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Microeconomics: IB Economics

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March 26, 4:23 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 25, 8:00 PM

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Another Iran-based story, with the conflict increasing the demand for solar panels according to the CEO of Octopus Energy, Greg Jackson. Apparently, sales are up 50% since the conflict began.

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Economy

Microeconomics: IB Economics

A brief overview of relevant articles for IB, A-Level and Pre-U economists relating to microeconomic issues

Curated by Graham Watson

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April 7, 8:51 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - April 7, 6:06 AM

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There's the possibility of a massive takeover in the music industry, with investment vehicle, Pershing Square, offering $64bn to takeover Universal Music Group. It doesn't seem as though there's much rhyme or reason to the offer, other than the fact that its Chief Executive thinks that UMG is currently undervalued.

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April 6, 4:44 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - April 5, 9:09 PM

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Yet more uncertainty in the oil market, with oil prices rising a game on the back of President's remarkable outburst yesterday.

Uncertainty is not good for any market, not least the oil market.

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April 2, 6:47 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - April 1, 4:15 AM

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Estate agents are on the point of taking Rightmove to court, arguing that the online property portal is abusing a dominant position, something that's likely to attract Competition and Market Authority attention.

Certainly, Rightmove have monopoly power: the company's own research highlights that it has an 80% share of the online property market in terms of time spent in its website. It also has a 70% profit margin which implies it has the ability to earn abnormal profits too, its charges have risen dramatically and its brand name also represents a sizeable barrier to entry,

In short, watch this space - is it simply in the position because it's efficient or is it exploiting its monopoly.

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March 27, 12:43 PM

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Governments controlling prices? It has long been unthinkable – but may now be inevitable | Andy Beckett | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 27, 4:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Guardian columnist, Andy Beckett, presumably taking a break from selling Socialist Worker on Regent Street, makes the case for the government directly intervening in markets to set maximum prices.

He points to the examples of Mexico and Spain where successive governments have been more interventionist. In Mexico, apparently, the government has capped the price of 24 essential goods, although he hasn't said anything about the availability or quality of such goods. Similarly, Spain's centre-left government has already introduced a national rent freeze and established a body to be known as the Business Margins Observatory to oversee markets and deter profiteering.

I wonder if you could both make a case for such interventions, and, a similar case for opposing them? Think in terms of the effect on economic efficiency, and the opportunity cost of such interventions.

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March 27, 4:42 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - March 27, 2:00 AM

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The question of whether or not the net effect of disposable vapes. Clearly they play a role in reducing the number of smokers, although the evidence of any negative externalities from vaping hasn't emerged to the same degree. Where there is a stronger body of evidence is about the negative externalities generated by the waste created, with 6m vapes and pods discarded weekly in the UK, and that represents a 23% fall on 2025.

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March 26, 10:56 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - March 26, 7:49 AM

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Evidence of the extent to which the UK's water companies are responsible for generating negative externalities, with news that there were nearly 300,000 sewage pollution incidents last year, albeit that's a reduction on the previous year. The companies will claim that they are investing record amounts into stopping this sort of thing; however, if I were caught emptying my rubbish bins into your garden I'd be liable for criminal prosecution.

Economics is all about incentives, and yes, I accept that the equilibrium level of sewage spills isn't zero; it occurs where the marginal cost of investment in the sewage network equals the marginal benefit. However, stiffer penalties for water company executives would focus the mind slightly more, I feel.

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March 26, 4:22 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 25, 9:51 PM

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Is this the first Iran-induced government intervention? The government is investing £100m in a Teesside site manufacturing carbon dioxide, a key part of fertiliser and food and drink manufacturing.

It's thought to be a response to the closure of the Strait of Hormuz and the possibility of ongoing shortages of fertiliser.

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March 24, 2:14 PM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - August 6, 2021 2:15 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

You could look at this from a number of angles, derived demand, the impact of the price cap - or the Energy Price Guarantee if you prefer, or, you could just consider the implications of higher energy costs for the wider macroeconomy. The choice is yours!

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March 24, 4:32 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - March 23, 8:01 PM

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At last, a break from oil-related D&S stories: good news for domestic wine production. Last summer saw a bumper harvest for English and Welsh winemakers, and presumably this might even see prices fall.

