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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 23, 2018 10:11 AM
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The T helper type 17/regulatory T cell paradigm in pregnancy
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 19, 2018 2:55 PM
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Our understanding of the human gut microbiome continues to evolve at a rapid pace,
but practical application of thisknowledge is still in its infancy. This review discusses
the type of studies that will be essential for translating microbiome research into
targeted modulations with dedicated benefits for the human host.
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
March 16, 2018 5:15 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 14, 2018 2:10 PM
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Journal of Immunology Research is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that provides a platform for scientists and clinicians working in different areas of immunology and therapy. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, as well as clinical studies related to classical immunology, molecular immunology, clinical immunology, cancer immunology, transplantation immunology, immune pathology, immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, immune disorders, and immunotherapy.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 14, 2018 10:34 AM
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The composition of the commensal microbiota is known to influence autoimmune disease development and persistence. Manfredo Vieira et al. identified a gut microbe, Enterococcus gallinarum , that translocates from the gut into the organs of mice with a genetic predisposition to lupus-like autoimmunity (see the Perspective by Citi). Molecular signatures of gut barrier disintegration and pathogenic T helper cells were evident in the gut, liver, and lymphoid organs during colonization with the pathobiont. The ensuing pathology could be reversed by vancomycin treatment and by vaccination against E. gallinarum . The same bug was also found in liver biopsies of autoimmune patients, but not in healthy controls.
Science , this issue p. [1156][1]; see also p. [1097][2]
[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aar7201
[2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aat0835
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
March 12, 2018 2:37 PM
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An impaired expression of α‐defensins (α‐Defs) in the ileal mucosa and, conversely, increased levels in plasma, have been reported in Crohn's disease (CD). However, the specificity and correlation o
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 11, 2018 1:50 PM
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Journal of Immunology Research is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal that provides a platform for scientists and clinicians working in different areas of immunology and therapy. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, as well as clinical studies related to classical immunology, molecular immunology, clinical immunology, cancer immunology, transplantation immunology, immune pathology, immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, immune disorders, and immunotherapy.
Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells are considered to be a homogeneous and rapidly proliferating
population. Barriga et al. show that the RNA binding protein Mex3a defines a subset
of slowly proliferating Lgr5+ cells that contribute to all intestinal lineages with
slow kinetics, are resistant to chemotherapy, and support intestinal regeneration.
Via Krishan Maggon
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Suggested by
Société Francaise d'Immunologie
March 6, 2018 1:37 PM
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by allan mowat Perspective
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 6, 2018 2:30 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 4, 2018 4:05 AM
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Specific microbiota species induces serum IgA that protects against sepsis
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 1, 2018 10:56 AM
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Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated by allergen-specific CD4 T cells that promote lung inflammation through recruitment of cellular effectors into the lung. A subset of lung T cells can persist as tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) following infection and allergen induction, although the generation and role of TRM in asthma persistence and pathogenesis remain unclear. In this study, we used a mouse model of chronic exposure to intranasal house dust mite (HDM) extract to dissect how lung TRMs are generated and function in the persistence and pathogenesis of allergic airway disease. We demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrate into the lung tissue during acute HDM exposure; however, only CD4+ TRMs, and not CD8+ TRMs, persist long term following cessation of HDM administration. Lung CD4+ TRMs are localized around airways and are rapidly reactivated upon allergen re-exposure accompanied by the rapid induction of airway hyperresponsiveness independent of circulating T cells. Lung CD4+ TRM activation to HDM challenge is also accompanied by increased recruitment and activation of dendritic cells in the lungs. Our results indicate that lung CD4+ TRMs can perpetuate allergen-specific sensitization and direct early inflammatory signals that promote rapid lung pathology, suggesting that targeting lung CD4+ TRMs could have therapeutic benefit in alleviating recurrent asthma episodes.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 1, 2018 5:39 AM
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Researchers investigate the different factors that affect our immune system and why some of us are more prone to diseases than others.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 21, 2018 6:15 AM
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Abstract. During influenza pandemics, secondary pneumococcal infections cause excessive mortality. However, the current 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccin
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 18, 2018 10:30 AM
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The skin is the outermost barrier of the organism that ensures protection from external
harm. Lately, our view of the skin has evolved from an inert mechanical barrier to
an active organ that can sense danger signals and mount perfectly adapted defense
measures in response to invading pathogens. This Review highlights the different levels
of the cutaneous barrier (the microbiome, chemical, physical, and immune barriers),
their characteristics, and functional, highly interconnected network of cells and
mediators that allow balanced defense measures to protect the body and maintain barrier
integrity.
