or “dog”).
“This is how the brain encodes the meaning of words across languages,” said Yan. “It doesn’t rely on individual neurons translating individual words, but groups of neurons adjusting their activities to create the similar pattern for equivalent words in both languages.”
The study focused on semantics, or meaning, as opposed to syntax, the rules governing sentence structure. A recent study also using single-cell recordings from people with epilepsy suggests that other groups of neurons, particularly those in the frontal parts of the brain, may specialize in grammar while ignoring semantics. Whether they also share a “map” across languages remains to be seen.
The next step is to watch these maps emerge. The team hopes to track people as they learn a new language, revealing how new words and concepts are woven into semantic landscapes in real time. The results could deepen our understanding of one of the most fundamental communication skills and even inspire more capable and efficient language models in AI.
“Our study shows that the brain is wired to learn multiple languages,” said study author Benjamin Hayden.
Neuroscience
Shelly Fan
Dr. Shelly Xuelai Fan, a neuroscientist-turned-science-writer"
https://singularityhub.com/2026/07/06/how-the-bilingual-brain-switches-languages-with-ease/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Charlotte Mecklenburg Library expands language access with new translation plan
WFAE | By Julian Berger
Published July 6, 2026 at 5:00 AM EDT
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Library translated materials into Spanish, French, Russian, Vietnamese and Hindi.
Julian Berger
Charlotte Mecklenburg Library is rolling out a new language access plan across its 21 branches this week.
Key documents, including library card information, library use guidelines and branch hours and locations, will be available in the five most commonly spoken non-English languages in Mecklenburg County: Spanish, French, Russian, Vietnamese and Hindi.
"The language access plan is designed to really focus on making sure that all of our materials are something that can be read and accessed by everyone," said Cameron Smith, branch manager at the Pineville Library and co-leader of the library's Welcome CLT initiative. "Anyone that comes through our door should have that ability to be able to understand what we are offering."
The plan builds on years of work through the library's Welcome CLT initiative, which was launched in 2017 to better serve immigrants, refugees and other newcomers moving to the Charlotte area.
"We wanted to make sure that the library is a place where they feel at home, where they can access materials," said Lonna Vines, branch manager at Myers Park Library and co-leader of Welcome CLT. "That's what this team is all about, coordinating programs and resources for everyone in our community, including those international newcomers."
Vines said Charlotte's rapid growth helped drive the effort.
"When our team started in 2017, there were 42 people moving to Charlotte every single day," she said. "Now that number has just exploded, and so many of those people are moving from international locations as well."
Welcome CLT leaders said they began developing the language access plan after attending a language access workshop in 2025 and studying similar plans at other library systems around the country. The rollout was supported by a $10,000 grant from the American Library Association, which helped pay for translations and printing.
In addition to multilingual collections and English classes, the library also hosts quarterly naturalization ceremonies in partnership with U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services as part of its broader effort to welcome newcomers."
https://www.wfae.org/race-equity/2026-07-06/charlotte-mecklenburg-library-expands-language-access-with-new-translation-plan?_amp=true
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
In Between Translations
"An exhibition at Square Street Gallery examines how language is an evolving marker of sociocultural relations
If language is an intimate form of embodied transmission, whereby words are spoken by individuals whose understanding of their meaning is contingent on contextual and interpersonal relations, then it is through language’s everyday use that a more complex, materialist understanding of culture emerges. The title of Faan1jik6 Zi1gaan1, a three-artist group show, is the Romanised, Cantonese transliteration of 翻譯之間 (meaning: ‘In between translations’) and pointedly reflects on that dynamic in the context of Hong Kong.
Yip Kai Chun’s installation 崖hea響槓言 voice from the root, reclaiming (2016) traces the artist’s reconnection to his father’s native language, Hakka. Spoken by an ethnic group understood to have migrated from Northern China to the South during the thirteenth century, Hakka is often considered a phonetic bridge between Mandarin, China’s official language, and Cantonese, a dialect or distinct language, depending on who you’re asking. A rag-tag group of stools is positioned in front of a television set with speakers on either side, its red screen soundtracked by Yip speaking with his father in Cantonese about colours, about how he identifies, while recalling sayings like “a home with a podocarpus always has a surplus,” and so on. Yip asks his father to translate words and phrases into Hakka throughout, with black characters appearing onscreen in traditional Chinese script (rather than the simplified system introduced to Mainland China in the mid-twentieth century) to transliterate those expressions with Cantonese words. The Hakka pronunciation for ‘Occupy Central’, or instance, referring to Hong Kong’s 2014 Umbrella Movement, phonetically approximates to Zam1 (hair pin in phonetic romanisation), Ling5 (to lead), Zung2 (swollen), Wan4 (circle).
The abstract poetry of these notations mirrors those in Yan Wai Yin Winnie’s two-channel video Too Long Ago, Not Far (2024). Using a Super8 camera, Yan filmed everything around her between 2019 and 2023, while preparing to leave Hong Kong for England. These images of daily life in Hong Kong were then digitised to create the backdrop for an audiovisual dictionary drawing from a nineteenth-century publication commonly referred to as 華英通語 or Huaying Tongyu (literally: ‘interchangeable expressions between Chinese and English’), which taught English pronunciation using phonetically aligned Chinese characters. English words and their transliterations appear in white on the top and bottom corner of one screen, while their Cantonese phonetic notations and literal English translations appear on the other: so ‘cut’, for example, becomes phonetically aligned with the Cantonese for ‘cough’. Simultaneously, words and phrases are spoken aloud over parallel images, creating an expanded field of interpretation. In the case of ‘lion’, views of Hong Kong’s iconic Lion Rock mountain overlap: a landmark associated with the Lion Rock Spirit popularised during the 1970s to define a resilient Hong Kong identity.
At times, the phonetic notations from Yan’s source material seem off when spoken aloud, perhaps reflecting changes in pronunciation across some two centuries – a temporal gap that Yip’s father likewise demonstrates with a dialect that forms a bridge not just between Mandarin and Cantonese, but across time and space. These fissures refute the idea that culture is immutable: a material reality that language reveals as an unruly source-code of cultural transmission, whether in the context of nation-states standardising heterogenous tongues into one official language in the name of modernisation, or through the endurance nevertheless of those who have been marginalised as a result. Melody Chan’s installation Mind Palace (2023) pays tribute to that grounded, somewhat anarchic, reality. Four long scrolls printed with I-Ching hexagrams appear like Chinese text. Drawing from binary logic, each hexagram forms part of an indecipherable encryption that Chan devised to express a mesh of her own private writings and the texts of philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. What emerges is a common portrait of language as an unruly field of embodied relations and transmissions across a sociocultural spectrum that never stops evolving, rather than an apparatus of static containment: something to be created, learned, concealed, recalled, even defended.
Faan1jik6 Zi1gaan1 (In Between Translations), Square Street Gallery, Hong Kong, 29 January – 7 March
From the Summer 2026 issue of ArtReview Asia – get your copy."
Stephanie BaileyReviews7 July 2026ArtReview Asia
https://artreview.com/faan1jik6-zi1gaan1-in-between-translations-review-stephanie-bailey/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Open positions at UNFPA: Translate and review the UN guidance document into Arabic
Home-based;
Volunteering
Application deadline in 10 days: Wednesday 22 Jul 2026 at 00:00 UTC
Open application form
Overview
Translate and review the UN guidance document into Arabic.
You have:
Excellent written English and Arabic.
Previous experience translating reports, publications or technical documents.
Strong attention to detail.
Ability to deliver high-quality work within agreed deadlines.
Experience translating UN or development-related documents is desirable but not mandatory.
Contract
This is a UNV contract. More about UNV contracts.
Your input = a better platform for everyone looking to work with the UN.
UNTalent Community
Details
UNFPA, in partnership with the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), has developed the Guidance for Strengthening Marriage and Divorce Registration Systems in Africa. The publication provides practical guidance to governments and civil registration authorities to strengthen marriage and divorce registration systems, improve legal identity, and ensure that registration processes are inclusive, accessible and rights-based.
To make this important resource accessible to Arabic-speaking audiences, UNFPA Egypt is preparing an official Arabic version of the publication. We are inviting a team of 10 Online Volunteers to work together remotely to translate and review the document. By contributing to this assignment, volunteers will help make valuable knowledge available to policymakers, practitioners and institutions working to strengthen civil registration systems across the region.
UNFPA Egypt is seeking 5 Online Volunteers with excellent English and Arabic language skills to support the translation and quality review of a 111-page technical guidance document.
Selected volunteers will work collaboratively as one translation team. Depending on their qualifications and experience, volunteers may be assigned either a translation or a review role.
The team will:
Translate assigned sections of the document from English into Standard Arabic. Review translated sections to ensure accuracy, clarity, consistency and correct terminology. Preserve the meaning, technical content and formatting of the original publication. Coordinate with the UNFPA focal point and fellow volunteers through email to ensure consistent terminology and timely completion. Submit completed translations or reviewed sections according to the agreed timeline.
Each volunteer is expected to translate 22 pages of the publication, enabling the team to complete the assignment within the project timeframe.
Excellent written English and Arabic. Previous experience translating reports, publications or technical documents. Strong attention to detail. Ability to deliver high-quality work within agreed deadlines. Experience translating UN or development-related documents is desirable but not mandatory."
https://untalent.org/jobs/translate-a-un-guidance-on-marriage-and-divorce-registration-to-arabic
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Translating ‘The Odyssey’ for a Modern Audience
Wilson joins us to discuss translating ancient Greek, how modern English influenced her telling and why The Odyssey endures today.
