Microeconomics: IB Economics
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November 21, 2024 9:38 AM
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Iceland’s shorter working week has been a huge success – and it’s changed my family’s life | María Hjálmtýsdóttir | The Guardian

Iceland’s shorter working week has been a huge success – and it’s changed my family’s life | María Hjálmtýsdóttir | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - November 21, 2024 2:00 AM
For 90% of working Icelanders, a 36-hour week means less stress, more job satisfaction and time to enjoy life beyond work, says teacher María Hjálmtýsdóttir
Graham Watson's insight:

This article is largely anecdotal: it looks at the life of one Icelandic teacher and how a shorter working week - 36 hours instead of 40 hours has affected the economy. The conclusion? It's increased productivity, reduced stress, increased job satisfaction and had many, many more benefits for both the individuals and the wider economy. 

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Microeconomics: IB Economics
Economy
A brief overview of relevant articles for IB, A-Level and Pre-U economists relating to microeconomic issues
Curated by Graham Watson
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Scooped by Graham Watson
Today, 3:26 PM
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Trump suggests US taxpayers could reimburse oil firms for Venezuela investment | Oil | The Guardian

Trump suggests US taxpayers could reimburse oil firms for Venezuela investment | Oil | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - Today, 5:45 AM
President says a ‘tremendous amount of money’ will need to be spent repairing country’s infrastructure
Graham Watson's insight:

For a man who claims he's a leading businessman and the author of the infamous "The Art of the Deal", there's some pretty poor economic understanding here. 

 

The President has said that oil firms are going to have to invest massive amounts in Venezuela to repair the country's infrastructure, and  "and then they’ll get reimbursed by us or through revenue”. Pardon? Firms are going to invest on the basis that they are then going to be "reimbursed" by the taxpayer?

 

You might want to think about the concepts that you might apply here; it represents an odd view of the nature of entrepreneurship, and introduces the concept of moral hazard too. 

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Today, 7:24 AM
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Aldi and Lidl grab record Christmas sales share as Asda and Co-op slide | Supermarkets | The Guardian

Aldi and Lidl grab record Christmas sales share as Asda and Co-op slide | Supermarkets | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - Today, 4:43 AM
Shoppers hit by rising bills switch to discount chains, supermarket own-label products and buying fewer items
Graham Watson's insight:

This shouldn't come as a surprise, given the macroeconomic environment, but once again the discounters have increased sales and gained market share at the expense of established grocery retailers like Asda and Co-op. It might also suggest something about brand perception too.

 

You should be able to apply the concepts of PED and YED to help explain this, and it might get you thinking about whether the discounters are going to displace some established supermarkets in the long-term.

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Today, 3:25 AM
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Electric car discounts are unsustainable, warns industry group

Electric car discounts are unsustainable, warns industry group | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - January 5, 7:02 PM
The SMMT warned of a growing gap between consumer demand and the government's ambitions for EVs.
Graham Watson's insight:

The Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) has warned that, although sales of electric cars are increasing, car manufacturers are both failing to hit existing targets, and, in doing so, having to offer unsustainable discounts.

 

He's effectively lobbying for a relaxation of the targets, although he suggests that the targets should be relaxed in the face of changed external circumstances. The Zero Emission Vehicles Mandate (ZEV Mandate) is currently under review and the lack of certainty as a consequence may well be having an adverse effect on the sector.  

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January 5, 10:07 AM
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Junk food TV and online advert ban comes into force

Junk food TV and online advert ban comes into force | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - January 4, 10:45 AM
Soft drinks, chocolate, pizzas and ice creams will be targeted in the UK government's plan.
Graham Watson's insight:

Today sees the start of a TV and online advertising ban on the promotion of soft drinks, chocolate, pizzas and ice cream before 9.00pm, with the intention of reducing childhood obesity. Supporters of the ban will argue that such adverts distort consumer rationality, promote imperfect information and do so in a way that appeals to the most vulnerable, children, in this case. 

 

Critics will argue that the costs of the ban will outweigh the benefits and that such a ban is restricting free choice. It's certainly far from a cut and dried case that the intervention is a good thing, and it will be interesting to see if it has much affect on children's consumption patterns. 

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January 1, 11:05 AM
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EU’s new ‘green tariff’ rules on high-carbon goods come into force | Environment | The Guardian

EU’s new ‘green tariff’ rules on high-carbon goods come into force | Environment | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - January 1, 12:00 AM
The ‘border adjustment mechanism’ aims to create a level playing field while also encouraging decarbonisation
Graham Watson's insight:

This article looks at the introduction of the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) that looks to offset different levels of environmental regulation and encourage decarbonisation. It means that, for example, imports of Chinese steel will be subject to an environmental levy in an attempt to create a level playing field, and make EU steel producers more competitive as a result.  

