Emeline Boyer, Carine Clavaguéra et leurs collaborateurs viennent de publier un article dans The Journal of Physical Chemistry B "Modeling the Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy of Phenylcyclohexanediol Solvated in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Using Polarizable Molecular Dynamics". Ce travail se place dans le cadre du projet ANR Dichrosol (ISMO, ICP, LIPhy, CPCV).

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Modeling vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra in solution remains a complex task due to the intricate interactions involved. Recent advances in computational chemistry, particularly the implementation of polarizable force fields, have greatly improved the description of environmental effects in classical molecular dynamics simulations. In this study, we use the AMOEBA polarizable model to calculate VCD spectra through the expression of the electric and magnetic dipole moments developed recently [Bowles, J. . ChemPhysChem 2024, 25, e202300982.] in combination with the use of induced dipole models. This methodology enables the reliable treatment of flexible molecules and has been applied to the 1-Phenyl-1,2-Cyclohexanediol (PC) molecule solvated in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The computed infrared and VCD spectra provide detailed insights into molecular conformations and solute–solvent interactions. An in-depth investigation was conducted into the possible effects of system size, concentration, and spectral convergence. Comparison with experimental vibrational frequencies in deuterated solvent further supports the interpretation of spectral features, although residual differences in the spectral shifts and broadenings prove to be challenging for theory, especially in the case of VCD.

Souad Abou Zeid, Liran Hu, Samy Remita et leurs collaborateurs ont récemment publié un article dans Materials Chemistry Frontiers "Radiolytic synthesis of rGO–PEDOT nanohybrids with enhanced functional properties"

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Hybrid reduced graphene oxide–poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (rGO–PEDOT) nanocomposites were synthesized via green gamma-radiolysis under ambient conditions, without dopants or catalysts. Three distinct synthesis routes—including one-step simultaneous radiation induced reduction of aqueous graphene oxide (GO) and EDOT monomers and two-step approaches involving the reduction of GO in the presence of pre-formed PEDOT oligomers or polymers—were explored to assess the impact of absorbed dose and polymerization stage on the physicochemical and functional properties of the resulting materials. Extensive characterization techniques revealed that gamma-irradiation promotes effective GO reduction and controlled PEDOT polymerization, leading to significant band gap narrowing, enhanced structural ordering, and substantial increase in the carbon-to-oxygen atomic ratio (from 3.7 to 9.3) indicative of effective reduction and improved conjugation within the nanocomposites. Visual evolution confirmed kinetic-controlled composite formation, yielding hydrogel-like aggregates. Morphological analyses showed well-dispersed PEDOT on rGO sheets, contributing to improved thermal stability, enhanced optoelectronic properties and superior electrochemical performance. The composites exhibited enhanced specific capacitances up to ∼248 F g−1, surpassing many reported PEDOT-based materials, attributed to the synergistic combination of rGO's conductive network and PEDOT's pseudocapacitance. This green, catalyst-free, and scalable methodology offers a promising platform for fabricating multifunctional hybrid materials with potential applications in flexible electronics, energy storage devices, and sensing technologies.

Roland Thissen et ses collaborateurs ont récemment publié un article dans Icarus "Ion induced formation of complex organic nitrogen molecules in solid-phase adenine"

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Complex organic molecules have been found in many space environments like meteorites and comets. There, they are subjected to various forms of radiation (photons, electrons, ions), opening the question of their behavior and chemical evolution, which may have played a crucial role in chemical processes of astrobiological interest. In this study, we investigate the irradiation of adenine (CHN) with oxygen and neon ions. The free parameters of the experiments include varying energies (30-70 keV), temperatures (150, 300 K), sample thicknesses (138-554 nm), and ion fluences (0.69-5  10 ions cm). In situ IR spectroscopy reveals the appearance of CN and N=C=N bands indicating the formation of new species. Ex situ ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry shows the formation of new complex organic molecules that far exceed the molecular mass of adenine. These macromolecules show great chemical diversity and can be expressed as (HCN)R families, where z can reach 14 and R can be C, H, N, NH, CH or CN. In total, nearly 100 individual families have been identified, 28 of which can be found in every irradiated sample. Their aromaticity equivalent is higher than that in other N-rich samples such as Titan tholins and HCN-polymers, corresponding to polycyclic aromatic nitrogen-bearing hydrocarbons. The high amount of nitrogen in these molecules indicates a very efficient incorporation of nitrogen in the solid phase during the irradiation of adenine. The ease with which complex organic matter forms through irradiation highlights the relevance of these species in space environments.