Christopher Nolan’s latest film, The Odyssey, doesn’t debut in theaters until next week, but it’s already drawing online backlash for perceived inaccuracies from Homer’s epic poem. The story dates back to ancient Greece and has been told countless times; Nolan’s interpretation draws from a 2017 translation of classical studies scholar Emily Wilson that’s noted for its conversational language and feminist approach. Wilson argues that any given translation is a product of both the author who writes it and the era in which they interpret the text. Wilson joins us to discuss translating ancient Greek, how modern English influenced her telling and why The Odyssey endures today.
Guests:
Emily Wilson, department chair and professor of Classical Studies Organization, University of Pennsylvania; author of the forthcoming book “Crossing the Wine-Dark Sea: Journeys Through Ancient Literature"
Jackie Murray, associate professor in the Department of Classics, University of Buffalo"
Jul 9, 2026
Updated Jul 10, 2026
Rachael Myrow
(Courtesy/Liveright Publishing Corporation)
Airdate: Friday, July 10 at 10 AM
https://www.kqed.org/forum/2010101914352/translating-the-odyssey-for-a-modern-audience
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Papua New Guinea has a population of roughly 10 million people and 840 living languages — more than any other country on Earth, a number greater than all the languages spoken across every nation in Europe combined
"In parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, two villages within a day's walk of each other can speak languages as far apart as English and Japanese.
In parts of the Papua New Guinea highlands, two villages within a day’s walk of each other can speak languages as far apart as English and Japanese. Cross a ridge, and the words change entirely. This is not folklore. It is the ordinary texture of a country that holds more living languages than any other place on Earth.
The figure most often cited is 840, drawn from Ethnologue, the language database maintained by SIL International. That sits against roughly 7,170 living languages worldwide, which means a nation of about 10.5 million people accounts for more than one in ten of all the languages currently spoken. Indonesia comes second, with around 721, and Nigeria third with 538. No other country is close.
What the number actually counts
The 840 figure should be handled with some care, because counting languages is not like counting rivers or mountains. The line between a language and a dialect is a judgement, not a measurement, and reasonable people draw it in different places.
The numbers wander accordingly. Ethnologue’s own totals have sat at 839, 840, and 841 across recent editions. In 2006, then Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare put it at 832, and was careful to specify languages, not dialects. The spread is not a sign of sloppiness. It reflects a genuine problem in linguistics, where mutual intelligibility, shared vocabulary, and speaker self-identification do not always point the same way.
What is not in dispute is the order of magnitude. Whether the true count is 832 or 843, Papua New Guinea sits far ahead of anywhere else.
More languages than all of Europe
The comparison that tends to stop people is with Europe. Depending on how migrant and minority languages are counted, the whole continent is home to somewhere between about 250 and 300 languages, according to the survey in Wikipedia’s overview of the languages of Europe. Even on the most generous count, that is roughly a third of Papua New Guinea’s total. One country, slightly larger than the state of California, speaks more than twice as many languages as every nation from Portugal to the Urals put together."
By Space Daily Editorial Team · Editorial process
Published July 10, 2026
https://spacedaily.com/d-papua-new-guinea-has-a-population-of-roughly-10-million-people-and-840-living-languages-more-than-any-other-country-on-earth-a-number-greater-than-all-the-languages-spoken-across-every-nati/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
One Nation calls for end to government translation services in push for English-only Australia
Senator Sean Bell wants to end government funding for translation services
Today, One Nation Senator, Sean Bell, called for all Australian government services to be delivered exclusively in English, arguing that translated services undermine unity, and need assimilation and discourage migrants from learning English. In an interview with Sky News, Senator Bell blamed multiculturalism for social division, claimed translation services encourage long-term reliance on government assistance, and said a One Nation government would abolish the Office of Multiculturalism, which oversees the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS). He argued English should be the sole language of government communication.
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Neos Kosmos sought comment from Senator Bell, but after speaking with his media adviser for around 10 minutes, the newspaper was told the “Senator’s views have already been expressed on Sky News, and he would not be providing any further comment to Neos Kosmos”.
Given that the adviser declined to make the Senator available for an interview, Neos Kosmos considered it important to report the core substance of the discussion, as we were not allowed access to Senator Bell.
“Taxpayers”, but which ones?
The adviser said “$300 million of taxpayers’ money was wasted on multiculturalism”, including translation services, which kept people “in their own groups” rather than encouraging them to learn English before arriving in Australia, and assimilating when here.
He said the Translating and Interpreting Service, which was meant to “ease participation in Australia”, had instead divided and made the country more “tribal.”
Asked whether people with little or no English proficiency were also taxpayers, the adviser said that his comments had been misrepresented.”Of course, they are citizens, you’re not listening”.The Commonwealth Translating Service was established in 1947 to support Australia’s post-war immigration program. Responsibility passed to the Department of Immigration in 1958, the Emergency Telephone Interpreter Service was established in 1973, and the Translating and Interpreting Service (TIS) was created in 1991.
These services are meant to enable Australians with limited English proficiency to access government and other services, from paying a gas bill and obtaining a driver’s licence to communicating with a doctor. The senator’s adviser rejected suggestions that elderly migrants with limited English—including those living with dementia or Alzheimer’s disease, who often revert to their first language—demonstrate a need for government interpreting services. However, the adviser said this was “not what the Senator said.”
Asked whether governments have a responsibility to provide public information in languages other than English, the adviser said: “This was not the role of government”, and that those issues matter for hospitals. Neos Kosmos noted that public hospitals are government-funded, but the adviser declined to discuss that. The adviser said people could rely on translation applications such as “Duolingo” or similar technologies. When asked whether taxpayers should be expected to use third-party applications to access services funded through their taxes, he replied that he was “not here to argue”.
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Perfect monoculture in a multicultural Australia
In response to the concern by One Nation over migrants maintaining community and linguistic enclaves, Neos Kosmos said that post-war Greek migrants in Australia with no English have paid taxes, and contributed significantly to the nation’s economic development and maintained separate churches, community organisations, Greek language schools and welfare organisations, many of them securing government funding.
The adviser said Greek Australians were “the good example” of monoculture.
And added that One Nation “has never argued they should stop speaking Greek”. However, he was asked whether that contradicts Senator Bell’s criticism of multiculturalism, given that Greek Australians benefited from those policies and funding. He said Greek Australians were “the right example of the monoculture” advocated by Senator Pauline Hanson and Senator Bell. Asked how that is a logical position given the Greek community that had preserved language, faith and institutions. How could the Greek community be a representation of a “monoculture”, he was asked. The adviser repeated that Greeks were a good example that One Nation looks at of assimilation.”
When asked to elaborate, given the contradiction between calls for a monoculturalism, English-only approach and the example of the Greek community, which maintains strong linguistic and cultural traditions, the adviser became irritable and said he was not going to “argue”.
“One Nation will not force people to speak English, that’s not what we’re saying,” the adviser said.
Driver’s licence culture wars
Senator Bell’s representative said the NSW driver licence knowledge test, which can be undertaken in several languages despite road signs being in English, illustrates the problem with translation services and multiculturalism. When asked whether allowing the test to be taken in another language helped ensure understanding of road rules and improve road safety, he replied only that Australian road signs are in English.
Neos Kosmos referred to the 1978 Galbally Report, commissioned by the Fraser Liberal government, which laid the bipartisan foundations of Australia’s multicultural policy. Its recommendations included culturally appropriate welfare services, language services, and support for community organisations to assist migrants’ settlement and integration. The adviser said the Galbally Report contributed to “division” by encouraging people to “remain in their own cultures” or enclaves. Asked if he pointed to where the report advocated such an outcome, he acknowledged it did not, but maintained this had been its effect.
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Multiculturalism is a cover for “a push to change laws”
He added a claim that there was a “push to change Australian laws” and to “stop people speaking English”. Asked as to who is advocating such changes, and to what laws, he said there were attempts “to introduce Sharia law in Australia”, and to “not speak English”. When asked to be pointed to any evidence of that, he said that was “not the point”, and he was “not going to argue.”
Neos Kosmos asked whether One Nation viewed multilingualism as a positive asset, particularly in areas such as international trade—for example, Greek Australians engaging with Greek institutions or Chinese Australians with China. The adviser replied that “this was not what the Senator was saying”, but declined to address the question or comment on the benefits of multilingualism. He repeated that Senator Bell would not be speaking with Neos Kosmos after we request direct comment."
Fotis Kapetopoulos
6 July 2026 5:18pm
https://neoskosmos.com/en/2026/07/06/news/australia/one-nation-calls-for-end-to-government-translation-services-in-push-for-english-only-australia/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Barbara 'Bobbi' Harshav, who translated works by Agnon, Amichai and Sutzkever, among others, has died at 85
In the world of Jewish translators, she was known as a mentor, a friend and a literary giant
Translator Barbara Harshav Courtesy of Yale University
By Aviya Kushner
July 8, 2026
Barbara Harshav, widely considered one of the most important translators of Jewish literature of our time, passed away June 24 at age 85. She translated from French, German, Hebrew, and Yiddish — and won acclaim from scholars and fellow translators for her range and high standards. Her curiosity and willingness to tackle difficult material were legendary.
“Few people would be able to and feel comfortable translating from French and German alongside Hebrew and Yiddish,” Shachar Pinsker, professor of Judaic Studies and Middle East Studies at The University of Michigan, wrote in an email.
She translated giants, including Shmuel Yosef Agnon, winner of the Nobel Prize; Avrom Sutzkever, the towering Yiddish poet; the Israeli novelist Meir Shalev; and the beloved poet Yehuda Amichai. But she was also loved as a mentor and friend to scholars and translators of several generations.
