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It is only by fiat of a corporate-captured EPA, a bought press and willed ignorance that colony collapse continues to be known as a bee "disorder."
Neonics, systemic pesticides that work through a neurotoxin, which is applied to the seed of a plant and taken up into all its tissue so that the insect is exposed at every turn to a new vehicle bearing the same poison, work in a very orderly manner indeed. Poisoned food crops and the honeybees that pollinate them are perfectly efficient bearers of the values of the Big 6 - Monsanto, Dow, BASF, Bayer, Syngenta and DuPont. The empty beehive isn't mysterious. It is no magician's cabinet. The bees aren't disordered - they are designed. There is, that is, no Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD).
But CCD is something. It is a vocabulary of power that sets down rules regarding who may speak, what we speak about, and the conditions of that speech. Power is not "about" objects such as wooden boxes; it concerns, more precisely, their very possibility. In service to power, CCD-speak has naturalized the biases of Big 6, helping to consolidate its hegemony over our food web. As a discourse, it has created the conceptual ground for a wholly privatized and administered creature, existing only by the arbitrary whim of the market.
The philosopher Theodor Adorno called this kind of world, where the profit motive pervades every level of society, the administered world. To a great extent, honeybees are already an administered creature. Man has turned the bee into a factory animal, a workhorse that cannot exist without antibiotics and careful breeding. This reduction of honeybees to migratory worker has enfeebled them. The unmitigated use of neonicotinoids over the last 15 years is rendering them extinct.
In its attempt to cover up this state of affairs, Big 6 treats the beehive as a magician's box. Its favorite rhetorical tricks are the red herring - distraction from the problem at hand - and ignoratio elenchi, a logical fallacy whereby a related - yet irrelevant - point is proven.
The diversionary content, that honeybee decline is caused by varroa mites, lack of adequate flora, poor nutrition, antibiotics, and in-breeding, valid on its own terms, is, in fact, a well-worn list of criticisms of industrialized beekeeping, here used to deflect the fact that neonicotinoids have decimated honeybee colonies.
Another trick, "pseudo-science," pretends to address the neonic issue, cherry-picking non-peer-reviewed studies to deny the pesticides' toxicity. These sophistries are typical of administration's magic box: The false back asserts a transparency that is, in fact, opaque; the compartment isolates and fetishizes the context-less "fact."
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Online porn is big business, perhaps not so much for pornographers as it is for copyright trolls and anxious government entities. Urmann and Colleagues (U+C), a German copyright troll, is continuing the settlement letter tactics it began last year. The difference this time is that rather than pursuing downloaders via torrent tracking and threatening to out them as porn watchers if they don't pay up, U+C is now targeting viewers who have streamed allegedly infringing content from porn aggregator Redtube.
Tens of thousands of German internet users have been sent threatening letters by a law firm apparently acting on behalf of a rights-holder, on the basis that they watched copyrighted material on the pornographic video-streaming site Redtube.
The letters, issued by law firm U + C on behalf of Swiss firm The Archive AG, demand €250 ($344) per watched clip. The films in question include titles such as “Hot Stories” and “Amanda’s Secrets.”
According to the source article, a Cologne-based lawyer estimates that, based on the number of calls he alone has received, U+C has targeted 20,000-30,000 viewers.
There are multiple problems with what's going on here. First of all, The Archive AG is itself a "copyright protection" company, meaning it's acting on behalf of the porn producers through U+C, rather than producing the porn. Beyond that, the titles listed in the letters (Miriam's Adventures, Amanda's Secret, Dream Trip, Hot Stories) show up in searches only a) as part of articles detailing U+C's actions or b) as the unrelated names of websites and blogs. If this porn exists other than on Redtube, it's not easily located on the web.
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As a new year approaches, the University of Notre Dame's John J. Reilly Center for Science, Technology and Values has released its annual list of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology for 2014.
The Reilly Center explores conceptual, ethical and policy issues where science and technology intersect with society from different disciplinary perspectives. Its goal is to promote the advancement of science and technology for the common good.
The center generates its annual list of emerging ethical dilemmas and policy issues in science and technology with the help of Reilly fellows, other Notre Dame experts and friends of the center.