Souad Abou Zeid, Liran Hu, Samy Remita et leurs collaborateurs ont publié un article dans Materials Chemistry Frontiers "Gamma-induced one-step synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticles with enhanced properties".

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This study presents a novel gamma-induced one-pot synthesis of reduced graphene oxide–silver nanoparticle (rGO–Ag NPs) nanocomposites. Syntheses were conducted in a deoxygenated aqueous medium containing 0.2 g L−1 graphene oxide (GO), silver ions (10−3 or 10−2 mol L−1), and 0.2 mol L−1 isopropanol at ambient temperature and pressure. Multi-technique characterization confirmed the reduction of GO and silver ions, forming nanocomposites with significantly improved physicochemical and electrochemical properties compared to pristine GO, rGO alone, and rGO–Ag NPs prepared by other methods. UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy revealed tunable optical properties, while UPS measurements provided insights into the energy band structure, highlighting interactions between rGO and Ag NPs that enhance electronic properties. XPS and ATR-FTIR confirmed the successful reduction processes. SEM–EDX analyses demonstrated uniform silver nanoparticle distribution on rGO sheets. The C/O ratio significantly increased after irradiation, with values of 10.8 and 9.6 for composites synthesized with 10−3 and 10−2 mol L−1 in silver ions, respectively, compared to 11.2 for rGO alone. Raman spectroscopy showed a lower intensity ratio (ID/IG) between D and G bands (1.18 for nanocomposites vs. 1.40 for rGO), indicating fewer structural defects. Improved thermal stability was evidenced by reduced weight loss (10%) at 300–800 °C. Electrochemical studies revealed exceptional specific capacitance values of 218 F g−1 (10−3 mol L−1 Ag+ at 50 kGy) and 298 F g−1 (10−2 mol L−1 Ag+ at 70 kGy), surpassing the 125.4 F g−1 for rGO alone. These findings highlight the potential of gamma-induced synthesis for producing rGO–Ag NPs nanocomposites for high-performance supercapacitor applications.

Meriem Baziz, Liran Hu, Samy Remita et leurs collaborateurs ont publié un article dans Polmer Bulletin : "Elaboration of Novel Biocomposite Hydrogel Polymers made of Alginate and Sepiolite and endowed with Enhanced Properties"

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Nowadays growing attention is given to the design and development of novel interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) from the combination of hydrogel polymers loaded with natural clay. In this work, we used the eco-friendly IPN strategy to develop novel hydrogel biocomposite beads, made of alginate (ALG), with improved clay dispersion, higher pH sensitivity, better stretchability and swellability, together with enhanced regenerability properties and delayed biodegradability. Fibrous clay, namely, sodium sepiolite (NaS), was loaded into alginate simple biocomposite network (SBN) beads, via manual co-grinding mixture/encapsulation method, at different sepiolite loads. Alginate double biocomposite network (DBN) beads were also prepared at different sepiolite loads, via the diffusion of acrylamide monomers (AAM) inside alginate single biocomposite network (SBN) beads, followed by external and in situ free radical polymerization of AAM into polyacrylamide (pAAM), using ammonium persulfate (APS) as polymerization initiator and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (Bis) as covalent crosslinker agent. The as-elaborated SBN and DBN beads were then characterized by digital camera recording, XRD analysis, ATR-FTIR characterization and SEM observation. FTIR results showed that NaS and pAAM were successfully incorporated into DBN beads, while partially exfoliated morphology was obtained with XRD analysis, which revealed the enhancement of fibrous clay dispersion, even at relatively high sepiolite loads. Besides, SEM microscopy confirmed the porous spongious nature of DBN beads. The properties of the as-elaborated SBN and DBN beads were also evaluated by test touching, swelling rate measurements, adsorption/desorption experiments and biodegradability evaluation. DBN beads properties were always found enhanced in comparison with those of SBN beads. This suggests that the synergetic effect between IPN and biocomposite structure improves the stretchability of the DBN beads, their stability in water whatever the pH and their swelling behavior (up to 2000 g/g adsorbed water after 110 min, which was nevertheless found dependent on the pH and on sepiolite load). Moreover, DBN beads displayed enhanced adsorption/desorption properties toward methylene blue (MB) dye (no reduction in MB adsorption capacity after 5 cycles), very good regenerability (ethanol being used as effective eluting agent) and delayed biodegradability (complete degradation only after 8 days in the presence of sepiolite). In summary, this work showed an interesting and safe IPN/biocomposite approach to develop high-performance alginate biocomposite polymers as a promising system toward their use in eco-friendly processes. 