“I knew Bobbi Harshav through reading her translations before I met her for the first time, when I helped her carry a suitcase to a room in Berkeley’s Bancroft Hotel in 2005,” Pinsker recalled. “Since then, we have seen each other in Ann Arbor, Tel Aviv, New York and Boston. It was always a thrill to meet her, speak and correspond with her, and learn from her.”
Her personality was reflected in the books she translated.
“Bobbi had a fierce sense of curiosity and independence that carried her forward. I can’t think of anyone else who would translate the Palestinian author Emile Habibi’s essay ‘Your Holocaust and our Catastrophe,’ alongside poetry by Abraham Sutzkever, Yehuda Amichai, the best of American Yiddish poetry, as well as novels, stories, and plays by Hanoch Levin, Yoram Kaniuk, Yehudit Hendel, Yehudit Kazir, and Leah Goldberg,” Pinsker wrote.
Harshav also co-translated many books with her late husband, Benjamin Harshav, including Sing Stranger: A Century of American Yiddish Poetry.
Her translations included some of the most challenging books in recent Jewish literature, like Agnon’s fiction. Made up of layers upon layers, with allusions to Jewish texts everywhere, it is notoriously challenging, if not impossible, to translate.
“Bobbi took on the heroic task of translating S.Y. Agnon’s Tmol Shilshom (“Only Yesterday”), which many considered untranslatable, and although she was aware of the limitations of Agnon in English, she proved them wrong,” Pinsker recalled.
“Perhaps the main thing about this translation is that Bobbi captured Agnon’s sense of irony, because of her own smart and wicked sense of humor.”
On social media, scholars mourned this loss.
“I just read her translation of The Loves of Judith. It’s a stunning and masterful translation of a book that plays with languages, gender, timelines and so much,” Shayna Weiss, Senior Associate Director of the Schusterman Center for Israel Studies at Brandeis, wrote. “What a loss.”
Weiss, in an email, shared that she was reading Harshav’s translation of Shalev’s book because she is speaking at a film festival that is showing For the Love of a Woman, a new film based on this book.
Bobbi, as she was known, was famous inside translation circles for her warmth and kindness to other translators, including invitations to live in her home, rent-free, while translating.
She was especially encouraging to beginners.
When I was a graduate student, she emailed me out of the blue and invited me to participate in a panel at the American Literary Translators Association conference, which was meeting that year in Chicago. I knew no one there, and made a friend — the Yiddish translator Leah Zazulyer, also gone now — while waiting for Bobbi to show up.
I did not know it then, but Bobbi was a celebrity in that conference; she was a past president of the American Literary Translators Association. Later she would become the only Hebrew or Yiddish translator in history to win the PEN/ Manheim medal.
The Manheim medal is awarded every three years for lifetime achievement in literary translation. Bernard Malamud and Gay Talese donated the initial funding for the award; it received additional support from the family and friends of Ralph Manheim, the American translator of Mein Kampf, who died in 1992, and it is now named after him.
The medal recognizes translators “whose career has demonstrated a commitment to excellence through the body of their work.” Prior winners include Gregory Rabassa, translator of A Hundred Years of Solitude, which Gabriel García Márquez famously declared superior to his original, and Edith Grossman, translator of Don Quixote and author of the influential book Why Translation Matters.
Harshav published more than 40 books of translation including works of poetry, drama, fiction, philosophy, economics, sociology and history.
“I know that the Manheim Lifetime Achievement medal acknowledges the full range of Barbara’s work, including her translations from French and German, but the fact that this award casts the spotlight on Hebrew and Yiddish translation, languages that often are overlooked in the world literary economy, is just monumental,” translator, scholar, and Oxford professor Adriana X. Jacobs said when Harshav won the medal.
“In all her translations, Barbara’s voice comes across so clearly and distinctly, even as she is capturing the qualities unique to a specific writer. And what I mean is that when you read Barbara’s translations, her commitment to her choices is evident. And every time I have heard Barbara speak on translation, this has been confirmed,” Jacobs said. “She can tell you why she made one choice and not another, why she chose to translate a particular text and not another, and she always — always — stands by her work.”
Harshav’s comments on writing and translation sometimes made it to Twitter and other social media, like this snippet from her talk at Davidson College: “Style is the morality of the mind. And obscurantism is sinful.”
She came of age in a time well before AI and before translation apps. Learning a language then was slow hard work. For French and German, she focused on basics, then read newspapers and novels.
“As for Hebrew, I started studying Jewish history and realized that I had a serious handicap because I did not know Hebrew at all, not the alphabet, nothing,” she told Rainer Schulte in Translation Review in 2012.
Unlike many Hebrew translators, Harshav came to the language relatively late, at 34.
“I literally fell in love with the language. There was the exhilarating feeling of learning a new language and a new alphabet at that age. It must have repeated the original childhood sense of learning to read, when the letters suddenly make sense and a new world is opened.” She learned Yiddish last.
Scholars and translators saw something distinctive in Bobbi Harshav’s work, in all four languages she translated from. In conversation, she often talked about translation quality; her goal was always excellence.
One reason for her excellence was that she was always reading. Another reason was her attitude, toward the text, and toward herself.
“I carry books all the time because you never know when the elevator will break down, and I am reading all the time,” she told Translation Review. “It is the element of play that is very important. Humility is also important, and the text is sacred. It is also true for performance. You have to have a kind of humility. I take what I do very seriously, but I do not take myself seriously.”
You can hear all of that in her translator’s note to Tmol Shilshom, or Only Yesterday, by Agnon. “If there is some other world, where translators can discuss ‘deviations’ with authors,” she wrote,” I hope Agnon will understand.”"
https://forward.com/culture/836729/barbara-harshav-jewish-translator-yiddish-amichai-agnon-obituary-appreciation/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Arabic-First AI: Building From the Ground Up
Translating an English AI system into Arabic might seem like a reasonable solution, but this shortcut doesn’t work for two reasons. First, the Arab world is diverse; many versions of Arabic are used daily across the region, and not all are mutually intelligible. Second, translating from English carries over the assumptions, framings, and blind spots of English. An Arabic-first AI system has to be built from the ground up.
Governments across the Arab world have committed to AI through a series of national strategies currently in motion. The question is whether the systems being built will speak the language, reflect institutional realities, and leave room for local institutions to shape how they behave.
“Arabic-first is the starting point: the data, the model, the user flow, the product itself, all built for the region rather than adapted to it.”
Hisham Mohamed, PhD, Engineering Director, Global Public Sector at Scale
How Arabic-First AI Gets Built
An Arabic-first system has to decide at the outset which register and which region it’s being built for. This decision is skipped entirely when an English-language AI system is translated into a singular form of Arabic. Scale's Arabic-first approach sets the direction at the start, and dictates every layer that follows: the data it learns from, the dialects that data spans, the people who label that data, the model itself, the interface users touch, the evaluation that tells you whether any of it works, and the governance that surrounds it.
Arabic-first data pipelines: We start with Arabic at the source, in the registers and dialects that matter for the region, treating dropped diacritics and complex morphology as design requirements. We account for bilingual workflows, local terminology, and the language used in the documents, services, and decisions a system will support.
Labeling in the language: Our annotators read the language the way its users do. Labeling guidelines are written in Arabic, so reviewers work with the full texture of the language: dialect, tone, religious and cultural nuance, and the register expected in professional and government settings. Every label reflects how Arabic is used.
Where the task requires it, local subject-matter experts help define the guidelines, resolve ambiguity, and identify the failures that matter in context. Arabic-first labeling ensures that the people evaluating the system understand the language, domain, and consequences of getting it wrong.
Models tuned for where they’ll live: We tune on local terminology, official register, place names, and the conventions of government communication. Cultural and religious awareness is built into model behavior through training data and evaluation criteria sourced from the region. We measure success against regional use cases, because that is the benchmark that matters for this work.
End-to-end interface: The interface, the prompts, the search, the way the system reads a request and writes back, all of it is built in Arabic. We build the full experience for the region, from the first screen to the last.
Evaluation, past fluency: For Arabic-first systems, evaluation goes beyond fluency. It tests factuality, dialectal understanding, cultural fit, register, domain terminology, and whether users can safely act on the output. It also tests whether users understand the system's limits, can identify when it is wrong, and know when human judgment must override its output.
Governance held locally: Data is gathered and kept locally. End users also receive clarity and control over how data is accessed, retained, reused, audited, and governed over time.
Building for Adoption
“AI gets adopted when users can understand it, question it, apply it to their work, and feel that it respects their language, culture, and professional context.”
Norah Abokhodair, PhD, Head of Upskilling and Enablement at Scale
Most AI rollouts fail after the system is built and deployed, when the people inside the institution do not use it, do not trust it, or cannot fit it into how their work actually gets done. A system built outside an institution and translated into it produces outputs that people can read but can't fully judge. Trust is built when users have a system that fits the language they work in, the workflows they follow, and the accountability they answer to.
Arabic-first closes the gap through two choices built into the system from the start rather than layered on top. Evaluation is built to test whether users can catch the system when it's wrong, not only whether the model tends to be right. And labeling guidelines are written by local subject-matter experts, which improves the institution's ability to identify which errors are most costly, so those failure modes are found and corrected before deployment.
The goal is durable institutional capability: teams that can use AI, make informed decisions about where it belongs in their work, where it does not, and how it should change over time. That is the target that matters for the institutions these systems are meant to serve.
Arabic-First Upskilling
A deployed system gives an institution potential, but actual capability rests in the people who use the system daily. Unlocking this capability is its own piece of the work, and it has to happen in the language of the people who will team with the AI system. Scale established an Arabic-language AI literacy and upskilling program, Alif, to provide foundational Gen AI knowledge to native Arabic speakers.
