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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 8, 2020 12:28 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 1, 2020 4:31 AM
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The mucosal immune system is the largest component of the entire immune system, having evolved to provide protection at the main sites of infectious threat: the mucosae. As SARS-CoV-2 initially infects the upper respiratory tract, its first interactions with the immune system must occur predominantly at the respiratory mucosal surfaces, during both inductive and effector phases of the response. However, almost all studies of the immune response in COVID-19 have focused exclusively on serum antibodies and systemic cell-mediated immunity including innate responses. This article proposes that there is a significant role for mucosal immunity and for secretory as well as circulating IgA antibodies in COVID-19, and that it is important to elucidate this in order to comprehend especially the asymptomatic and mild states of the infection, which appear to account for the majority of cases. Moreover, it is possible that mucosal immunity can be exploited for beneficial diagnostic, therapeutic, or prophylactic purposes.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
November 26, 2020 8:21 AM
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The distal lung contains terminal bronchioles and alveoli that facilitate gas exchange. Three-dimensional in vitro human distal lung culture systems would strongly facilitate investigation of pathologies including interstitial lung disease, cancer, and SARS-CoV-2-associated COVID-19 pneumonia. We generated long-term feeder-free, chemically defined culture of distal lung progenitors as organoids derived from single adult human alveolar epithelial type II (AT2) or KRT5+ basal cells. AT2 organoids exhibited AT1 transdifferentiation potential while basal cell organoids developed lumens lined by differentiated club and ciliated cells. Single cell analysis of basal organoid KRT5+ cells revealed a distinct ITGA6+ITGB4+ mitotic population whose proliferation further segregated to a TNFRSF12Ahi subfraction comprising ~10% of KRT5+ basal cells, residing in clusters within terminal bronchioles and exhibiting enriched clonogenic organoid growth activity. Distal lung organoids were created with apical-out polarity to display ACE2 on the exposed external surface, facilitating SARS-CoV-2 infection of AT2 and basal cultures and identifying club cells as a novel target population. This long-term, feeder-free organoid culture of human distal lung, coupled with single cell analysis, identifies unsuspected basal cell functional heterogeneity and establishes a facile in vitro organoid model for human distal lung infections including COVID-19-associated pneumonia.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
November 18, 2020 3:53 AM
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Le virus responsable du syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère 2 (SARS-CoV-2) est un Betacoronavirus de la famille des Coronaviridae. Il est responsable de la maladie appelée Covid-19. Les premiers cas d’infection au SARS-CoV-2 ont été rapportés en décembre 2019, dans la province de Wuhan en Chine. Depuis, le virus s’est propagé sur tous les continents, provoquant une pandémie. Comme la majorité des virus respiratoires, le SARS-CoV-2 se transmet principalement par voie aérienne, sous forme de gouttelettes. Ces gouttelettes se déposent sur des surfaces et vecteurs inertes (« fomites »). Le virus peut ensuite être transmis par contact avec ces surfaces (OMS 2020). Il est donc crucial dans la lutte contre la propagation du virus de disposer de moyens de décontamination surfacique. Ce travail s’inscrit dans cet objectif d’évaluer l’efficacité virucide sur le SARS-CoV-2 de différents biocides appliqués à la décontamination de surface. Les laboratoires et hôpitaux utilisent le plus souvent des solutions commerciales, telles que l’Anioxy-Spray™, le Surfa’Safe™ (Laboratoires ANIOS) et le Septalkan™ (Alkapharm), pour la décontamination des objets et plans de travail selon une action volontaire, sous la forme d’une pulvérisation dirigée sur les surfaces à traiter. Toutes ces solutions sont indiquées comme étant efficaces sur les virus (Laboratoire ANIOS, n.d.; Laboratoires ANIOS, n.d.; Alkapharm, n.d.), selon les normes EN 14 476, EN 13 610 et EN 14 675. D’autres produits chimiques plus communs, que nous pourrions appeler «grand public», peuvent aussi présenter des propriétés biocides. Citons par exemple l’éthanol (principal principe actif du gel hydro-alcoolique), efficace en milieu liquide sur les coronavirus SARS-CoV-1 (responsable de l’épidémie de 2003), MERS-CoV (coronavirus du syndrome respiratoire du Moyen-Orient) et SARS-CoV-2 (Kratzel et al. 2020 ; Kariwa et al. 2004), l’Eau de Javel, à une concentration minimale de 500 ppm en chlore (Lai et al. 2005) ou bien encore le vinaigre d’alcool, à une concentration de 6 % en acidité (Rabenau et al. 2005) efficaces en phase liquide sur le SARS-CoV-1. Enfin, des biocides utilisés dans des secteurs non médicaux ou de laboratoire peuvent aussi être utiles dans la lutte contre le SARS-CoV-2. Il s’agit par exemple du Bactipal ELV™; une solution à base d’acide peracétique (5 %), de peroxyde d’hydrogène et d’acide acétique utilisée en horticulture (homologuée par le Ministère de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation). Il présente une activité virucide à une concentration finale de 2 % (JohnsonDiversey, n.d.). L’objectif du travail présenté ici n’est pas d’aboutir à une normalisation de ces produits biocides. Il s’agit pour nous de vérifier leur activité, déjà éprouvée contre d’autres micro-organismes, sur des dépôts de SARS-CoV-2 en suspension dans une matrice comportant deux niveaux d’interférents, décrits par la norme NF EN 14 675, représentatives de conditions réelles de travail ou de circonstances de la vie quotidienne (salissures ménagères par exemple). Toutes les études avec du virus vivant ont été réalisées dans un laboratoire de niveau de sécurité biologique 3 (NSB3) selon les recommandations de la SFM (SFM avril 2020). Le matériel et méthode détaillé est présenté en annexe de ce texte. Brièvement, 10 µL d’une suspension virale à 2×106 pfu/mL, soit 2×104 pfu, ont été déposés sur des cupules stériles en inox de 9 mm de diamètre. Cette concentration est une condition majorante par rapport à des niveaux de contamination observés dans des prélèvements humains et des prélèvements de surface en milieu hospitalier (Wölfel et al. 2020, Ong et al. 2020). Les dépôts ont été séchés à température ambiante pendant 40 minutes. Cette étape de séchage engendre une chute de titre viral de 1,2 ± 0,6 log10 . A l’issue du séchage, une solution biocide a été appliquée sur la surface de la cupule. Le tableau 1 récapitule les résultats de ces évaluations. La réduction du titre viral est calculée par rapport à la moyenne des titres viraux des contrôles non traités par le biocide, correspondant à un dépôt de 10 µL de suspension virale séché pendant 40 minutes en même temps que les dépôts des cupules traitées. Les cupules témoin ne reçoivent pas de biocide mais subissent le même temps de séchage que les cupules essais. Les conditions pour lesquelles aucune particule virale n’a pu être mise en évidence après traitement figurent dans les cases grisées.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 30, 2020 2:54 PM
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Preventing hot spots of COVID-19 transmission has emerged as a key challenge in the fight against the virus
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 25, 2020 2:50 PM
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Several of the nasal and oral rinses have been found to have a strong ability to neutralise human coronavirus, which suggests that these products may have the potential to reduce the amount of virus spread by people who are Covid-19 positive.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 22, 2020 2:21 PM
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Two separate studies have documented the persistence of antibodies that target SARS-CoV-2 in hundreds of patients with COVID-19 at least 3 months after symptom onset.Both studies point to the IgG class of antibodies as the longest-lasting antibodies detectable in the blood and saliva of patients ...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 13, 2020 4:59 AM
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It is of concern that the US$70 billion infant formula industry has been actively exploiting concerns about COVID-19 to increase sales, in violation of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (the Code)1 and national law in many countries.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
September 21, 2020 12:12 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
September 15, 2020 2:03 AM
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A key unsolved question in the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is the duration of acquired immunity. Insights from infections with the four seasonal human coronaviruses might reveal common characteristics applicable to all human coronaviruses. We monitored healthy individuals for more than 35 years and determined that reinfection with the same seasonal coronavirus occurred frequently at 12 months after infection. The durability of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unknown. Lessons from seasonal coronavirus infections in humans show that reinfections can occur within 12 months of initial infection, coupled with changes in levels of virus-specific antibodies.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
September 6, 2020 1:35 PM
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These findings show that one respiratory virus can block infection with another through stimulation of antiviral defences in the airway mucosa, supporting the idea that interference from rhinovirus disrupted the 2009 IAV pandemic in Europe. These results indicate that viral interference can potentially affect the course of an epidemic, and this possibility should be considered when designing interventions for seasonal influenza epidemics and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 27, 2020 7:45 AM
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Since the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many put their hopes in the rapid development of effective immunizations.As this intervention will n...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 26, 2020 7:57 AM