La Journée Initiatives Pédagogiques JIP 2026 organisée par l’Université Paris-Saclay se tiendra le mercredi 1er avril 2026 à l'ENS Paris-Saclay. Le thème de cette journée est "De la ressource à la capacité : favoriser le pouvoir d'apprendre et le pouvoir d'agir". Pour cette 11ème édition, Solveig Fernagu, Directrice de recherche en sciences de l’éducation et de la formation est l'experte invitée.

Programme et inscription 

La campagne 2026 est ouverte jusqu’au 30 avril 2026. Domaines concernés : formation, recherche, développement des compétences, vie de campus, société et innovation.

Budget par projet : de 5 000 € à 15 000 € 

- Appel à projets Formation (EUGLOH-UPSaclay Programme for Co-creating Training Opportunities) – jusqu’à 5 000 €/an Public cible : étudiant·es en licence et master. Budget dédié à la conception du projet et aux activités de formation.

- Appel à projets Recherche (EUGLOH-UPSaclay Research Cooperation Programme) – jusqu’à 15 000 €/an Combinaison possible de différentes activités. 1 comité de sélection jusqu’au 30 Avril 2026. Coûts éligibles : Déplacements et frais pour l’équipe de recherche de l’Université Paris-Saclay. Allocation pour mobilités courtes (1-3 mois) des doctorant·es Université Paris-Saclay : 650 €/mois (en complément de la bourse Erasmus à partir de 2 mois). Petit équipement de recherche et consommables. Gratification pour stages entrants (réservée aux étudiant·es des universités partenaires EUGLOH).

Appels à projets et formulaires de candidature sur Cirrus.

Applications are now open for The International School on Ultrafast X-ray and Attosecond Science 2026 June 1-5, 2026 on the Paris-Saclay Campus.

Detailed information on application requirements and deadlines is available on the event website 

La Division Chimie Physique de la SCF/SFP lance sa Campagne Annuelle des Prix DCP 2026. L’appel à candidatures est ouvert pour le Prix de Thèse, le Prix Jeune Chercheuse/Jeune Chercheur, le Prix Chercheuse Confirmée/Chercheur Confirmé et le Prix Instrumentation & Innovation. La date limite de dépôt des dossiers est le 15 avril 2026. Toutes les informations ainsi que les modèles de soumission se trouvent sur les pages suivantes :

● Prix « Jeune Chercheuse/Jeune Chercheur » 

● Prix « Chercheuse Confirmée/Chercheur Confirmé » 

● Prix de Thèse 

● Prix Instrumentation & Innovation 

APPEL A CANDIDATURE destiné aux chercheuses en chimie ayant interrompu pendant plusieurs mois leurs activités de recherche en raison d’un congé pour maternité.

La Fondation de la Maison de la Chimie offre de les aider lors de la reprise de travaux scientifiques et de mettre à leur disposition, pendant un an, les moyens de recruter un(e) chercheur(se) post-doctorant(e) choisi(e) par elles, dans les six mois qui suivent la fin du congé de maternité. Dossier de candidature à soumettre avant le 20 mars 2026.

Informations pratiques

Yassine Naciri, Wahid Ullah, Mohamed Nawfal Ghazzal et leurs collaborateurs ont publié récemment un article dans Advanced Functional Materials "GeAl 2-2x Fe 2x O 3 (OH) 4 nanotubes: new electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction".