The course is designed around how Arabic-speaking professionals learn, ask questions, evaluate risk, and apply AI. It starts from the conditions of the work. These workplaces are bilingual by default: policy is written in formal Arabic, the technical vocabulary of AI arrives in English, and people move between the two in a single task. The language is also sector-specific, and the setting is public, which brings trust requirements: decisions have to be traceable, sensitive data has to stay in controlled systems, and a human stays accountable for anything that affects a citizen.
Learners practice inside sector specific context. They work through how to evaluate outputs, how to protect sensitive data, and how to decide when human judgment must stay in the loop. Everyone leaves with a concrete proposal for their unit, and entities that want more can commission a run tailored to their own workflows. Alif is where people build it. The goal is people who can use AI and keep accountability for the decision. For a government, that is what makes the rest of the Arabic-first model hold over time.
AI Built for the Region
Arabic-first AI development takes the harder path: building the data, model, evaluations, and capabilities in Arabic itself, rather than delivering a finished translation. What translation misses is the ability to serve Arabic speakers as well as English systems serve the users they were built for. Building natively means a system can meet its users in their own dialect, their own register, and their own context, not an approximation of it."
By Hisham Mohamed, Norah Abokhodair, Myrna Rofael & Matthew Siegel
July 8, 2026
https://scale.com/blog/arabic-first-ai
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Le Conseil de l’Europe appelle à mener une action résolue pour protéger les langues régionales et minoritaires en Bosnie-Herzégovine
La structure administrative complexe de la Bosnie-Herzégovine continue d'entraver la mise en œuvre de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires
La Bosnie-Herzégovine doit mener une action résolue et mieux coordonnée pour protéger et promouvoir ses langues régionales ou minoritaires, selon le nouveau rapport d’évaluation publié aujourd’hui par le Comité d’experts de la Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires du Conseil de l’Europe.
La plupart des langues minoritaires demeurent absentes des systèmes éducatif et judiciaire
Si les efforts déployés récemment – notamment les travaux concernant un nouveau projet de loi sur les droits des minorités nationales – sont salués dans le rapport, il est conclu en revanche que l’enseignement de la plupart des langues minoritaires reste largement absent du système d’éducation public. Par ailleurs, ces langues ne sont pas employées dans les procédures judiciaires et administratives, ni dans les échanges avec les autorités administratives. Cela étant, le comité prend note avec satisfaction des initiatives prises par le service public de radiodiffusion pour faire mieux connaître les minorités nationales et leurs cultures. Il demande par ailleurs que des émissions de radio et de télévision soient produites directement dans les langues régionales ou minoritaires, conformément aux engagements pris par le pays en vertu de la charte.
Le rapport évalue la mise en œuvre par la Bosnie-Herzégovine de la charte, qui est entrée en vigueur dans le pays en 2011 et protège 15 langues régionales ou minoritaires : l’albanais, le tchèque, l’allemand, le hongrois, l’italien, le ladino, le polonais, le romani, le roumain, le ruthène, le slovaque, le slovène, le turc, l’ukrainien et le yiddish. Le comité note que la structure administrative complexe du pays continue d’entraver la mise en œuvre de la charte et il réitère sa recommandation d’élaborer une politique nationale structurée et une stratégie à moyen terme s’appuyant sur une coordination renforcée des autorités compétentes à tous les niveaux et des représentant·es des locuteurs et locutrices des langues régionales ou minoritaires. Il souligne le rôle important que les conseils des minorités nationales pourraient jouer à cet égard.
Un nouveau projet de loi salué
Le comité accueille favorablement l’élaboration d’un nouveau projet de loi sur les droits des minorités nationales et le lancement de consultations avec les représentant·es des minorités, estimant qu’il s’agit d’une importante possibilité d’alignement de la législation nationale sur les dispositions de la charte. De plus, il encourage les autorités à supprimer les seuils numériques qui limitent actuellement l’utilisation effective des langues régionales ou minoritaires et à établir un cadre juridique qui favorise davantage la protection et la promotion de ces langues.
Le rapport souligne que la plupart des langues régionales ou minoritaires demeurent absentes du système d’éducation public. Il met en évidence le manque persistant de personnel enseignant qualifié et de supports pédagogiques, et recommande que les programmes d’apprentissage de l’allemand, de l’italien et du turc, actuellement enseignés comme des langues étrangères, reflètent davantage l’histoire et la culture dont ces langues sont l’expression en Bosnie-Herzégovine. Le comité appelle également à accroître, d’une manière équitable et prévisible, le soutien financier aux initiatives en rapport avec les langues régionales ou minoritaires.
* * *
La Convention-cadre pour la protection des minorités nationales est le traité européen le plus complet en matière de protection des droits des personnes appartenant à des minorités nationales. Il s'agit du premier instrument multilatéral juridiquement contraignant consacré à la protection des minorités nationales dans le monde. Sa mise en œuvre fait l’objet d’un suivi, assuré par un Comité consultatif composé d'experts indépendants. Ayant pris effet au 1er février 1998, ce traité est aujourd’hui en vigueur dans 38 États.
La Charte européenne des langues régionales ou minoritaires est la Convention du Conseil de l’Europe qui protège et promeut les langues régionales ou minoritaires traditionnellement parlées dans les États parties. Elle permet aux locuteurs de ces langues de les utiliser à la fois dans la vie privée et la vie publique. Sa mise en œuvre est contrôlée par un comité d’experts qui est indépendant. Entré en vigueur le 1er mars 1998, ce traité est aujourd’hui en vigueur dans 25 États."
Conseil de l'Europe Strasbourg 9 juillet 2026
https://www.coe.int/fr/web/portal/-/council-of-europe-calls-for-resolute-action-to-protect-regional-and-minority-languages-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
Les associations professionnelles au cœur du métier
Visibilité, formation et durabilité au service de l’avenir de notre profession
Tatiana Kaplun
"Dans un contexte de mondialisation caractérisé par l’intensification des échanges internationaux, la médiation interculturelle, la traduction et l’interprétation occupent une fonction stratégique dans la communication. Ces professions assurent non seulement la transmission des informations d’une langue à l’autre, mais facilitent également les échanges et les interactions commerciales, culturelles, diplomatiques et scientifiques pour ne citer que quelques exemples (Bassnett, 1998 ; Cronin, 2013). Elles constituent également un levier essentiel d’accès aux services publics et à la justice (Gavioli et Wadensjö, 2023 ; McEvoy, 2023).
Toutefois, en dépit de leur rôle central, ces professions souffrent d’un déficit de visibilité et sont confrontées à des défis majeurs, notamment une pression économique accrue et une précarisation croissante sur certains marchés. Les difficultés de recrutement dans les filières linguistiques, la fermeture de programmes spécialisés depuis 2020, et les résultats de l’étude ELIS 2026 – selon lesquels 17 % des professionnels envisagent de quitter le métier1 – témoignent de l’ampleur de ces évolutions préoccupantes.
Cet environnement de mutation profonde rend le rôle des associations professionnelles plus crucial que jamais. Les traducteurs et les interprètes qui exercent aujourd’hui font face à une multiplicité de défis, parmi lesquels les transformations technologiques et le développement accéléré de l’intelligence artificielle ne représentent que la partie émergée de l’iceberg. Loin d’être isolés, ces métiers s’inscrivent dans un écosystème interdépendant où le partage des idées, des savoirs et des ressources est essentiel. Les associations professionnelles contribuent ainsi à structurer les deux métiers, à défendre les intérêts collectifs et à accompagner cette évolution.
Cet essai examine, à travers le prisme de la visibilité, de la formation et de la durabilité, le rôle de l’action collective dans la pérennité de ces professions, avec une attention particulière portée à la formation continue..."
Plan
Bref survol historique de l’action collective dans la profession
Nouveaux défis de la visibilité professionnelle
Apprendre, transmettre et évoluer : du savoir à l’action
Vers une durabilité des métiers et des pratiques
En guise de conclusion. L’action collective comme horizon stratégique
Traduire 254 | 2026
Ensemble sinon rien
Les associations professionnelles au cœur du métier
Visibilité, formation et durabilité au service de l’avenir de notre profession
Tatiana Kaplun
p. 88-98
https://doi.org/10.4000/16j89
https://journals.openedition.org/traduire/5705
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"iOS 27 va donner un sérieux coup de fouet à l'application Traduire
S'il y a bien un domaine où Apple aime avancer à son propre rythme, c'est celui de la localisation. Il y a quelques mois, l'entreprise ajoutait onze nouvelles langues à App Store Connect pour faciliter le travail des développeurs. À la rentrée, avec la sortie d'iOS 27, cette dynamique s'accélèrera et se concrétisera directement sur nos iPhone. Le clavier aura droit à une mise à jour majeure, tout comme l'application Traduire qui recevra un sérieux coup de boost.
Un système toujours plus ouvert sur le monde
Lors de la WWDC26, la firme de Cupertino n'a pas caché ses ambitions pour les utilisateurs multilingues. Le système d'exploitation gagnera en souplesse et s'adaptera à de nouvelles cultures à travers l'ensemble de son interface. Concrètement, le clavier d'iOS 27 fera un bond en avant en intégrant la prise en charge de plusieurs nouveaux idiomes. Les utilisateurs pourront ainsi profiter d'améliorations de frappe en afrikaans, en guarani, en zoulou, ainsi que dans plusieurs langues autochtones. Une excellente nouvelle qui témoigne de la volonté d'Apple de ne laisser aucun marché sur la touche.
Trente langues au compteur pour Traduire
Mais la véritable vedette de cette transition linguistique sera l'application Traduire. Si l'outil d'Apple a pris son temps pour s'étoffer face aux autres ténors du secteur, iOS 27 marquera une étape charnière dans son développement.