The center aimed to present a list of items for scientists and laypeople alike to consider in the coming months and years as new technologies develop. It will feature one of these issues on its website each month in 2014, giving readers more information, questions to ask and resources to consult.
The ethical dilemmas and policy issues are:
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Bruno Lasserre, the president of France’s competition watchdog, the Autorite de la Concurrence, has reportedly refused to intervene and facilitate the accession of Iliad (Free) to the potential network-sharing agreement with fellow French cellcos Bouygues Telecom and SFR.
According to local news agency Les Echos, the executive stated in an interview: ‘It is not up to the Competition Authority to define which partners are suitable for an alliance. Our role is to establish the founding principles. But we are no kingmakers. It is a mistake if [Iliad] hopes I will intervene to force a ‘marriage’ of the three [companies].’
As previously reported by TeleGeography’s CommsUpdate, in November 2013 Iliad sent a letter to Vivendi’s telecoms arm SFR, rival mobile operator Bouygues Telecom, telecoms regulator Arcep and the Autorite de la Concurrence requesting a permission to join the ongoing discussions between the two companies to share parts of their mobile infrastructure in France. Iliad executive reportedly stated: ‘A deal between two of the three operators of incumbent mobile networks that does not leave room for the fourth operator could be a major de-stabilising factor.’
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Google appears to have caught the French finance ministry spying on its workers’ internet traffic by spoofing Google security certificates, judging from an episode that took place last week.
The web firm said in a blog post on Saturday that, on the preceding Tuesday, it had become aware of “unauthorized digital certificates for several Google domains.” It tracked the provenance of these certificates back to ANSSI, the French state information security agency, which in turn pointed to the Treasury as the culprit.
Browsers use such certificates to verify that a web service is what it says it is, and creating a fake certificate can allow an attacker to impersonate a service like Google, duping the user into handing over personal information. This is known as a man-in-the-middle attack – it’s been used by the NSA, and is probably that agency’s chief weapon in circumventing industry-standard TLS/SSL web encryption.
Certificates are issued by certificate authorities (CAs), which naturally need to demonstrate their trustworthiness. Highly trustworthy CAs are known as “root CAs” – ANSSI in this case – and there are also lower-grade “intermediate CAs” that are verified by root CAs so that the browser will accept their certificates.
Last week, Google spotted certificates purporting to belong to itself, but in reality issued to someone else by an intermediate CA. It immediately updated its Chrome browser to block that intermediate CA, then followed the chain of trust to identify the root CA, ANSSI. It informed ANSSI of what it had found, and also warned other browser vendors to block the intermediate CA.
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For efficient spectrum management in the Nigerian growing telecoms industry, the Chief Regulatory Officer of GSMA, Tom Phillips, has urged the Nigerian Communications Commission, NCC, to revoke spectrum license of dormant Code Divisional Multiple Access, CDMA, operators in the country.
The GSMA represents the interests of mobile operators worldwide, spanning more than 220 countries, and unites s nearly 800 of the world’s mobile operators with 250 companies in the broader mobile ecosystem.
The CDMA market inluding players like MultiLinks,Reltel, Starcomms,GTE, Intercellular,and Visafone is today struggling to survive even as the GSM operators are coasting home with huge profits.
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As you may recall, in the ongoing lawsuit by various tech companies against the government, in which they're seeking to reveal some rather basic details about how many surveillance data requests they get and how many users are impacted, much of the feds' brief was redacted... even to the tech companies.
The companies argued, quite reasonably, that it was crazy to make them fight a legal battle in which the DOJ could make arguments that the companies themselves couldn't see or respond to. They asked the FISA Court to either let them see the arguments or to remove them from the case.
The DOJ has now filed its response, which basically says "we've revealed enough."
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The government of Australia has built a cellular network in the most inhospitable clime in its jurisdiction. I’m not talking about the Australian Outback, but rather in its Antarctic territorial claims far to the south.
The Australian Depart of the Environment’s Antarctic Division has fielded a GSM network supplied by Range Networks at its research station on Macquarie Island, about halfway between the Australia and the frozen continent. It has plans to expand that network to three more research stations on the Antarctic mainland.
This isn’t the first time cellular connectivity has been available in Antarctica. Claro and Movistar have set up towers on the continent to connect research bases, but those systems have essentially been far-remote extensions of their networks back in Argentina, depending on satellite backhaul links to connect calls.