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March 24, 4:26 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 24, 3:20 AM

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The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) have ruled that vets' prescription charges will be capped at £21, and that all vets must publish price lists for the treatments and make customers aware that cheaper treatments might be available online. It's all part of an attempt to increase transparency in the sector in the wake of allegations of overcharging.

Of course, the sector itself, increasingly owned by private equity companies, denies that it's overcharging but you only have to look at what's happened to veterinary bills relative to inflation in the past decade.

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March 23, 11:52 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - March 23, 10:10 AM

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French giant Danone have announced the 1 billion euro buyout of UK nutrition firm Huel. The French company is looking to expand into the growing functional nutrition market, and the acquisition of the brand will help it do so.

According to the article, Huel "made £13.8m in pre-tax profit on revenues of £214m in 2024, according to its latest annual accounts at Companies House. Revenues rose to more than £250m the following year, with profit margins of about 10%."

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March 23, 4:30 AM

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Starmer adviser urges ministers to look at profits cap for energy and petrol firms | Energy industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 22, 8:02 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

And one of the interventions that the government might take is to cap the profits of energy and petrol companies to stop them profiteering from the Iran war. It will be interesting to see if this is something that the government does and, if so, how it goes about this.

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March 22, 4:45 AM

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‘Liquid gold’: heating oil thefts rise in Northern Ireland as Iran war sends prices soaring | Energy bills | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 21, 10:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Unsurprisingly, this Sunday's 'scoops' appear to be all Iran-focused. This one highlights the unintended consequences of the conflict, and the role of incentives in determining economic activity.

Apparently, the Iran conflict has seen an increase in heating oil thefts in Northern Ireland. I suspect it's not a location-specific crime.

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April 6, 1:45 PM

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Thousands of small UK firms’ energy bills set to more than double due to Iran war | Small business | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - April 6, 6:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The Federation of Small Businesses has reported that around 7% of its members getting their heating via heating oil and that their energy costs have doubled since the start of the Iran conflict. As a result, a number of them are already rationing consumption, and their costs have risen. And yet, unlike households, these companies are not eligible for government support.

Is that economically sensible? Well, much as I have sympathy for them, I would point out that risk is an essential part of running a business and that there are plenty of alternative fuel sources.

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April 2, 7:06 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - April 2, 5:58 AM

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The Guardian is reporting that Thames Water believes itself to be close to agreeing a deal with its creditors that will keep it out of state ownership, and stop it being renationalised. The precise terms of the deal are unclear but the company are hoping to avoid being fined by the regulator, OFWAT.

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April 2, 6:40 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 31, 7:01 PM

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Back at it; this is a standard minimum price - although in this case it's a wage floor, not a price floor. However, yesterday saw the minimum wage rise by 50p per hour to £12.71 for workers aged 21 and over, for 18 to 20 year olds it's now £10.85 and under 18s and apprentices will get £8 per hour.

The introduction of a minimum wage was feared because intuitively it should cost jobs, but there's relatively little evidence of this. However, perhaps this is because of the level at which it was initially set and many now think that it's starting to bite with some businesses suggesting that it is now costing jobs.

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March 27, 12:12 PM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 27, 8:36 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

I love this sort of article - the outrage of Asda boss, Allan Leighton, in response to government suggestions that petrol retailers might be price gouging, and profiteering at customers' expense. That's never happened, Allan.

There's no empirical evidence of that in any way shape or form, and there's no Competition and Markets Authority scrutiny of the petrol retailing sector in the wake of its response to the Ukraine war, nor would the market structure of the sector lend itself to this sort of behaviour.

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March 27, 4:34 AM

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Five firms including Autotrader and Just Eat investigated over fake review failings | Competition and Markets Authority | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 27, 4:01 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This article highlights the importance of perfect information to the efficient functioning of markets and the Competition and Markets Authority's concerns about the extent to which five firms are failing to tackle fake reviews. The firms named include Autotrader, JustEast, funeral services operator Dignity, the review company Feefo and the restaurant chain Pasta Evangelists.

In all cases, there's a suggestion that reviews have been doctored - either excluding 1-star reviews or getting staff to write inflated reviews. It's clearly attempting to manipulate the market and act against consumers' interests.

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March 26, 4:23 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 25, 8:00 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Another Iran-based story, with the conflict increasing the demand for solar panels according to the CEO of Octopus Energy, Greg Jackson. Apparently, sales are up 50% since the conflict began.