Lors de son déploiement final cet automne, l'application passera de 21 à 30 langues et accents pris en charge. Comme l'a notamment repéré le site The Verifier dans la troisième bêta d'iOS 27, l'hébreu fera officiellement son apparition.
Afin d'y voir plus clair, voici la liste des neuf nouvelles langues et déclinaisons régionales qui viendront enrichir le catalogue de l'application :
Chinois (Cantonais, Traditionnel)
Danois
Espagnol (États-Unis)
Espagnol (Mexique)
Hébreu
Malais
Norvégien (Bokmål)
Portugais (Portugal)
Suédois
Ces nouveautés s'ajouteront aux langues historiques du service (telles que l'anglais, le français, l'allemand, le japonais, l'arabe ou encore le russe), consolidant ainsi la place de Traduire comme un compagnon de voyage robuste et de plus en plus polyvalent. Apple rattrapera doucement, mais sûrement, son retard, en peaufinant un outil qui sera désormais parfaitement intégré à son écosystème.
Toute cette montée en puissance sera d'ailleurs une excellente nouvelle pour les utilisateurs d'AirPods Pro. Grâce à leur fonction de traduction en direct, les écouteurs d'Apple tireront pleinement parti de ce catalogue élargi."
Christophe Laporte
9 juillet 2026
https://www.igen.fr/ios/2026/07/ios-27-va-donner-un-serieux-coup-de-fouet-lapplication-traduire-156991?amp
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"Langues officielles et langues de travail : Le Burkina Faso invente-t-il un nouveau modèle ?
Publié le mardi 7 juillet 2026 à 23h10min
La Loi n°045-2023/ALT du 30 décembre 2023 portant révision de la Constitution introduit une distinction majeure entre langues officielles et langues de travail. Heureet calendriers
Les langues nationales officialisées par la loi sont les langues officielles du Burkina Faso, tandis que l’anglais et le français sont des langues de travail. Cette réforme ouvre un débat important sur la souveraineté linguistique, la gouvernance et l’avenir des langues nationales.
Une réforme linguistique passée relativement inaperçue
Parmi les innovations introduites par la Loi n°045-2023/ALT du 30 décembre 2023 portant révision de la Constitution, la question linguistique mérite une attention particulière. Le texte établit une distinction explicite entre les langues de travail et les langues officielles. Les langues nationales officialisées par la loi sont désormais les langues officielles du Burkina Faso, tandis que l’anglais et le français sont reconnus comme langues de travail. Heureet calendriers
À première vue, cette disposition peut surprendre. Pour beaucoup de citoyens, une langue officielle est naturellement aussi une langue de travail. Pourtant, les deux notions ne désignent pas exactement la même réalité. Une langue officielle est d’abord une langue reconnue par l’État. Elle possède une valeur juridique, politique et symbolique. Une langue de travail, en revanche, est celle qui sert au fonctionnement quotidien des institutions : administration, justice, enseignement, services techniques, correspondances officielles, réunions, rapports et documents publics.
La réforme burkinabè ouvre donc un débat important : peut-on avoir des langues officielles différentes des langues de travail ? Les langues nationales peuvent-elles devenir progressivement des langues de gouvernance ? Et que signifie, dans un État multilingue comme le Burkina Faso, reconnaître officiellement les langues nationales tout en maintenant l’anglais et le français comme langues de fonctionnement administratif ? Africainset diasporas
Encadré 1 : Les principales dispositions linguistiques de l’article 35 révisé
Les langues nationales officialisées par la loi sont les langues officielles du Burkina Faso.
La loi fixe les conditions de promotion et d’officialisation des langues nationales.
L’anglais et le français sont des langues de travail.
La réforme ouvre la voie à une redéfinition du régime linguistique de l’État.
Les langues au cœur de la construction nationale
Depuis l’indépendance, le français a occupé une place centrale dans les institutions publiques du Burkina Faso. Il a été la langue de l’administration, de la justice, de l’école moderne, de la diplomatie, des textes officiels et de la plupart des communications institutionnelles. Dans les faits, il est devenu la principale langue de l’État.
Parallèlement, les langues nationales ont continué à porter l’essentiel de la communication quotidienne des populations. Le mooré, le dioula, le fulfulde et plusieurs dizaines d’autres langues constituent les langues de la famille, du marché, du village, du quartier, des cérémonies, des échanges sociaux, de la transmission des savoirs et de nombreuses pratiques économiques et culturelles. Africainset diasporas
Cette coexistence a longtemps produit un décalage entre la réalité linguistique du pays et le fonctionnement de ses institutions. La majorité des citoyens vit, pense, échange et travaille dans les langues nationales, alors que l’État fonctionne principalement dans une langue que tous ne maîtrisent pas au même degré.
Cette situation pose plusieurs questions. Comment rapprocher l’administration des citoyens lorsque la langue des procédures n’est pas toujours celle des usagers ? Comment renforcer la participation citoyenne si les informations publiques demeurent souvent formulées dans une langue peu accessible à une partie de la population ? Comment promouvoir un développement réellement endogène sans accorder une place plus importante aux langues dans lesquelles les populations expriment leurs besoins, leurs savoirs et leurs visions du monde ?
Ces questions ne sont pas nouvelles. Depuis plusieurs décennies, chercheurs, éducateurs, acteurs de l’alphabétisation et responsables politiques soulignent la nécessité d’intégrer davantage les langues nationales dans les politiques publiques. La réforme de 2023 semble donc ouvrir une nouvelle étape dans une réflexion ancienne : celle de la réconciliation entre les institutions et les réalités sociolinguistiques du pays. Politique
Une question de souveraineté linguistique
La portée de cette réforme dépasse le domaine strictement linguistique. Les langues ne sont pas seulement des moyens de communication. Elles sont aussi des instruments de mémoire, de savoir, d’identité, de représentation du monde et de transmission culturelle.
Depuis quelques années, les débats sur la souveraineté occupent une place croissante dans plusieurs pays africains, notamment dans l’espace sahélien. On parle de souveraineté politique, économique, sécuritaire, diplomatique ou culturelle. Mais la souveraineté concerne aussi les langues. Une nation se construit aussi à travers les langues dans lesquelles elle pense, éduque, administre, juge, informe et transmet.
Reconnaître les langues nationales comme langues officielles revient donc à reconnaître leur rôle dans la définition même de la nation. Cela signifie que ces langues ne sont plus seulement considérées comme des langues de la société, de la tradition ou de la vie quotidienne ; elles sont appelées à devenir des langues de l’État, de la citoyenneté et de la vie publique.
Cette évolution est importante. Elle modifie la hiérarchie symbolique héritée de l’histoire coloniale, dans laquelle la langue européenne occupait le sommet de l’organisation institutionnelle, tandis que les langues nationales restaient confinées aux usages sociaux, culturels ou communautaires.
La réforme de 2023 semble affirmer que les langues nationales font partie du socle de la souveraineté burkinabè. Mais elle le fait sans rupture brutale, puisque l’anglais et le français demeurent langues de travail. C’est précisément cette combinaison entre affirmation symbolique et prudence administrative qui rend le cas burkinabè particulièrement intéressant. Africainset diasporas
Ce que font d’autres pays
Le Burkina Faso n’est pas le premier pays à distinguer langues officielles et langues de travail. Plusieurs États multilingues ont adopté des solutions diverses pour concilier identité nationale, pluralité linguistique et efficacité administrative.
L’Inde constitue un exemple bien connu. L’hindi occupe une place importante parmi les langues officielles de l’Union, mais l’anglais continue de jouer un rôle majeur dans l’administration centrale, la justice, l’enseignement supérieur et les échanges entre certaines institutions. Plus de soixante-dix ans après l’indépendance, l’anglais reste un outil puissant de fonctionnement de l’État indien.
Au Pakistan, l’ourdou est fortement associé à l’identité nationale. Cependant, l’anglais demeure largement utilisé dans l’administration, les universités, les juridictions et les secteurs économiques stratégiques. On observe donc une distinction entre la langue de légitimité nationale et la langue de fonctionnement institutionnel.
En Afrique du Sud, onze langues bénéficient du statut officiel. Cette reconnaissance reflète la diversité linguistique du pays et l’objectif de corriger les déséquilibres hérités de l’histoire. Pourtant, dans la pratique, l’anglais reste dominant dans de nombreuses administrations, universités, entreprises et institutions nationales. Activitéscommerciales
Le Rwanda offre un autre exemple intéressant. Le kinyarwanda est la langue nationale commune à la grande majorité de la population. Mais l’anglais a progressivement acquis une place importante dans l’administration, l’enseignement supérieur et les relations internationales. Le pays montre ainsi que les choix linguistiques peuvent aussi être liés à des orientations politiques, économiques et géopolitiques.
La Tanzanie est souvent citée comme un exemple africain de promotion réussie d’une langue nationale. Le swahili y joue un rôle majeur dans la vie publique, l’école, la communication politique et l’administration. Cette réussite n’est pas le fruit du hasard. Elle résulte d’une politique durable d’aménagement, de standardisation, d’éducation et de production documentaire. Politique
Ces exemples montrent que la distinction entre langue officielle et langue de travail n’est ni absurde ni impossible. Elle peut être un instrument de gestion du plurilinguisme. Mais chaque pays l’adapte à son histoire, à ses rapports de force linguistiques, à ses besoins administratifs et à ses choix politiques.
Ce que font les grandes institutions internationales
Les organisations internationales offrent également des exemples utiles. Elles doivent souvent concilier le principe d’égalité entre leurs membres et la nécessité de fonctionner efficacement au quotidien.