What Range and Antarctic Division have done is built a self-contained, independent communications network that manages and switches calls on-site. It’s the equivalent of a private mobile carrier: It still needs satellites to connect to the rest of the world, but if that orbital link were to go dark in a snowstorm, the cellular network would keep on chugging, connecting calls locally.
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French low-cost telecoms operator Iliad said on Tuesday it would include 4G broadband service in its cheapest monthly package, stepping up its assault against bigger rivals rolling out the superfast technology at higher prices.
Iliad opened a new front in the mobile price war last week when it said it would add 4G to its 19.99-euro ($27.43) monthly package at no extra cost, prompting Bouygues Telecom to retaliate by upgrading all of its 3G customers to 4G.
Now, Iliad said its 2-euro monthly Free Mobile package will feature 4G at no extra cost for users downloading up to 50 megabytes of data. Beyond that the service will cost 5 euro cents per megabyte, the company said in a statement.
In comparison, its 19.99-euro mobile package offers 4G for up to 20 gigabytes, or 400 times more downloading capacity.
The move heaps more pressure on France's leading telecoms operators, Orange, Vivendi's SFR and Bouygues, which had hoped their newly built fourth-generation networks would command higher prices and help restore profits hit by the emergence of Iliad.
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Researchers from Stanford University may have found a way to permanently bury greenhouse gas emissions inside the Earth after having set their lab at an abandoned mine, located about 110 km east of the campus.
The team, which will present its findings this week at the American Geophysical Union (AGU) meeting in San Francisco, worked for two years at Red Mountain mine, which contains some of the world's largest veins of pure magnesium carbonate, or magnesite. The way this chalky mineral made of carbon dioxide (CO2) and magnesium formed millions of years ago has long been a puzzle.
The Stanford team claims to have found clues that could lead to an innovative technique for converting CO2, a potent greenhouse gas, into solid magnesite.
“Conventional geological storage involves capturing CO2 from industrial smokestacks and injecting it as a fluid into the subsurface,” says Kate Maher, an assistant professor of geological and environmental sciences at Stanford. “But there is concern that the carbon dioxide would eventually leak back into the atmosphere. Our idea is to permanently lock up the CO2 by converting it into a stable mineral.
Over 60% of global CO2 emissions are caused by power plants and other industries, according to the International Energy Agency. Maher explains that sequestering the CO2 in magnesite deposits would prevent the gas from entering the atmosphere and warming the planet.
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It could be assumed that the most effective way to safeguard your computer against the threat of cyber attacks would be to disconnect it from all networks: wireless, LAN, network cards or the internet. However, research from the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics (FKIE) has demonstrated a malware prototype with the ability to jump the "air gap" – meaning even that once surefire security measure might not be enough to ensure the protection of your computer.
Computer scientists Michael Hanspach and Michael Goetz conducted an experiment involving five computers which connected to one another using their built-in microphones and speakers to form an inaudible acoustic network. The data was able to be transferred from one computer to another until it reached one with a regular internet connection that was able to take the signal "outside."
The scientists selected a near ultrasonic frequency range which saw data communicated between the computers within a range of 19.7 m (64.6 ft), all without a connection to a central access point or router. Hanspach says the same technique might also be used to transfer data between smartphones or tablets.
According to the research paper, networks relying on acoustical communication are seldom used because of the much higher bit rates and ranges offered by radio transmission. However, as the electromagnetic waves used in radio communication are highly absorbed by sea water, acoustical networks have proven useful for underwater data transmission.
With this knowledge, Hanspach and Goetz adapted a system previously developed by the Research Department for Underwater Acoustics and Marine Geophysics in Germany to form the acoustical network, enabling the data transmission between laptops using only inaudible sounds. Despite the breakthrough, the technology has considerable drawbacks – namely a transmission rate of 20 bits per second.
In the past, we have seen similar technology using inaudible sound frequencies to create an alternative to NFC and to transfer inaudible QR codes. However, the network proposed by the German scientists is the first to establish a data transmission between computers purely through acoustical communication.
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The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has written a check for $4.8 million to Raytheon BBN Technologies and GrammaTech to build software that blocks backdoor security holes in commodity network devices.