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January 1, 10:54 AM
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Energy price cap rises slightly as temperatures fall

Energy price cap rises slightly as temperatures fall | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - December 31, 2025 7:03 PM
Millions of households in England, Wales and Scotland are seeing a slight rise in energy bills in the new year.
Graham Watson's insight:

Today sees a marginal increase in energy prices, with the average household expecting to pay an extra £3 per year for their energy as a result of the Energy Price Guarantee. 

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December 22, 2025 10:29 AM
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Fuel profit margins still persistently high, says watchdog

Fuel profit margins still persistently high, says watchdog | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - December 22, 2025 6:47 AM
The consumer watchdog says weak competition between retailers is keeping profit margins up.
Graham Watson's insight:

A Competition and Markets Authority report into the state of the petrol retail market has concluded that profit margins in the sector are still high by relative standards, despite the falling price of petrol.

 

Of course, the retailers themselves contest this - with the Petrol Retailers Association suggesting that falling prices are indicative of "healthy competition", and rising costs elsewhere.

 

However, have a think about the nature of the market - it doesn't resemble a perfectly competitive market, and the competition authorities are going to try to stimulate more competition via the creation of a fuel finder scheme that will indicate where the cheapest fuel can be bought.

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December 22, 2025 10:19 AM
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Uber and Lyft partner with China's Baidu to trial UK robotaxis

Uber and Lyft partner with China's Baidu to trial UK robotaxis | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - December 22, 2025 9:08 AM
Baidu's Apollo Go robotaxis have already accrued millions of driverless rides in cities worldwide.
Graham Watson's insight:

The prospect of autonomous taxis on London's streets appears to have become closer, with the news that Uber and Lyft are partnering with Baidu to trial the vehicles. 

 

But is this a good thing? Will the technology work as planned and might it also increase pollution in the capital? 

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December 17, 2025 1:28 PM
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UK to bring forward review of EV sales targets from 2027 to next year | Automotive industry | The Guardian

UK to bring forward review of EV sales targets from 2027 to next year | Automotive industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 17, 2025 5:41 AM
Ministers hint at further relaxation of zero emission mandate but say will not follow EU move to dilute 2035 petrol cars ban
Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though the UK is about to follow the EU in relaxing EV sales targets, and is bringing forward its review of the sector to next year, in the hope of improving clarity and plotting a way forward.

 

The hope is that there might be further allowances made for selling hybrid vehicles as well as EVs, although the current pledge is that they won't be diluting the 2035 petrol car sales ban.  

 

 

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December 16, 2025 10:40 AM
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UK fuel retailers urged to pass on savings as oil prices fall below $60 a barrel | Petrol prices | The Guardian

UK fuel retailers urged to pass on savings as oil prices fall below $60 a barrel | Petrol prices | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 16, 2025 9:14 AM
Pump prices ‘stuck’ despite cost of oil falling amid prospect of peace in Ukraine, say experts
Graham Watson's insight:

Aha! The return of accusations of rocket and feather pricing, with petrol retailers not reducing prices as the price of oil falls below $60 per barrel. The suggestion is that, as Keynes suggested, prices are sticky downwards, as firms look to eke out extra profit as their costs fall. 

 

They, of course, will argue that price will stay higher because they've forward bought the fuel that's currently being sold at a higher price, but this rather implies that they want to have their cake and eat - and shift all of this risk onto the consumer. 

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December 15, 2025 2:50 PM
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Spain to launch €60 monthly nationwide public transport pass | Spain | The Guardian

Spain to launch €60 monthly nationwide public transport pass | Spain | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 15, 2025 1:32 PM
Bus and train initiative comes as government struggles to survive corruption and sexual harassment allegations
Graham Watson's insight:

Spain's following the German lead in introducing a flat fee to use public transport, with a 60 euro a month flat charge for middle distance and suburban trains and national buses. The government claim that it's going to revolutionize public transport and reduce monthly travel costs by up to 60% for some. The one downside? The plan's not been publicly costed yet. 

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December 15, 2025 6:56 AM
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Don’t use ‘boilerplate’ reasons to justify big executive pay rises, UK firms warned | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian

Don’t use ‘boilerplate’ reasons to justify big executive pay rises, UK firms warned | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 14, 2025 10:00 AM
Investment Association, influential group of shareholders, urges pay committees to avoid ‘benchmarking’
Graham Watson's insight:

One of my favourite topics - executive pay - is in the spotlight again, with the Investment Association warning that firms should avoid benchmarking to justify increasing executive remuneration. Their warning is supported by the High Pay Centre, who clearly feel that far from being the competitive market that we try to portray, it's far from that. 