L’Organisation des Nations unies reconnaît six langues officielles : l’arabe, le chinois, l’anglais, le français, le russe et l’espagnol. Ces langues permettent d’assurer une représentation symbolique et diplomatique des grandes aires linguistiques du monde. Toutefois, dans le fonctionnement quotidien du Secrétariat, l’anglais et le français occupent une place particulièrement importante.
L’Union européenne dispose de vingt-quatre langues officielles. Les textes juridiques sont disponibles dans les langues des États membres, ce qui traduit un principe d’égalité entre les citoyens européens. Cependant, les activités internes de nombreuses institutions européennes reposent principalement sur l’anglais, le français et l’allemand.
L’Union africaine reconnaît plusieurs langues officielles et affirme régulièrement sa volonté de promouvoir les langues africaines. Pourtant, son fonctionnement courant reste dominé par l’anglais, le français, l’arabe et le portugais. Cette situation reflète les difficultés que rencontrent les institutions africaines pour intégrer pleinement les langues africaines dans les mécanismes de gouvernance continentale.
Ces exemples montrent qu’il existe souvent un écart entre reconnaissance officielle et usage pratique. Une langue peut être officiellement reconnue sans être utilisée de manière égale dans toutes les activités. Inversement, une langue peut être très présente dans le fonctionnement quotidien sans être la seule langue symboliquement reconnue.
Ce qui rend le cas burkinabè original Africainset diasporas
L’originalité du Burkina Faso ne tient donc pas simplement à la distinction entre langue officielle et langue de travail. Cette distinction existe ailleurs. Ce qui rend le cas burkinabè particulier, c’est la manière dont cette distinction est organisée.
Dans la plupart des exemples internationaux, les langues officielles sont déjà fortement institutionnalisées ou disposent d’une longue tradition administrative. Au Burkina Faso, la réforme semble suivre une logique inverse : elle prévoit d’abord l’officialisation des langues nationales avant leur éventuelle transformation en langues de travail.
Autrement dit, les langues nationales accèdent d’abord à une légitimité symbolique et juridique. Leur fonctionnalisation administrative reste un chantier à construire. C’est là que réside l’innovation principale.
Cette approche peut être comprise comme une stratégie progressive. Elle reconnaît la valeur politique, culturelle et identitaire des langues nationales sans imposer immédiatement à l’administration une transformation totale pour laquelle les outils ne sont pas encore entièrement disponibles. Politique
L’anglais et le français assurent donc la continuité administrative et l’ouverture internationale, tandis que les langues nationales acquièrent une reconnaissance officielle qui peut préparer leur montée progressive dans les sphères de gouvernance.
Cette démarche présente un avantage : elle évite l’opposition simpliste entre langues nationales et langues internationales. Il ne s’agit pas de rejeter le français ou l’anglais, mais de redéfinir leur place dans un système linguistique plus équilibré. Le véritable enjeu est de permettre aux langues nationales de prendre progressivement part à la vie publique, sans isoler le Burkina Faso du monde.
Les langues nationales peuvent-elles devenir des langues de travail ?
La question est désormais centrale. Si les langues nationales deviennent officielles, pourront-elles un jour devenir aussi des langues de travail ?
D’un point de vue linguistique, rien ne s’y oppose. Aucune langue n’est naturellement administrative, scientifique ou juridique. Toutes les grandes langues de gouvernance ont été aménagées au fil de l’histoire.
Le français lui-même n’a pas toujours été la langue de l’État français. Il l’est devenu progressivement à travers des choix politiques, éducatifs, administratifs et culturels. L’anglais, l’espagnol, l’arabe standard moderne, le swahili, l’amharique ou l’indonésien ont également connu des processus d’aménagement et d’institutionnalisation. Politique
Les langues nationales burkinabè peuvent donc devenir des langues de travail si elles bénéficient d’une politique cohérente. Le Burkina Faso dispose déjà d’importants acquis. Plusieurs langues ont fait l’objet de travaux de description, de normalisation orthographique, d’alphabétisation et de production pédagogique. Le mooré, le dioula et le fulfulde disposent notamment de ressources importantes : alphabets stabilisés, dictionnaires, grammaires, manuels, supports d’alphabétisation et usages sociaux étendus.
Ces acquis ne suffisent pas encore à faire de ces langues des langues de travail à part entière, mais ils constituent une base solide. La question n’est donc pas de savoir si les langues nationales en sont capables. La vraie question est de savoir quels moyens seront mobilisés pour leur permettre d’assumer de nouvelles fonctions.
Les défis à relever
Le passage d’une langue officielle à une langue de travail suppose plusieurs conditions.
La première est terminologique. Une administration moderne utilise des concepts précis dans les domaines du droit, de la fiscalité, de la santé, de l’agriculture, de l’éducation, de l’état civil, de la gestion territoriale et de l’économie. Les langues nationales devront disposer de terminologies stables, validées et partagées pour exprimer ces réalités.
La deuxième condition est la formation. Parler une langue ne suffit pas pour l’utiliser dans un cadre professionnel. Il faut savoir la lire, l’écrire, rédiger des documents, traduire des textes, produire des rapports et communiquer dans un registre administratif. La formation des agents publics, enseignants, traducteurs, interprètes et communicateurs sera donc déterminante.
La troisième condition est documentaire. Les formulaires, guides, notices, supports pédagogiques, textes de vulgarisation, messages de santé publique, documents agricoles et informations administratives devront progressivement être disponibles dans certaines langues nationales.
La quatrième condition est institutionnelle. Il faudra déterminer quelles langues seront concernées, dans quels domaines, selon quel calendrier et avec quels moyens. Le Burkina Faso compte plusieurs dizaines de langues. Une politique linguistique réaliste devra donc concilier équité, efficacité et progressivité. Africainset diasporas
L’approche la plus raisonnable pourrait consister à commencer par certains domaines prioritaires : collectivités territoriales, services de proximité, santé communautaire, alphabétisation, état civil, médiation administrative, campagnes d’information publique et éducation de base.
Encadré 3 : Trois scénarios pour l’avenir
Scénario 1 : l’officialisation symbolique. Les langues nationales sont reconnues juridiquement, mais les pratiques administratives changent peu.
Scénario 2 : la fonctionnalisation progressive. Certaines langues sont introduites dans des secteurs ciblés, avec expérimentation et évaluation.
Scénario 3 : la gouvernance multilingue. Certaines langues nationales deviennent progressivement de véritables langues de travail dans plusieurs secteurs publics.
Un chantier plus qu’une réforme
La réforme linguistique de 2023 ne constitue pas l’aboutissement d’un processus. Elle marque plutôt le début d’un chantier historique.
Son importance ne réside pas seulement dans la reconnaissance juridique des langues nationales, mais dans les perspectives qu’elle ouvre pour leur participation future à la vie publique. Elle invite à réfléchir à la place réelle des langues nationales dans l’administration, l’éducation, la justice, les collectivités territoriales, l’information publique et le développement. Références
Au-delà du Burkina Faso, cette réforme intéresse l’ensemble de l’Afrique, en particulier les pays du Sahel. Depuis les indépendances, les États africains ont souvent hésité entre deux options : maintenir les langues héritées de la colonisation au cœur des institutions ou promouvoir symboliquement les langues nationales sans leur transférer de véritables fonctions de gouvernance.
Le Burkina Faso semble aujourd’hui explorer une troisième voie : reconnaître les langues nationales comme langues officielles, tout en maintenant provisoirement les langues internationales comme langues de travail, afin de préparer une transition progressive.
Cette voie mérite d’être suivie avec attention. Elle peut permettre de concilier souveraineté culturelle, pluralisme linguistique et pragmatisme administratif. Elle peut aussi rapprocher l’État des citoyens, améliorer l’accès à l’information publique et renforcer la participation démocratique. Références
Si cette réforme est accompagnée par des politiques cohérentes de recherche, de formation, de terminologie, de traduction et de production documentaire, le Burkina Faso pourrait devenir un laboratoire africain de gouvernance linguistique.
L’officialisation des langues nationales n’est donc pas l’aboutissement du processus. Elle en constitue le point de départ. Le véritable défi sera de transformer progressivement ces langues en instruments de gouvernance, de citoyenneté et de développement.
À travers cette distinction entre langues officielles et langues de travail, le Burkina Faso expérimente peut-être une nouvelle manière de penser les politiques linguistiques africaines. L’avenir dira si cette innovation ouvrira réellement la voie à un nouveau modèle. Mais une chose est déjà certaine : la question des langues nationales n’est plus seulement une affaire de culture ou d’alphabétisation. Elle devient désormais une question de souveraineté, de gouvernance et de développement. Politique
Citation finale proposée
« L’officialisation des langues nationales n’est pas l’aboutissement du processus. Elle en constitue le point de départ. Le véritable défi sera de transformer progressivement ces langues en instruments de gouvernance, de citoyenneté et de développement. »
Bibliographie sommaire
Assemblée législative de transition du Burkina Faso. Loi n°045-2023/ALT du 30 décembre 2023 portant révision de la Constitution.
Agence d’Information du Burkina. « Burkina : L’anglais et le français deviennent des langues de travail, les langues nationales officielles », 30 décembre 2023.
Bamgbose, A. (1991). Language and the Nation : The Language Question in Sub-Saharan Africa. Edinburgh University Press.
Calvet, L.-J. (1996). Les politiques linguistiques. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France.
Guespin, L. & Marcellesi, J.-B. (1986). « Pour la glottopolitique ». Langages, n° 83.
Sanogo M.L., 2025, “ Officialisation des langues nationales – enjeux et défis pour le Burkina Faso”, in Politique linguistique en Afrique (LPIA), 1(2), https://bop.unibe.ch/LPIA/article/view/11285
UNESCO. (2003). L’éducation dans un monde multilingue. Paris : UNESCO."