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March 25, 4:15 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 24, 9:35 PM

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Geopolitics and the oil price. Again. D&S.

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March 24, 4:35 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - March 23, 8:01 PM

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Whilst the government is bringing in new regulations to limit the amount of carbon produce by new homes from 2028, there's a degree of discontent at the fact that they've relaxed rules on one or two aspects of new homes, not least the issue of whether or not they should all be fitted with heat pumps. As ever, trade-offs are involved with critics suggesting that developers pursuit of profit trumps environmental objectives.

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March 24, 4:30 AM

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Japan to begin biggest-ever oil release from national reserves as Middle East energy crisis bites | Japan | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 24, 12:36 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Japanese PM Sanae Takaichi has announced the release of 80m barrels of oil from national reserves to try and calm Japanese energy markets and keep fuel prices low. Total Japanese reserves were 470m barrels. so whilst there's no immediate need to panic, it's worth bearing in mind that Japan is resource-poor and reliant upon the Middle East for 90% of its energy needs.

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March 24, 4:22 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 23, 8:31 PM

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Economics is all about incentives - so one wonders why oil and natural gas producers are currently so keen to get more of the stuff out of the ground?

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March 23, 6:52 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - March 23, 2:03 AM

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This article looks at the market for weight-loss drugs and notes the extent to which prices of the available products have fallen over time. According to the article, "A starting dose of Wegovy is now available to self-pay patients for just $149 a month, compared with a list price of more than $1,600 a month when it first launched".

The reason for the price cuts is self-evident - an increase in competition, which has made demand for the individual brands of weight-loss drug more elastic. However, there's also been a change in how the products are sold - whereas previously such drugs would be price as a result of negotiations between their manufacturers and health insurance companies, they're now increasingly sold direct to the final consumer, making pricing more transparent.

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March 22, 4:50 AM

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‘It’s stupid’: why western carmakers’ retreat from electric risks dooming them to irrelevance | Automotive industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - March 21, 8:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This, for me, is the article of the weekend - looking at the implications of the Iran conflict for car manufacturers, noting that the inability of established Western manufacturers to adapt to the increased demand for electric cars jeopardises their future.

This article investigates how European manufacturers have seemingly taken their eye off the ball.

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Microeconomics: IB Economics

Universal Music Group gets $64bn takeover offer from Bill Ackman's Pershing Square

Oil prices choppy after expletive-laden Trump threat to Iran

Estate agents accuse Rightmove of charging excessive fees

Governments controlling prices? It has long been unthinkable – but may now be inevitable | Andy Beckett | The Guardian

More than 6m vapes and pods discarded weekly in UK despite single-use ban, study finds | Vaping | The Guardian

Sewage released into England’s rivers and seas nearly 300,000 times last year | Water | The Guardian

Government to reopen CO2 plant in Iran war contingency plan

Energy bills: What is happening to gas and electricity prices?

English and Welsh winemakers report sharp rise in production in 2025 | Food & drink industry | The Guardian

Vet prescription fees to be capped at £21

Idris Elba-backed firm Huel bought by Danone in €1bn deal | Food & drink industry | The Guardian

Starmer adviser urges ministers to look at profits cap for energy and petrol firms | Energy industry | The Guardian

‘Liquid gold’: heating oil thefts rise in Northern Ireland as Iran war sends prices soaring | Energy bills | The Guardian

Thousands of small UK firms’ energy bills set to more than double due to Iran war | Small business | The Guardian

Thames Water ‘close to deal that would spare it new Ofwat fines until 2030’ | Thames Water | The Guardian

Minimum wage rises to £12.71 an hour as firms warn of impact

Petrol price above 150p a litre for first time in nearly two years

Five firms including Autotrader and Just Eat investigated over fake review failings | Competition and Markets Authority | The Guardian

Octopus Energy boss: We've seen a 50% rise in solar panel sales since start of war in Iran

Oil price falls as Trump talks up Iran peace negotiations

Ministers delay new rules for low-carbon housing in England | Energy efficiency | The Guardian

Japan to begin biggest-ever oil release from national reserves as Middle East energy crisis bites | Japan | The Guardian

UK must back North Sea oil and gas drilling, says trade body

The cutthroat battle for the US weight-loss drug market

‘It’s stupid’: why western carmakers’ retreat from electric risks dooming them to irrelevance | Automotive industry | The Guardian