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December 14, 2025 6:07 AM
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Geothermal energy’s massive leap forward

From www.youtube.com - December 13, 2025 10:00 AM

Could geothermal soon overtake nuclear power? Vijay Vaitheeswaran, our Global energy & climate innovation editor and winner of the Energy Writer of the Year Award 2025, speaks to Alok Jha, host of the Babbage podcast, about long-neglected geothermal energy and the new suite of technologies that could finally see it rolled out across the world.

Graham Watson's insight:

The Economist looks at how new technology could revolutionize geothermal energy production, and see it become a viable source of power. At present, it contributes less than 1% of global energy but this could be on the point of changing and make it more widely available. Currently, it's a major source of power in Iceland, but nowhere else. 

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Today, 7:28 AM
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The Guardian view on the junk food advertising ban: shaping tastes is a job for government | Editorial | The Guardian

The Guardian view on the junk food advertising ban: shaping tastes is a job for government | Editorial | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - January 5, 2:04 PM
Editorial: Weight-loss drugs cannot solve the problem of poor diet. Ministers are right to demand healthier food and promotions
Graham Watson's insight:

The Guardian takes a stand on the intervention to ban junk food advertising, arguing that it is the place of the government to shape consumer tastes and that they shouldn't be left to the free market in all cases. 

 

This is both unsurprising, given the source, but runs contrary to economic theory which suggests that the market has created its own solution to the problem of obesity. If only life were that simple: you could argue that weight loss drugs tackle some but not all social costs and that if the state is having to prescribe weight-loss drugs then it is still bearing the majority of the social costs. I suspect that this won't appeal to libertarians who bridle at restricting  freedom of choice.

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Today, 3:32 AM
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FTSE 100 CEOs earn more than average worker’s yearly pay by noon on 6 January | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian

FTSE 100 CEOs earn more than average worker’s yearly pay by noon on 6 January | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - Today, 12:00 AM
High Pay Centre calculates bosses will pass milestone on third working day of 2026 with median pay of £1,353 an hour
Graham Watson's insight:

Your annual reminder from the High Pay Centre of the extent to which executive pay is utterly ridiculous, with FTSE 100 CEOs having earned more than the average worker by Tuesday lunchtime. Not bad work if you can get it, assuming that most CEOs have only been working since Monday morning; I don't think the assumption that they started on 2 January is a credible one.

 

I'd love to be able to tell you that this is explicable with the help of economic theory, unfortunately, MRPL theory falls a long way short of this. And yet we're still obliged to teach it.  

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January 5, 10:10 AM
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Trump wants Venezuela's oil. Will his plan work?

Trump wants Venezuela's oil. Will his plan work? | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - January 4, 10:58 AM
Donald Trump has said that American oil firms will invest billions to produce oil in Venezuela.
Graham Watson's insight:

Aside from the macroeconomic implications of increased US investment in Venezuela, and the implications of this for its macroeconomic performance, this article is of interest to me because of what it implies about the price elasticity of supply of oil, and thus the immediate effects upon the global oil market. 

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January 4, 10:35 AM
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Battery electric cars will overtake diesels in Great Britain by 2030, analysis suggests | Automotive industry | The Guardian

Battery electric cars will overtake diesels in Great Britain by 2030, analysis suggests | Automotive industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - January 4, 10:00 AM
London predicted to be the first UK city to go diesel-free, largely because of the ultra-low emission zone
Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though the demise of diesel cars is going to be ensured by 2030, with electric cars likely to overtake diesel cars by 2030, with London likely to be leading the way. This has implications for levels of air pollution as well as the current account because we import almost all of our diesel. 

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January 1, 11:01 AM
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Oil prices record steepest annual fall since Covid pandemic | Oil | The Guardian

Oil prices record steepest annual fall since Covid pandemic | Oil | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - January 1, 8:06 AM
After biggest loss for producers since 2020 the slide could continue, with global output expected to remain high
Graham Watson's insight:

If you read this article, you should be able to work out the demand and supply-side factors that contributed to the 20% fall in oil prices over 2025. 

 

And yet, it seems as though petrol prices have failed to keep up, something that the regulator has already shown an interest in, and will continue to do so. 

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December 28, 2025 3:08 PM
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Elon Musk warns of impact of record silver prices before China limits exports | Silver | The Guardian

Elon Musk warns of impact of record silver prices before China limits exports | Silver | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 28, 2025 10:24 AM
Metal ‘needed in many industrial processes’, says Tesla boss as supply fears grow over price surge and new rules
Graham Watson's insight:

A genius has spoken; we should all pay heed. That said, in this instance, Elon Musk is right that the increasing price of silver is problematic in that it increases costs for a number of tech firms - not least because the price of metal has leapt from $29 per ounce to $79 per ounce over the course of the year. 