Par Pr Mamadou Lamine SANOGO
Directeur de recherche en Sociolinguiste,
Responsable du Laboratoire Langue, Education, Lettres, Arts et Communication (LEAC)
l’Institut des Sciences des Sociétés (INSS)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST)
https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article147681
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"What does it mean to translate in a world where everything is translated automatically?
Umberto Eco famously wrote that translating means “saying almost the same thing”. What does that “almost” mean in the age of artificial intelligence? To reflect on the changing nature of translation in the age of AI, digital communication and global connectivity, we spoke with Barbara Ivančić, Associate Professor of German Language and Translation at the University of Bologna
"Today, in a world where the internet promises instant communication and digital tools can translate almost any text in a matter of seconds, Eco’s reflections on translation feel more relevant than ever"
07 July 2026
We translate constantly, often without even realising it: an automatically subtitled reel, an email drafted with DeepL, a conversation mediated by ChatGPT, a Korean series streamed online. Translation has become invisible, instantaneous and embedded in everyday life.
Yet long before artificial intelligence and global platforms transformed the way we communicate, Umberto Eco had already recognised that translation is far more than replacing words from one language with those of another. It involves interpretation, choice, loss and, inevitably, a transformation of meaning. It is no coincidence that one of his best-known books on the subject is titled Dire quasi la stessa cosa (Saying Almost the Same Thing). It is precisely that “almost” that captures the full complexity of translation.
Today, in a world where the internet promises instant communication and digital tools can translate almost any text in a matter of seconds, Eco’s reflections on translation feel more relevant than ever.
To revisit Eco’s ideas in the age of digital communication, artificial intelligence and global connectivity, we spoke with Barbara Ivančić, Associate Professor of German Language and Translation at the Department of Modern Languages, Literatures and Cultures at the University of Bologna.
Umberto Eco famously wrote that translating means “saying almost the same thing”. What does that “almost” mean in the age of artificial intelligence?
From the perspective of machine translation, one might argue that the “almost” has become less relevant, because translation is viewed primarily as a process of decoding and replacing symbols. The technological landscape has changed dramatically since Eco wrote those pages, but the basic premise behind machine translation remains much the same.
Eco carried out his own experiments with machine translation before the advent of neural systems, when systems relied on statistical methods. Although these represented a significant improvement over earlier approaches, the results were still fairly poor, as anyone who used the first versions of Google Translate, or even earlier tools such as Babel Fish, Altavista’s translation service in the early 2000s, will remember. It was Babel Fish that Eco used for the experiments described in Dire quasi la stessa cosa (2003). As many readers may recall, the results were often unintentionally hilarious. As Eco pointed out in that book, it was clear at the time that these systems lacked both encyclopaedic knowledge of the world beyond the text and the contextual information needed to disambiguate words and determine their meaning in a specific context.
Today, in the age of neural machine translation and generative AI, the technologies that underpin large language models (LLMs), those same experiments would undoubtedly produce far more convincing results. This is because machines are now designed to learn autonomously, or, in technical terms, through machine learning, drawing on vast quantities of linguistic data used during training. Yet beyond the technical advances, language remains, for these systems, a mathematical construct. More than ever, translation outputs are the result of numerical transformations and probabilistic calculations. The “almost” Eco referred to belongs to a different realm altogether: that of interpretation and negotiation, concepts to which he devoted considerable attention in Dire quasi la stessa cosa and throughout his work. These concepts concern the meaning of linguistic signs, the sociocultural environment in which a text is produced and received, and, not least, the emotional and affective dimensions involved in reading and interpreting a text. All of these elements lie beyond the scope of language machines. For this reason, I do not believe that Eco’s “almost”, at least as he understood it, can be meaningfully applied in this context.
Do machine translation systems actually translate meaning, or merely linguistic correlations?
I’ll answer by quoting the linguist Giuseppe Antonelli, who, in an article published in La Lettura, the cultural supplement of the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera, on 10 August 2025, reflected on large language models designed to generate outputs across a range of natural language tasks. As Antonelli writes, these outputs are “sequences of words that, when put together, look very much like human language. But they are not. Rather, they are the product of an entirely alien process of numerical transformations, one that bears little resemblance to the way human beings produce language.” Machine translation, as one of the many tasks performed by these systems alongside text generation, summarisation and analysis, falls squarely within this framework. The same applies even to models trained exclusively on translation data.
Going back to the previous question, regardless of the extraordinary improvements we are witnessing, the underlying principle of machine translation remains essentially the same as that which guided the earliest research in the field. It is worth remembering that much of this research was heavily driven by military interests during the Second World War and the Cold War. Its primary goal was not communication across cultures, but the deciphering of encrypted enemy messages.
Alan Turing, now best known for the Turing Test, played a crucial role in this phase, as did the mathematician Warren Weaver, whose name is associated with the famous Weaver Memorandum (1955), one of the earliest texts to consider the possibility of using computers for translation between languages. Significantly, Weaver opens the essay with what he calls a “war anecdote”: the story of a Turkish text given to a mathematician who, despite having no knowledge of Turkish, managed to reconstruct the original message. From this, Weaver concluded that “this process made use of frequencies of letters, letter combinations, intervals between letters and letter combinations, letter patterns, etc., which are to some significant degree independent of the language used”. I believe that observation still provides a compelling answer to the question we started with.
What is lost when translation becomes fully automated?
From my perspective, quite a lot is lost. First of all, we risk losing our relationship with the very idea of untranslatability. The notion that everything can be translated at the click of a button, an idea understandably promoted by the language industry, distances us from the awareness that not everything can be translated, and that we need to learn how to engage with what remains untranslatable. This does not mean giving up on translation. Quite the contrary. It is precisely because not everything can be translated perfectly that we continue to translate, accepting that something may always be lost in the passage from one language to another, and from one text to another. That is precisely what Eco's “almost” refers to. It reflects a human approach to translation, one that listens to nuance, embraces interpretation and acknowledges ambiguity. Technology, by contrast, is built around speed, efficiency and scale.
From this perspective, the relationship between translation and technology is both complex and deeply ambivalent. It inevitably forces us to reflect on our relationship with language itself and with linguistic diversity. These issues are explored particularly well in The Routledge Handbook of Translation Technology and Society (2025), edited by Stefan Baumgarten and Michal Tieber, which I would recommend to anyone interested in these questions.
For me, automation also entails the loss of the embodied dimension of translation. Emotions, perceptions, personal experience and even the unconscious all play a role in how we read and interpret texts. They shape our translational choices, whether consciously or not. That is why, fortunately, no two translations are ever exactly the same. This is not to say that all translations are equally successful. Rather, it means that every translation, like every literary work, bears the imprint of a human presence. These are aspects that will inevitably be transformed by the automation of translation and writing itself. To me, those transformations amount to losses.
We should also speak of loss in social and cultural terms. The pursuit of immediate translatability raises ethical, political and environmental questions that deserve far greater attention than they currently receive. This is something we ought to discuss much more, especially within academia. We should be asking what society loses when increasing amounts of attention, funding and trust are invested in an industry from which large language models have emerged, an industry built on forms of human and environmental exploitation and on what many have rightly described as a vast appropriation of intellectual property. After all, without the linguistic data acquired by a small number of private companies, we would not be talking about translation automation in these terms today.
What does a society lose when, apart from a handful of dissenting voices, it embraces without question an ideology of instrumental rationality that ultimately serves the interests of the dominant actors in the global economy?
These are the questions that should be at the centre of discussions about machine translation, rather than an almost exclusive focus on the tasks machines still cannot perform. We should also be paying closer attention to the risk that both language itself and our sensitivity to linguistic nuance may gradually become flattened if we feed exclusively on outputs generated from the data on which machines are trained. I like to think that Eco, in his own way, would have helped keep a spotlight firmly trained on issues such as these.
Eco argued that every translation is a form of interpretation. Does the same hold true for AI?
No, not if we understand interpretation as the attempt to grasp a text's deeper meaning and recreate its effect. As Eco pointed out, interpretation in translation goes hand in hand with the negotiation of meaning: the process of deciding what a translation should convey and how it should convey it. This is very different from the mathematical logic that underpins artificial intelligence systems, which operate by performing calculations on numerical representations of data, linguistic and otherwise, as I mentioned earlier.
One possible objection is that, in machine translation, interpretation and negotiation still have a role to play. They come into play when users provide detailed instructions to a system, through prompting, and especially during post-editing, when machine-generated output is revised and corrected by a human translator. However, this remains a highly debated issue. Post-editing raises a number of questions about how much room is actually left for human intervention understood as interpretation and negotiation.
In particular, I am referring to what is known as the priming effect, the influence that machine-generated output exerts on the person revising it. A growing body of research shows that, especially in literary translation, this effect shapes not only linguistic choices but also the way a text is interpreted. In both cases, there is a tendency to remain anchored to the machine's initial output. Creating the critical distance needed to evaluate alternative solutions becomes much more difficult. Yet that distance is precisely what allows translators to reflect on their choices and to regard them as the result of interpretation and negotiation, rather than simply corrections applied to a pre-existing text.
Barbara Ivančić
Barbara Ivančić is Associate"
https://magazine.unibo.it/en/articles/what-does-it-mean-to-translate-in-a-world-where-everything-is-translated-automatically
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus
"An Aboriginal Australian people of northern Queensland speak a language with no words for left or right — only for north, south, east, and west — so instead of asking you to move your left foot, they will ask you to move your east foot, and can point due north almost without thinking
Ask a Guugu Yimithirr speaker to shift along the bench and you will not hear anything about your left or your right.