The contract falls under DARPA's Vetting Commodity IT Software and Firmware (VET) program which address the threat of malicious code hidden in mobile phones, network routers, computer workstations and other networked devices can be secretly modified to function in unintended ways or spy on users.
Under VET, GrammaTech and Raytheon BBN said they intend to develop tools and techniques to let organizations inspect the network-enabled devices software and firmware and protect them from attack. Raytheon plans to develop techniques that enable analysts to prioritize elements of software and firmware to examine for hidden malicious code. GrammaTech also said it plans to develop the tools that examine the software and firmware to let analysts demonstrate that they do not have exploitable security vulnerabilities.
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A picture is worth a thousand words.
This graph compares the price history of solar energy to conventional energy sources. The comparison is striking. This is what a disruptive technology looks like. While conventional energy prices remained pretty flat in inflation adjusted terms, the cost of solar is dropping,fast, and is likely to continue doing so as technology and manufacturing processes improve. First, about the graph. I recently published an article, Bitcoin Energy and the Future of Money, which explores the idea of using energy as the basis for money. One of the key concepts in this is to standardize the way energy commodities are measured, to measure them in terms of energy content rather than parochial units of measure (e.g. therms or cubic feet of natural gas, gallons of diesel, kilowatt hours of electricity, and so on). See also www.joulestandard.com for more information about this idea. The graph above charts the inflation adjusted price of different types of energy, not in terms of gallons, but in terms of gigajoules of energy (a gigajoule is one billion Joules, the standard metric unit for energy). Pricing energy commodities in terms of their energy content makes it easier to compare the relative cost of different sources of energy. Click headline to read more and view the graph full screen--
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A report from Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) highlights the unaffordable cost of broadband for the two billion people who live on less than US$2/day.
For those living on less than US$2/day, entry-level broadband costs an average of 40% of monthly income, and in many countries this figure exceeds 80% or 100%. As a result, billions cannot afford to get online, entrenching the digital divide and constraining economic and social progress.
This is the key finding of the Alliance for Affordable Internet's (A4AI - a4ai.org) first Affordability Report - a major study into the drivers of internet affordability in 46 developing and emerging countries. A4AI is a global coalition of more than 40 members, whose global sponsors are Google, Omidyar Network, the UK Department for International Development and US AID.
The Report also includes an 'Affordability Index', which ranks nations across communications infrastructure and access and affordability indicators fundamental to achieving affordable internet. Malaysia, Mauritius and Brazil top the Index, with Morocco ranked as the leading developing country. Zimbabwe, Malawi and Yemen prop up the foot of the table.
The report highlights that:
With one of the highest load densities in the world, Con Edison's smart grid demonstration project encompasses a complex and diverse test bed, including critical organizations such as Wall Street, the Federal Reserve, major medical facilities, and hubs for national and global communications.
The objective of the Secure Interoperable Open Smart Grid Demonstration Project is to build a scalable smart grid prototype that promotes cyber security, reduces electric demand, increases reliability and energy efficiency, and is cost effective. In addition, the system will enable greater use of renewable energy, other distributed resources, electric vehicle charging and greater consumer participation in the energy mix. The system will be demonstrated in selected sites representing a cross-section of urban and suburban America: the horizontal city (Long Island City, Queens, the vertical city (lower Manhattan), and the suburbs (Orange and Rockland Counties, NY, and northern Bergen County, NJ).
For the NY and NJ smart grid demonstration, the Con Edison team is developing the capability to better link the utility and the customer in order to empower intelligent and energy efficient interactions. This will enable consumers to make smart decisions regarding their energy use. The secure, interoperable, open smart grid will enable consumers to charge their electric vehicles with off-peak electricity and power their homes and businesses with wind and solar resources without disrupting the reliability of electricity to their neighbors. The goal is to minimize the risks of deploying the smart grid today by providing, in one system of systems, the cyber security, interoperability, scalability, affordability, peak load management, and intelligent, collaborative control required to manage the next generation electric grid in America.
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Iran’s Ministry of Information & Communication Technology (MICT), in cooperation with national broadcasting and telecoms companies, has reportedly launched the first phase of an internet protocol television (IPTV) project.
WiMAX News reports that the first stage of the deployment encompasses 140,000 households in six provinces, namely Tehran, Isfahan, Khorasan Razavi, East Azarbaijan, Yazd and Qazvin.