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Ge-imogolite nanotubes (Ge-INT) are analogs of natural clay nanotubes formed in volcanic soils that attract growing interest. Despite their amazing structural properties, their use in water oxidation has not been reported yet. In this work, the potential of Fe-doped double-walled germanium imogolite nanotubes as low-cost and noble metal-free electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is demonstrated for the first time. Nanotube samples are synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, with Fe substitution ratios x up to 0.075. Fe-doped nanotubes retain their tubular structure, and investigation indicated homogeneous Fe distribution all over the nanotubes. Comprehensive structural, spectroscopic, and electrochemical analyses confirm successful Fe incorporation and enhanced electrochemical performance. The sample with x = 0.05 Fe content shows the best OER performance, achieving a low overpotential of 285 mV at 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 175 mV dec−1, and excellent charge transfer properties. Fe-doped INT demonstrates strong electrochemical stability over prolonged operation. These results highlight the promising use of geo-inspired Fe-doped imogolite as a sustainable and credible nobel-free electrocatalyst for efficient OER, expanding the potential of imogolite-based nanomaterials in water oxidation.

Ces travaux ont également été mis en lumière par CNRS Chimie dans un communiqué Actualité dans Résultats scientifiques : "Des nanotubes d’argile inspirés de la nature pour produire de l’hydrogène sans métaux précieux"

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Raphaël Vangheluwe, Carine Clavaguéra, Dominik Domin, Nguyen-Thi Van-Oanh et leurs collaborateurs ont publié récemment un article dans ChemPhysChem "Accelerating the Structure Exploration of Diverse Bi–Pt Nanoclusters via Physics-Informed Machine Learning Potential and Particle Swarm Optimization".

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Cet article a fait aussi l'objet de l'image de couverture du journal

Bimetallic Bi–Pt nanoclusters exhibit diverse structural motifs, including core-shell, Janus, and mixed alloy configurations, due to the unique bonding characteristics between Bi and Pt atoms. Using density functional theory refinements from ChIMES physically machine-learned potential and CALYPSO particle swarm optimization global searches, 34 Bi20-Pt20 nanoclusters are systematically classified. The results reveal that Bi atoms predominantly occupy surface sites, driven by charge transfer effects. Cohesive energy trends alone prove insufficient for structure differentiation, necessitating a data-driven approach employing principal component analysis and K-means clustering. Furthermore, vibrational, electronic, and infrared spectral analyses provide additional insights into structure-property relationships. The findings offer an original framework for the automated classification and analysis of bimetallic nanoclusters, enhancing the understanding of their stability and functional properties.

Hadrien Jalaber, Oliver Nüsse, Marie Erard et leurs collaborateurs ont publié  récemment  un article dans le journal ACS Chemical Biology "Borinic Acid-Based Fluorogenic Probes as an Alternative to the Amplex Red Assay for Real-Time H2O2 Monitoring in Live Cells"

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Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in regulating both physiological and pathological processes. Excessive H2O2 production can lead to oxidative stress, contributing to aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast to other ROS exhibiting short lifespans, H2O2 is relatively stable, and its spatial and temporal dynamics are central to understanding its pathophysiological role. Therefore, the development of fluorescent probes that are highly selective, sensitive, and capable of a rapid response is still required. To date, numerous fluorescent probes have been developed. Among them, boronic acid triggers have attracted considerable attention but often suffer from limited reactivity, preventing real-time H2O2 monitoring. To overcome this lack of reactivity, we report the design and synthesis of new borinic acid-based fluorogenic probes for H2O2 detection in cellular environments. These probes are based on a hemicyanine scaffold functionalized with the borinic acid trigger, which demonstrated superior kinetics compared to its boronic counterpart. These probes enable efficient real-time monitoring of H2O2 in cellular models, both extracellularly and intracellularly. The kinetics of these enzyme-free chemical probes matched that of the gold standard Amplex UltraRed/horseradish peroxidase (HRP) assay, representing a significant advancement in the field and offering a versatile and sensitive tool for studying H2O2-mediated cell signaling.

Christophe Humbert et ses collaborateurs ont publié un article dans le journal Applied Surface Sciences Advances  "Equilibrium and dynamics of single-peptide binding to aluminum oxides: Emphasizing the role of local surface charge and hydrophobicity".