 

The demand for silver as an asset has surged, meaning that the derived demand for silver as a factor input now faces price increases. It is part of a commodity cycle that has seen platinum prices rise by 170% over the year. 

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December 22, 2025 10:23 AM
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Gold and silver hit records as investors hunt for safety

Gold and silver hit records as investors hunt for safety | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - December 22, 2025 5:33 AM
Investors are flocking to precious metals amid geopolitical tensions and expectations of more US interest rate cuts.
Graham Watson's insight:

D&S, markets in action, and proof that assets provide a substitute for other forms of investment when the macroeconomic environment is uncertain. 

 

Indeed, as the article, notes the gold price has gone up by 68% this year, as demand for the precious metal has significantly increased. 

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December 18, 2025 1:57 AM
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The Guardian view on another green U-turn in Brussels: going slow on car-industry targets is a road to nowhere | Editorial | The Guardian

The Guardian view on another green U-turn in Brussels: going slow on car-industry targets is a road to nowhere | Editorial | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 17, 2025 1:40 PM
Editorial: The European Commission’s proposals to water down a 2035 ban on new petrol and diesel cars will store up major problems for the future
Graham Watson's insight:

The Guardian's take on the decision to slow the adoption of the Zero Emission Vehicle mandate and ban the sale of new petrol and diesel cars suggests that the European Commission is in hock to a car industry that's struggling to compete in the EV market with Chinese rivals. They suggest that relaxing the ban might be counter-productive in reducing the incentives for them to change and will only allow a legacy industry to linger on in a form that's not compatible with climate change objectives. 

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December 17, 2025 2:45 AM
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Warner Bros to reject $108bn Paramount bid, reports say

Warner Bros to reject $108bn Paramount bid, reports say | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.bbc.co.uk - December 16, 2025 9:32 PM
Warner Bros will reportedly advise its shareholders to vote against the offer as early as Wednesday.
Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though the Warner Bros saga isn't going to be speedily resolved with the news that the company are advising shareholders to reject the Paramount bid, and some suggestions that the backers of the original bid, including the President's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, might have pulled out of the bid too.

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December 16, 2025 10:37 AM
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EU to water down landmark ban on new petrol and diesel cars | Automotive industry | The Guardian

EU to water down landmark ban on new petrol and diesel cars | Automotive industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 16, 2025 9:30 AM
Move lets 10% of cars escape zero-emissions ban beyond 2035 after heavy pressure from car industry and some EU states
Graham Watson's insight:

No surprise here, with the EU watering down its 2035 ban on the sale of petrol and diesel cars, so that it will permit 10% of new cars to be non-electric. One wonders whether this is driven by economics, or by lobbying, given the lack of competitiveness of established European manufacturers in this particular part of the market. 

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December 15, 2025 2:47 PM
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Chances of EU trucking industry hitting zero emissions targets are dire, says industry body | Environment | The Guardian

Chances of EU trucking industry hitting zero emissions targets are dire, says industry body | Environment | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 15, 2025 9:02 AM
Only 10,000 out of economic bloc’s 6m trucks are electric and are more likely to be operating on short routes
Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though there's no chance of the EU's trucking industry meeting its commitment to zero emissions given the small number of electric trucks in the bloc: 10,000 out of 6m trucks are electric; there's only 1 HGV charging point in the UK, for example. 

 

The data is stark: "Under current targets, 43% of Europe’s HGV fleet must be electric by 2030, 65% by 2035 and 90% by 2040, with fines for manufacturers who fail to meet fleet-wide CO2 targets. At the moment, fewer than 2% of new HGV registrations are electrically chargeable trucks." 

 

Realistically, there's no chance of achieving these targets at present. 

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December 15, 2025 6:16 AM
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UK house prices ‘could rise by up to 4% in 2026 as interest rates fall’ | House prices | The Guardian

UK house prices ‘could rise by up to 4% in 2026 as interest rates fall’ | House prices | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it
From www.theguardian.com - December 15, 2025 3:27 AM
City watchdog the FCA announces plans to help first-time buyers and self-employed get on the property ladder
Graham Watson's insight:

This could be Micro- or Macroeconomic but I'm looking at the demand and supply factors that are likely to increase house prices next year, with falling mortgage rates likely to boost demand and, potentially, the prospect of the economy picking up mean that demand for housing will increase, and so will prices. 

 

This increase in affordability might also perk up consumer confidence and drive wider economic growth too. 

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