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Preclinical studies of a COVID-19 vaccine candidate at the University of Alabama at Birmingham show positive results that appear to distinguish this vaccine candidate from other vaccine candidates that are currently in advanced stages of clinical development, the Maryland-based Altimmune Inc.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
December 8, 2020 12:13 PM
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Studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA antibodies are more neutralising and therefore COVID vaccines should encourage an IgA response.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
November 30, 2020 2:53 PM
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Suggested by
LIGHTING
November 25, 2020 3:42 AM
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding of the fundamental processes underlying the versatile clinical manifestations of COVID-19 is incomplete without comprehension of how different immune cells are recruited to various compartments of virus-infected lungs, and how this recruitment differs among individuals with different levels of disease severity. As in other respiratory infections, leukocyte recruitment to the respiratory system in people with COVID-19 is orchestrated by specific leukocyte trafficking molecules, and when uncontrolled and excessive it results in various pathological complications, both in the lungs and in other organs. In the absence of experimental data from physiologically relevant animal models, our knowledge of the trafficking signals displayed by distinct vascular beds and epithelial cell layers in response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 is still incomplete. However, SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus elicit partially conserved inflammatory responses in the different respiratory epithelial cells encountered early in infection and may trigger partially overlapping combinations of trafficking signals in nearby blood vessels. Here, we review the molecular signals orchestrating leukocyte trafficking to airway and lung compartments during primary pneumotropic influenza virus infections and discuss potential similarities to distinct courses of primary SARS-CoV-2 infections. We also discuss how an imbalance in vascular activation by leukocytes outside the airways and lungs may contribute to extrapulmonary inflammatory complications in subsets of patients with COVID-19. These multiple molecular pathways are potential targets for therapeutic interventions in patients with severe COVID-19. In this Perspective, Alon and colleagues discuss how insights into immune cell trafficking during pneumotropic influenza virus infections may inform our understanding of immune cell recruitment to the respiratory tract in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Moreover, they examine the emerging knowledge of vascular pathologies beyond the lung caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
November 5, 2020 9:59 AM
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bioRxiv - the preprint server for biology, operated by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a research and educational institution
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 29, 2020 2:52 PM
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The SARS-CoV-2 immune response in human milk has not yet been examined, though protecting infants and young children from COVID-19 is critical for limiting community transmission, and preventing serious illness and death.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 22, 2020 2:25 PM
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Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Volume 87, July 2020, Pages 182-183 The role of IgA in COVID-19 Author links open overlay panel Show more View Abstract © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
October 15, 2020 2:25 PM
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
September 24, 2020 4:58 AM
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Summary We identified types of immune cells that contribute to clearing COVID‐19 during the acute phase of the infection in mouse model and human. Our results suggest that both innate and adaptive ...
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
September 21, 2020 12:10 PM
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Suggested by
Société Francaise d'Immunologie
September 11, 2020 3:23 PM
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Official site of The Week Magazine, offering commentary and analysis of the day's breaking news and current events as well as arts, entertainment, people and gossip, and political cartoons.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 28, 2020 9:19 AM
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COVID-19 patients with milder cases have more Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in their mucosa, according to Dartmouth researchers, including engineering professor Margie Ackerman.
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Scooped by
Gilbert C FAURE
August 26, 2020 7:59 AM
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Time: 7:00 AM Symbol: ALT Source: GlobeNewswire News Releases...
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