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Understanding the interactions between biomolecules and mineral surfaces is a fundamental challenge at the crossroads of colloid science, surface chemistry, and molecular biophysics. While peptides and amino acids are known to bind a variety of metal oxides, our understanding remains limited regarding how local surface characteristics influence these interactions at the nanoscale. This is particularly important for “real surfaces” which intrinsically exhibit heterogenous features that determines their behavior when interacting with biomolecules. Herein, we present a fresh perspective that focuses on probing local surface properties and dipeptide (Glu-Ala) binding on oxides grown on polycrystalline aluminum metal at the single-molecule level. First, a comprehensive surface characterization is performed to resolve the chemical composition and topography of two different native aluminum oxide surfaces. Then, by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) in force spectroscopy mode, we employ chemical force microscopy and colloidal probe techniques to quantify local surface charge and hydrophobicity, revealing noticeable differences between the two studied surfaces. Our findings demonstrate that both free enthalpies of adsorption (ΔadsG°) and kinetic unbinding rates (koff) are highly influenced by the surface characteristics probed locally, and suggest that the interaction of the dipeptide with the surfaces is dominated by van der Waals and hydrogen bonding. Beyond these fundamental insights regarding peptide–mineral interactions, this work provides methodological developments that are relevant for exploring molecular recognition mechanism, particularly on “real” oxide surfaces. Additionally, the implications of our findings extend to the design of peptide-functionalized materials and offer new perspectives on surface-mediated prebiotic chemistry, potentially relevant to the emergence of life on early Earth.

Théo Beguin, Yasmina Bousmah, Audrey Gayral, Romain Dauverné, Hélène Pasquier et  Marie Erard ont publié un article dans Chemistry Methods "BEAM: A Custom-Built and Versatile Optical Setup for Real-Time Monitoring of Absorption and Emission Spectra During Photobleaching of Fluorescent Proteins"

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The article presents bleaching with emission and absorption monitoring (BEAM), a cost-effective and customizable optical setup designed for real-time monitoring of photochemical reactions through simultaneous measurement of absorption and emission spectra. BEAM utilizes readily available optical components such as lamp or laser diodes for excitation, cuvettes for sample containment, and spectrometers for spectral acquisition. Its modular architecture enables precise control over excitation wavelength, sample volume, temperature, and stirring conditions, making it highly adaptable to various experimental needs. The article also proposes a detailed protocol for measuring the effective photon flux density and irradiance across different optical configurations. The system's capabilities are demonstrated through the study of Citrine's photobleaching, a widely used but poorly photostable fluorescent protein (FP). BEAM enables continuous monitoring of Citrine's spectral evolution under different conditions, including excitation laser powers, solution volumes, and protein concentrations. The results revealed complex changes in both absorption and emission spectra during the bleaching process. Nevertheless, the fluorescence intensity of Citrine follows a first-order decay profile, facilitating straightforward kinetic modeling. This allowed determination of key photophysical parameters, such as the photobleaching molar cross section and quantum yield. These findings underscore BEAM's utility for characterizing fluorescent proteins and open pathways for comparative studies with other FPs.

Ce dispositif, disponible au bat 350 de l'ICP, permet de mesurer simultanément des spectres d'absorption et d'émission de fluorescence tout en irradiant l'échantillon pour déclencher des réactions photochimiques. Le dispositif est utilisé pour étudier le photoblanchiment de molécules fluorescentes, mais d'autres applications sont envisageables.

La soutenance de thèse de Pinnan LI (groupe TEMiC) intitulée "Oxydes à haute entropie avec une substitution sélectives de sites cationiques et leur performance pour l’oxydation de l’eau et la photocatalyse " se déroulera le 2 décembre 2025 à 14h, en Salle Magat à l'ICP. 

Cette thèse a été réalisée sous la direction de Mohamed Nawfal GHAZZAL.

Résumé : Les oxydes métalliques sont largement utilisés en catalyse énergétique et sont reconnus pour leurs bonnes performances en électrocatalyse et en photocatalyse. Parmi eux, les oxydes à haute entropie (HEO) sont un nouveau type de matériau obtenu par la combinaison de plusieurs éléments métalliques dans une structure monophasée stable. Ces matériaux ont attiré l'attention pour leurs structures inhabituelles et leurs propriétés prometteuses. Cependant, leurs mécanismes catalytiques restent mal compris. Ce projet de doctorat se concentre sur le fonctionnement des HEO dans deux réactions clés : la séparation électrochimique de l'eau et le reformage photocatalytique de la biomasse.

