Objective To evaluate the seizure characteristics and outcome after immunotherapy in adult patients with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and new-onset seizure.
NeuroImmunology
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Epigenetic alterations are necessary for the establishment of functional and phenotypic diversity in populations of immune cells of the monocytic lineage. 
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Collections of leukocytes in the meningeal space have been documented in Multiple Sclerosis (MS).
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
Collections of leukocytes in the meningeal space have been documented in Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These meningeal aggregates, which in the context of other autoimmune diseases have often been termed tertiary lymphoid tissues (TLT), have been associated with sub-pial cortical damage and disease progression. However, the key molecular and cellular signals required for their formation and maintenance remain unclear. Herein, we review TLT structures in other disease states in order to provide a framework for understanding these structures in the MS meninges. We then assess the evidence that the meningeal compartment serves as an important nexus for immune cells as well as a location for drainage of antigen into cervical lymph nodes. Extrapolating what is known about the molecular and cellular cues that initiate the formation of leukocyte aggregates in non-lymphoid tissues, we speculate on what signals lead to the formation and maintenance of meningeal TLT structures. Referring to the animal model of MS [experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)], we also explore what is known about these structures in supporting B cell and T cell responses during neuroinflammation. Last, we examine the evidence that connects these structures to ongoing neuropathology. Collectively, our review points to the meningeal compartment as an important player in neuroinflammatory processes. Moreover, we hypothesize that in order to gain insights into pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of lymphocytes in MS, one must understand the cellular scaffolds that support lymphocyte retention within the meninges, thus highlighting the importance of non-immune cells (stromal cells) in the neuroinflammatory process.
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Pearls & Oy-sters: Limbic encephalitis associated with positive anti-LGI1 and antithyroid antibodies
Limbic encephalitis is an inflammatory condition of the brain, often characterized by the subacute onset of short-term memory loss, disorientation, seizures, behavioral disturbance, and psychiatric symptoms.
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Immunogenetics. 2016 Jan 7. [Epub ahead of print]
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Important antibody-independent pathogenic roles of B cells are emerging in autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS).
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ECTRIMS 2016, 32nd Congress of the European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis (ECTRIMS 2016) is sorted out from 14 September, 2016 to 17 September, 2016. The Congress venue will be ExCeL Exhibition Center.
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The TAM receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mertk are receptor tyrosine kinases that dampen host innate immune responses following engagement with their ligands Gas6 and Protein S, which recognize phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cells.
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RT @GreenJournal: Antibodies to MOG in adults with inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS https://t.co/UQpoOWNnG2 #Neurology
Krishan Maggon 's curator insight,
January 3, 2016 2:52 AM
OPEN ACCESS ARTICLE Antibodies to MOG in adults with inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS Sung-Min Kim, MD, PhD*, Mark R. Woodhall, PhD, Ji-Sun Kim, MD, Seong-Joon Kim, MD, PhD, Kyung Seok Park, MD, PhD, Angela Vincent, FRS, Kwang-Woo Lee, MD, PhD and Patrick Waters, PhD* +SHOW AFFILIATIONS | + SHOW FULL DISCLOSURES Correspondence to Dr. Sung-Min Kim: sueh916@gmail.com or Dr. Waters: paddy.waters@ndcn.ox.ac.uk Published online October 15, 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000163Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm December 2015 vol. 2 no. 6 e163
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RT @GreenJournal: Dimethyl fumarate treatment alters circulating T helper cell subsets in multiple sclerosis https://t.co/1le2eiJygN #Neuro…...
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Patients have long needed a better treatment option for brain tumors. As we enter 2016, just such an option is taking shape: CAR-T cell therapy.
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Clinical trial results of peripheral B cell depletion indicate abnormal pro-inflammatory B cell properties, and particularly antibody-independent functions, contribute to relapsing MS disease activity.
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The Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer?s Disease and Other Neurological Disorders, Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Parkinsonism.
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Mult Scler. 2016 Jan 11. pii: 1352458515622827. [Epub ahead of print] REVIEW
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T cells within the central nervous system (CNS) have been generally considered pathogenic, especially in the context of neuroinflammatory disease.
Gilbert C FAURE's insight:
Trends
T cells, found in the CSF of healthy subjects, maintain immune surveillance of CNS borders. If this function is antagonized, for example by natalizumab, opportunistic infections such as PML can occur. Upon recovery from encephalitis, T cells persist within the CNS after pathogens are no longer detectable. These T cells may prevent reinfection through key cytokine mediators – IFN-γ and TNF-α. Regulatory T cells prevent or counteract excessive CNS inflammation via CD39 and TIGIT, and use IL-10, TGF-β, or AMP as anti-inflammatory mediators. However, large numbers of Treg cells may suppress beneficial functions of conventional T cells after CNS injury, thus exacerbating neuronal death. Th2 cells have neuroprotective effects in stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and ALS. IL-4 production by CD4+ cells leads directly to axonal and neuronal survival via binding to IL-4 receptors expressed on neurons and potentiating neurotrophin signaling.
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B cells are involved in driving relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), as demonstrated by the positive effect of therapeutic B-cell depletion.
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Identification of the target antigens of pathogenic antibodies and T cells is of fundamental importance for understanding the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, and for the development of personalised treatments for the disease.
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Study shows inflammation-reducing chemical prevents memory and behavioural problems in diseased mice, raising hopes for human treatment
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Jonathan Kipnis, director of the Center for Brain Immunology and Glia (BIG) at the University of Virginia, will discuss “The Brain’s Lymphatic System and Behavior” during the next UC Davis MIND Institute Distinguished Lecturer...
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Review from JAMA Neurology — Effect of Multiple Sclerosis Disease-Modifying Therapies on B Cells and Humoral Immunity
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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia worldwide.
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RT @TheLancetNeuro: Online now: Two-part review on the search for target antigens of #MultipleSclerosis https://t.co/GIa0qQE319 @mssoci…...
Krishan Maggon 's curator insight,
January 3, 2016 2:54 AM
The search for the target antigens of multiple sclerosis, part 1: autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes as pathogenic effectors and therapeutic targets
Prof Reinhard Hohlfeld, MD , Klaus Dornmair, PhD , Prof Edgar Meinl, MD , Prof Hartmut Wekerle, MD Published Online: 23 December 2015
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On the immune system and mental health https://t.co/ItoyxIUPZv
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Neurotherapeutics. 2015 Dec 21. [Epub ahead of print]
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Immunotherapy using antibodies targeting alpha-synuclein has proven to be an effective strategy for ameliorating pathological and behavioral deficits induced by excess pathogenic alpha-synuclein in various animal and/or cellular models.
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