According to the Fars News Agency, back in October 2011 MICT said it was determined to start a television broadcast based on IPTV technology within the next four years. MICT expects that the service will attract some seven million domestic subscribers.
The four-day ministerial summit on the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement concluded late yesterday in Singapore.
‘In one sense, they failed to deliver on their “end game” of a deal by December 2013’, said Professor Kelsey, who has been in Singapore observing the meeting.
‘But their decision to convene another meeting of ministers in just one month’s time signals a serious intent to maintain political pressure and conclude the agreement early in 2014.’
The December to January period is the ideal time to minimise public, media and political scrutiny. Most of the twelve countries will be on Christmas holidays and their parliaments will be in recess.
Trade Minister Tim Groser spun the missed deadline as giving the talks a new momentum.
Professor Kelsey agreed, noting that ‘the nature and speed of decisions ministers apparently made in the past four days are truly frightening, given the complexity of the issues and the stark differences of position that various leaked texts have revealed.’
The new timeline suggests the parties may aim to conclude and sign the deal on the margins of the meeting of APEC trade ministers around April next year.
‘The burning question is whether they really can achieve it’, Kelsey said.
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AT&T subscribers can now get LTE service outside the U.S., but fantasies of watching HD video on a tropical beach will have to wait: They can only roam in Canada.
On Monday, AT&T announced a roaming agreement with Rogers Communications, which offers LTE service in 120 Canadian cities, stretching from Sydney, Nova Scotia (currently -4 degrees Celsius or 25 Fahrenheit) to Victoria, British Columbia (1 degree Celsius). AT&T said the deal is its first LTE roaming pact with a foreign carrier and the first for any U.S. carrier.
Rogers' LTE service comes with any of three AT&T Data Global Add-On packages, which include discounted rates in Canada and more than 150 other countries. The plans cost $30 per month for 120MB, $60 per month for 300MB or $120 per month for 800MB.
LTE roaming has been slow to get off the ground as mobile operators around the world roll out the 4G technology on a wide range of different spectrum bands. AT&T isn't the first carrier in the world to offer international LTE roaming. In February, TeliaSonera introduced LTE roaming for its Danish subscribers visiting Sweden. But 4G is still far from achieving the reach of 3G international roaming, though the growing number of bands supported on devices such as the Apple iPhone 5s and Samsung Galaxy S4 is helping to pave the way.
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Tens of thousands of German internet users have been sent threatening letters by a law firm apparently acting on behalf of a rights-holder, on the basis that they watched copyrighted material on the pornographic video-streaming site Redtube.
The letters, issued by law firm U + C on behalf of Swiss firm The Archive AG, demand €250 ($344) per watched clip. The films in question include titles such as “Hot Stories” and “Amanda’s Secrets.”
According to Stern, some lawyers suggest the court order that permitted these letters should not have been issued on the grounds that, while there is plenty of precedent for targeting those who unlawfully download copyright material, the law around viewing streams is far less well-defined. The situation is further complicated by the fact that it’s not clear to Redtube users whether content streamed over the service was legally uploaded or not.
As for how the viewers’ IP addresses were identified, that also remains a mystery for now. The itGuards “Gladii” software mentioned in court records is reportedly only designed for monitoring file-sharing networks. File-sharing is easier to monitor in this sense, as IP addresses are there for the harvesting unless the user deploys a VPN or proxy.
Some have suggested that users were targeted with malware that harvested their IP addresses. If so, this would be a new low for a particularly obnoxious facet of the copyright industry.
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There will be no Google data center in Hong Kong for the foreseeable future and the company will instead expand existing facilities in Singapore and Taiwan, according to the Wall Street Journal.
A Google spokesperson attributed the decision to the difficulty and expense of putting such a large facility in that crowded and space-constrained city. But, given U.S. concerns over Chinese censorship, and more recent tensions between China and the U.S. over Edward Snowden’s disclosures of NSA snooping, there might be more than real estate prices at play here.
Google announced plans to put a $300 million data center in Hong Kong two years ago and said it would be operational within 1 to 2 years. It appears that this is the data center that is being scrapped.
Here’s a map of Google’s data centers around the world:
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The 'education' tag, above, will lead you to all sorts of stories about educational institutions around the world that are incorporating Green ICT technologies and practices.