Dans un premier temps, nous avons utilisé le MgAl-LDH comme matériau de référence. Les performances OER sont modifiées en ajustant la position centrale de l’orbitale d en remplaçant les sites Mg2+ par Fe2+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+. Ceci optimise l'énergie d'adsorption des intermédiaires oxygénés. Dans un deuxième temps, ZnFe₂O₄ a été choisi comme autre phase de référence. Nous avons réalisé des substitutions sélectives des sites A, B, et A et B. Cette flexibilité compositionnelle permets d’ajuster l’acidité de Lewis de la surface, ce qui influence à son tour la sélectivité et l’efficacité du reformage photocatalytique du glycérol.

La soutenance de thèse de Baptiste ETCHEVERRY  (groupe ThéoSim) intitulée "Etude par simulation moléculaire de la production d’ions superoxyde chez les NADPH oxydases (NOX)" se déroulera le mercredi 10 décembre 2025 à 14h, en Salle Magat à l'ICP. 

Cette thèse a été réalisée sous la direction d'Aurélien DE LA LANDE et de Fabien CAILLIEZ.

Résumé : Les espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) jouent un rôle central dans de nombreux processus biologiques, mais leur surproduction ou leur déficit sont impliqués dans diverses pathologies. Les NADPH oxydases (NOX) forment une famille d’enzymes transmembranaires spécialisées dans la génération d’ERO et comprendre leur fonctionnement revêt donc une importance capitale. La réduction du dioxygène par les NOX découle d’une chaîne de transfert d’électrons (TE) par le biais de cofacteurs rédox (une flavine et deux hèmes). Si le processus global au sein des NOX est établi, les mécanismes moléculaires précis restent mal compris. La complexité structurale de ces enzymes et le manque de structures expérimentales détaillées expliquent en grande partie ces zones d’ombre. L’objectif de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre la cinétique des transferts d’électrons dans les NOX dans le cadre de la théorie de Marcus. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des approches basées sur des simulations de dynamique moléculaire afin de déterminer les paramètres qui interviennent dans ces formalismes. L’accent a été mis sur l’isoforme humaine NOX5, récemment résolue par cryo-EM,ainsi que sur deux homologues bactériens : csNOX5 et spNOX.

La soutenance de thèse d'Anaïs ABROUSSE (groupe TEMiC) intitulée "Nouveaux polyoxométallates et hybrides de polyoxométallates-biochar : de la conception aux applications électrocatalytiques" se déroulera le 11 décembre 2025 à 14h, en Salle Magat à l'ICP. 

Cette thèse a été réalisée en cotutelle entre l'ICP et le LAQV-REQUIMTE de l'Université de Porto sous la direction d'Israël MBOMEKALLE et de Diana FERNANDES.

Résumé : Le développement de nouveaux électrocatalyseurs offrant de meilleures performances, une plus grande durabilité et une meilleure sélectivité à moindre coût est essentiel pour produire, convertir ou stocker de l'énergie propre. Dans ce contexte, ce travail vise à synthétiser et à caractériser de nouvelles molécules de polyoxométallates (POM) et des hybrides combinant à la fois des POM et des matériaux carbonés comme catalyseurs prometteurs pour la réduction de O2 et des NOx. Les POM constituent une grande famille d'anions de clusters d'oxydes métalliques résultant de la polycondensation d'ions métallates solubles [MOx]n- avec M = W, Mo ou V, et d'éventuels hétéroatomes X (P, As, Si,...) en solution aqueuse, dans des conditions acides. Leur structure et leurs propriétés sont entièrement modulables en fonction des centres insérés ou de leur organisation. La synthèse et la caractérisation de nouveaux polyoxométallates mixtes de type sandwich (STP) sont détaillées. L'électrochimie, la spectroscopie XPS et des études computationnelles ont été combinées pour évaluer leur géométrie, leur stœchiométrie et leur réactivité.