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
March 16, 2018 5:14 AM
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Suggested by
Société Francaise d'Immunologie
March 14, 2018 2:03 PM
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Lead researcher This study was led by Dr Le Son Tran and A/Prof Richard Ferrero Main finding The bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infects half of the world’s population and is the main cause of gastric cancer.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 14, 2018 10:18 AM
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The European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, the European
Confederation of Medical Mycology and the European Respiratory Society Joint Clinical
Guidelines focus on diagnosis and management of aspergillosis. Of the numerous recommendations,
a few are summarized here. Chest computed tomography as well as bronchoscopy with
bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in patients with suspicion of pulmonary invasive aspergillosis
(IA) are strongly recommended. For diagnosis, direct microscopy, preferably using
optical brighteners, histopathology and culture are strongly recommended.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 12, 2018 1:27 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 11, 2018 10:24 AM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 7, 2018 9:07 AM
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![Figure][1]
To understand how infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is modulated by host cell phenotype, we characterized those host phagocytes that controlled or supported bacterial growth during early infection, focusing on the ontologically distinct alveolar macrophage (AM) and interstitial macrophage (IM) lineages. Using fluorescent Mtb reporter strains, we found that bacilli in AM exhibited lower stress and higher bacterial replication than those in IM. Interestingly, depletion of AM reduced bacterial burden, whereas depletion of IM increased bacterial burden. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that IMs were glycolytically active, whereas AMs were committed to fatty acid oxidation. Intoxication of infected mice with the glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose, decreased the number of IMs yet increased the bacterial burden in the lung. Furthermore, in in vitro macrophage infections, 2-deoxyglucose treatment increased bacterial growth, whereas the fatty acid oxidation inhibitor etomoxir constrained bacterial growth. We hypothesize that different macrophage lineages respond divergently to Mtb infection, with IMs exhibiting nutritional restriction and controlling bacterial growth and AMs representing a more nutritionally permissive environment.
[1]: pending:yes
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 6, 2018 6:41 AM
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Immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV), also referred to as Henoch-Schönlein purpura, is the most common form of childhood vasculitis. The pathogenesis of…
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 4, 2018 11:52 AM
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The immune balance of the respiratory tract is strictly regulated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been reported to participate in maintaining the immune balance in the intestinal tract, but whether they are involved in regulation of the immune balance in the respiratory tract has yet to be revealed. In this study, we found that physiological EVs from lungs of WT mice (L-EVs) could be isolated, which contained the immunosuppressive cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10. Among L-EV subsets, only the CD8α+CD11c+ EV subset was positive for TGF-β1 and IL-10 and could inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation via TGF-β1 in vitro and relieve murine asthmatic symptoms. Mechanistically, L-EVs were effective at inhibiting OVA peptide–specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in a TGF-β1– and IL-10–dependent manner. In addition, they could prevent CD4+ T cells from hilar lymph nodes from secreting IL-4, IL-9, and IL-17A via IL-10 ex vivo, suggesting inhibition of Th2, Th9, and Th17 cell responses. Altogether, our results indicate that EVs from the lungs are involved in control of the immune balance in the respiratory tract, which reveals a novel mechanism in the maintenance of respiratory tract immune homeostasis.
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
March 3, 2018 1:55 PM
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Including microbiome composition in predictions of whether a person is obese can significantly improve their accuracy, according to an analysis.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
March 1, 2018 10:54 AM
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We previously reported that CD8+ T cells in human gastrointestinal mucosa exhibit reduced perforin expression and weak or impaired cytotoxic capacity compared with their counterparts in blood. Nevertheless, these cells degranulate and express cytokines and chemokines in response to cognate Ag. In addition to weak expression of perforin, earlier studies suggested differential regulation of perforin and granzymes (Gzms), with GzmA and B expressed by significantly higher percentages of mucosal CD8+ T cells than perforin. However, this topic has not been fully explored. The goal of this study was to elucidate the expression and coexpression patterns of GzmA, B, and K in conjunction with perforin in rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells during HIV-1 infection. We found that expression of both perforin and GzmB, but not GzmA or GzmK, was reduced in mucosa compared with blood. A large fraction of rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells either did not express Gzms or were single-positive for GzmA. Rectosigmoid CD8+ T cells appeared skewed toward cytokine production rather than cytotoxic responses, with cells expressing multiple cytokines and chemokines generally lacking in perforin and Gzm expression. These data support the interpretation that perforin and Gzms are differentially regulated, and display distinct expression patterns in blood and rectosigmoid T cells. These studies may help inform the development of strategies to combat HIV-1 and other mucosal pathogens.
This article is featured in In This Issue , p.[1531][1]
[1]: /lookup/volpage/200/1531
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