Ask a Guugu Yimithirr speaker to shift along the bench and you will not hear anything about your left or your right. You will hear a compass point. Move a little to the north, put the cup down on its western side, watch the dog coming up from the south. Guugu Yimithirr, spoken by Aboriginal people around Hopevale and Cooktown in far northern Queensland, does not carry the everyday spatial vocabulary that most languages lean on. It has no ordinary word for left or right, and in place of our habitual in-front and behind it reaches, again and again, for the cardinal directions.
The person who documented this most carefully is Stephen Levinson, a linguist at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, working alongside the anthropologist John Haviland, who spent years with the community. Their reading is that nearly every description of location on the horizontal plane in Guugu Yimithirr runs through the four cardinal roots. Not as a specialist navigation register, the way a sailor or a bushwalker might reach for a compass, but as the default grammar of where things are.
What the language actually does
In English, most of us describe space relative to our own body. The chair is on my left, the shop is on the right as you come out, the salt is just in front of you. Move your body and the description moves with it. Levinson calls this a relative frame of reference, and it is the water most European languages swim in.
Guugu Yimithirr leans instead on what he terms an absolute frame. A thing is to the north of you, or to the west of the tree, and that stays true no matter which way you turn. In his 1997 paper in the Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, “Language and Cognition: The Cognitive Consequences of Spatial Description in Guugu Yimithirr,” Levinson works through how far this reaches, and he returned to it at length in his 2003 book Space in Language and Cognition. Haviland, in his paper Guugu Yimithirr Cardinal Directions, notes that the terms do not map neatly onto the tidy compass points a Western reader might picture. They cover quadrants rather than knife-edge lines, and the whole system sits rotated slightly clockwise from true north, which he suggests may track the coastline, the prevailing winds, or the arc the sun draws across the sky through the year.
So the north of Guugu Yimithirr is not quite the north of a hiking map. It is close enough to translate, far enough off to matter.
Nor is the language stripped of every other way to place a thing. It still has words for up and down, for near and far, and it still names landmarks. What it lacks is the left-and-right habit that most speakers of English would consider basic. The cardinal terms are the workhorses, not the only tools in the shed.
Where the famous examples come from
If you have encountered this idea before, you probably met it through a memorable line: that you might be told there is an ant on your south-west leg, or that the way to say hello is to ask which way someone is heading. Those examples are real, and they are worth knowing, but they belong to a different language.
Within hours of reaching microgravity, astronauts’ body fluids shift toward the head, dulling smell and taste — one reason NASA monitors daily nutrition so closely as crews fight the muscle loss space exercise alone cannot fully prevent
In villages in the mountains of Sardinia, men reach 100 nearly as often as women, unlike almost anywhere else in the developed world — and the popular explanation isn’t diet or exercise, it’s that nobody there retired into irrelevance”
They come from the cognitive scientist Lera Boroditsky, drawing on fieldwork she and the linguist Alice Gaby did at Pormpuraaw, on the west coast of Cape York, and reported in their 2010 paper in Psychological Science, “Remembrances of Times East.” The language there is Kuuk Thaayorre, a separate tongue from Guugu Yimithirr, though it shares the same absolute-direction habit. In Boroditsky’s telling, a Kuuk Thaayorre greeting turns on heading: you ask which way a person is going, and the reply names a direction and a distance. Do that all day, she points out, and you stay oriented as a matter of course, because you cannot get past hello without knowing where you are pointed.
The two cases get folded together constantly in popular write-ups. We are keeping them apart because the distinction is the sort of thing this kind of story usually flattens. Guugu Yimithirr is the northern Queensland language of the headline. Kuuk Thaayorre supplies the ant-on-your-leg image. Both are Cape York languages that describe the body and the tabletop in cardinal terms, and neither is a stand-in for the other.
The claim about the mind
What draws linguists to Guugu Yimithirr is not only the grammar. It is the everyday competence the grammar seems to require. To speak this way at all, a person has to keep a running fix on the cardinal directions, indoors and out, in unfamiliar terrain, without pausing to work it out. Levinson reports that his Guugu Yimithirr consultants could point to the cardinal directions with striking accuracy, off by something in the order of thirteen degrees, a figure summarised in the astronomy and navigation review Ray Norris published in Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, the fifth Dawes Review. Haviland made a related observation in his 1993 study of pointing gestures in the same journal, finding that speakers’ hands pointed consistently to real directions even when they were retelling events from far away and long ago. Boroditsky describes the same ease in the community she worked with, where a young child could point south-east on request without hesitation, a task that reliably scatters a room of adults from a relative-frame culture in every direction at once.
Levinson’s stronger argument is that this reaches past speech into memory. To store an event so it can later be described in absolute terms, he suggests, a speaker has to remember the orientation of things at the time, not just their appearance. On his account, Guugu Yimithirr speakers hold onto direction as part of the memory itself, and continue to do so even when they are not speaking the language.
That is an interesting claim, and it should be taken as a claim. The broader question it sits inside, whether the language you speak shapes the way you think, is one of the longest-running arguments in the study of language, and it is not settled by any single community or any single task. What the Cape York evidence shows plainly is a difference in trained attention. Whether that difference is caused by the language, or by a way of life the language grew out of, is harder to pin down and remains genuinely contested.
What it does not settle
A few cautions are worth holding. The absolute frame is not unique to Australia, and it is not a curiosity confined to a single group. Related patterns turn up in languages across the world, from Mesoamerica to the Himalayas, and even neighbouring Cape York languages differ in how loosely or tightly they fix their cardinal points. Some peg east and west to the rising and setting sun. Others define the directions in ways that shift from place to place.
It is also easy to romanticise a living community into a party trick. Guugu Yimithirr is spoken by a relatively small number of people, and like many Aboriginal languages it has been under pressure for generations, with revitalisation work now underway. A sense of direction that reads as astonishing from the outside is, for the people who have it, simply the ordinary competence their language asks of them, the way tense or number is ordinary for us.
And a description is not an explanation. Naming the pattern tells us what these speakers do. It does not license confident stories about brain wiring, and the fieldwork does not claim to.
What stays with us is smaller and more durable than any theory of cognition. There are people for whom the walls of a room do not reset the map, for whom the north wall is the north wall whether you are facing it or have your back to it. Most of us carry our directions around with us, fixed to the body, resetting every time we turn. Some people keep theirs fixed to the ground.
About this article
This article is for general information and reflection. It is not medical, mental-health, or professional advice. The patterns described draw on published research and editorial observation, not clinical assessment. If you're dealing with a serious situation, speak with a qualified professional or local support service.
By Space Daily Editorial Team · Editorial process
Published July 8, 2026
https://spacedaily.com/d-an-aboriginal-australian-people-of-northern-queensland-speak-a-language-with-no-words-for-left-or-right-only-for-north-south-east-and-west-so-instead-of-asking-you-to-move-your/
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Les erreurs de traduction qui ont marqué l’histoire du marketing
"“Mordre le têtard de cire” ou suggérer à ses clients de “Ne rien faire” : les archives du marketing regorgent de perles qui font sourire les étudiants, mais beaucoup moins les directions financières. Très souvent, la réussite d’un nom repose sur sa capacité à susciter une émotion en phase avec l’identité de l’entreprise. Dans un communiqué, l’agence Caupenne & Co revient sur certains “ratés” marketing devenus cultes et rappelle pourquoi la localisation est un enjeu de réputation autant que de communication. Comme le souligne Leylak de Caupenne, fondatrice de l’agence, “Une erreur de traduction marketing n’est jamais seulement une erreur de langue. C’est une erreur de perception”.
Le piège des expressions littérales et des faux amis
Le passage des frontières transforme parfois des slogans percutants en messages embarrassants. KFC en a fait l’expérience en Chine lorsque son célèbre “Bon à s’en lécher les doigts” s’est transformé en une invitation à “Manger ses propres doigts”. De même, Parker Pen aurait frôlé l’incident au Mexique en confondant le terme anglais “embarrassed” avec le mot espagnol “embarazada”, qui signifie enceinte. Une traduction efficace recrée l’effet voulu dans la culture cible plutôt que de calquer mécaniquement le texte source. Ces anecdotes montrent que l’humour ou l’image publicitaire ne survivent pas à une approche purement lexicale.
Anticiper pour protéger la réputation commerciale
Certains ajustements sont purement préventifs mais vitaux. Mitsubishi a ainsi dû renommer son modèle Pajero en « Montero » sur les marchés hispanophones en raison de la connotation vulgaire du nom original. Pour HSBC, une erreur d’adaptation du slogan « Assume Nothing » en « Do Nothing » a nécessité un investissement de remplacement pour lancer la campagne globale « The world’s local bank ». La localisation doit débuter dès la conception du produit pour éviter des refontes publicitaires onéreuses. Selon Leylak de Caupenne, “La bonne traduction n’est pas celle qui colle le plus au texte d’origine. C’est celle qui produit le bon effet dans la langue d’arrivée”.
La rigueur linguistique comme levier de performance
Pour rappel, fondée en 1994 et figurant dans le top 10 national des agences de traduction, Caupenne & Co accompagne des groupes tels qu’Alstom ou Engie sur plus de 160 combinaisons linguistiques. Certifiée ISO 9001 et ISO 17100, l’entreprise mise sur l’alliance entre expertise humaine et outils technologiques pour sécuriser la communication de ses clients. Le métier de traducteur consiste à garantir l’intégrité d’une intention commerciale dans un monde où une campagne traverse les frontières instantanément. Dans un environnement globalisé, l’approximation linguistique n’est plus une option pour les décideurs soucieux de leur image de marque."
https://www.e-marketing.fr/marques-1296/veille-et-tribune-2251/les-erreurs-de-traduction-qui-ont-marque-lhistoire-du-marketing-173499/amp
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