These range from the public universities in the United Kingdom to African schools in cleverly-configured shipping containers.
What is missing are signs of wide-spread adoption of Green ICT by America's colleges and universities even where 'green' is the focus.
A review of various 'green' lists illustrates the problem.
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Netflix has crowned the Netherlands as the country with the fastest video-streaming times, the company said in a blog post Monday.
After crunching its November Internet service provider data, Netflix determined that the European country really does have the fastest broadband. A faster connection means better picture quality and less interruptions. The company made the declaration when it launched the service in the Netherlands in September, and it says it now has the data to prove it.
Its November "Netflix ISP Speed Index," a monthly ranking of which service provider powers the best Netflix streaming, included the Netherlands for the first time. The country's broadband speed averages 3.16Mbps. Runners-up Sweden and Denmark followed with 2.83Mbps and 2.8Mbps, respectively. Mexico ranks last in its listings at 1.77Mbps, just below Ireland and the US. You can see the rest of the ranks here.
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After a build time of only three years and a budget of US$1 billion, the new Terminal 3 Building at Shenzhen Bao’an International Airport, designed by Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas, makes a dramatic architectural statement. This is the first airport project for the Rome-based architects and one intended to launch them into the frontline of high-design transport terminals.
The building runs 1.5 km (5,000 ft) in length, covering an internal area of half a million square meters (5.4 million sq ft). But its most striking achievement may be its unusual form, which the architects liken to a "manta ray," and its textured "double" skin.
As the home to the country’s fourth largest airport, and one that requires a visa for entry by foreign visitors, Shenzhen seems an unlikely site for such an eye-catching building. However, the project wears the sculptural design with the confidence of a major international hub, a sign of the city's growing prominence within China, but also of the country's continuing penchant for large-scale, high-profile architecture commissions,
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My big idea is not new. Nor is it, in the larger sense, mine. But it is an idea that will be one major focus of my work next year, and one in which I believe deeply. In 2014, we must turn the greatest collective challenge facing humankind today – climate change – into the greatest opportunity for common progress towards a sustainable future. Next year is the year for climate action.
We can delay no longer. Our hopes of eradicating poverty, achieving the Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015 and implementing an ambitious development agenda beyond 2015 rest on tackling this challenge now. The costs of inaction will only rise.
Countries have agreed to finalize an ambitious global legal agreement on climate change by 2015. But there is a steep climb ahead and 2014 is a pivotal year for generating the action and momentum that will propel us forward.
Ice caps are melting, sea levels are rising and the oceans are becoming more acidic. Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise – we e are the first humans ever to breathe air with 400 parts per million of carbon dioxide. Extreme weather events – heat waves, floods, droughts and tropical cyclones – are more frequent and severe.
We need look no further than the recent catastrophe in the Philippines. All around the world, people now face and fear the wrath of a warming planet.
The science is clear. Human activities are the dominant cause of climate change. We cannot blame nature.
I am deeply concerned that the scale of our actions is still insufficient to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius, the point where the most dangerous impacts of climate change are expected to take hold.
Yet I am also hopeful because I see gains on multiple fronts towards a low-carbon future. Many governments, businesses, community groups, women, youth and indigenous leaders are innovating and forging solutions.
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Hjelmeland Municipality in Ryfylke, Norway will be offered Altibox´s next generation high speed broadband. Municipal administration, public organizations, enterprises, households and cottage owners are offered a fiber network at a rate of 1 Gbit/s.
The goal is that everyone in the community will be able to get fiber network connected 2016, with the first customers being connected during the first half of 2014.
"Altibox will work with the municipality, looking at user behavior, deployment of municipal services, contributions to business and utilization of new learning channels for citizens. Hjelmeland will be a "laboratory" for high-speed broadband in Norway" , says CEO Stian Røisland in Fiber AS, responsible for building out the fiber Altibox to deliver their services.
The Norwegian Government has set a goal that all its citizens have access to broadband of at least 100/100 Mbit/s by 2017. The population of Hjelmeland are offered 1 Gbit/s, which is ten times that rate. Hjelmeland will contribute to meeting government targets for broadband coverage, and can contribute to several other objectives such as health, education and the delivery of municipal services.
Click headline to read more--
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