Tailored Expertise Sourcing & Market Intelligence in Global Consulting

Cargo’s experimental treatment is a form of personalized cell therapy known as CAR-T. While several CAR-T therapies are approved in the U.S. to treat lymphoma, they all are aimed at a protein called CD19. Cargo’s therapy targets another protein called CD22 instead, which its backers see as a way around cancers that have returned or learned to evade CD19-directed treatment.

New flow cytometers have been developed to solve these challenges. One such cytometer from BD Biosciences has a small particle detector that can reliably identify and count particles as small as 90 nm over a broad dynamic range of concentrations. According to Moore, this size range includes most clinically relevant EVs.

Liquid biopsy has advantages over traditional biopsy, which cannot determine tumor dynamics. As a noninvasive and precise test, liquid biopsy detects biomarkers that carry information on tumor progression and has undergone tremendous development in recent years. Exosome detection is one of the methods of liquid biopsy. Radiotherapy affects the release of exosomes and intercellular communication. Based on the properties, extractability, and detectability of exosomes, key exosomal cargoes after tumor radiotherapy can be used as biomarkers for tumor prognosis. Exosomes after tumor radiotherapy can be used for liquid biopsy. The main applications include (1) predicting radiotherapy efficacy, (2) predicting tumor prognosis, and (3) optimizing the regimen of tumor treatment.

The only technique capable of detecting, sizing, and phenotyping a million of EVs within minutes is (clinical) flow cytometry. A flow cytometer measures light scattering and fluorescence signals of single EVs. Although these signals contain valuable information about the presence and composition of EVs, the signals are expressed in arbitrary units, which make the comparison of measurement results impossible between instruments and laboratories. Additionally, unintended and undocumented variations in the source, preparation, and analysis of the sample lead to orders of magnitude variations in the measured EV concentrations. Here, we will explain the basics, challenges, and common misconceptions of EV flow cytometry. In addition, we provide an overview of recent standardization initiatives, which are a prerequisite for comparison of clinical data and thus for clinical biomarker exploration of EVs.

To explore and expand options for drug delivery, many are looking to extracellular vesicles (EVs) for their potential as drug encapsulation platforms and vaccine vehicles. EVs are a diverse group of naturally occurring nanoparticles released by cells and possess many characteristics which make them attractive diagnostic and therapeutic candidates.

Even though native exosomes have potential for ischemic stroke therapy, some undesirable features prevent their success in clinical applications, including a short half-life, poor targeting property, low concentration at the target site, rapid clearance from the lesion region, and inefficient payload. In this review, we highlight exosome trafficking and cellular uptake and survey the latest discoveries in the context of exosome research as the best fit for brain targeting owing to its natural brain-homing abilities. Furthermore, we overview the methods by which researchers have bioengineered exosomes (BioEng-Exo) for stroke therapy. Finally, we summarize studies in which exosomes were bioengineered by a third party for stroke recovery. This review provides up-to-date knowledge about the versatile nature of exosomes with a special focus on BioEng-Exo for ischemic stroke. Standard exosome bioengineering techniques are mandatory for the future and will lead exosomes toward clinical success for stroke therapy.

In this work, the use of ExoGAG, a new easy-to-use EV isolation technology, was validated for the isolation of EVs from plasma and urine samples. After demonstrating its efficiency, an analysis of the genetic material contained in the EVs was carried out. Firstly, the sensitivity of the detection of point mutations in DNA from plasma EVs isolated by ExoGAG was analyzed. Then, a pilot study of mRNA expression using the nCounter NanoString platform in EV-mRNA from a healthy donor, a benign prostate hyperplasia patient and metastatic prostate cancer patient plasma and urine samples was performed, identifying the prostate cancer pathway as one of the main ones. This work provides evidence for the value of using ExoGAG for the isolation of EVs from plasma and urine samples, enabling downstream applications of the analysis of their genetic cargo.

Liquid biopsy has seen a lot of development and many applications in the field of cancer diagnostics. Key applications include the early detection of cancer, monitoring of disease progression and therapeutic response, and the detection of minimal residual disease.

Liquid biopsy delivers results in 10 days or less, is less invasive, repeatable, and in cases in which tissue biopsy is unfeasible due to a tumor’s location, multiple metastases, or other health conditions, liquid biopsy is an excellent alternative. Not only that, but liquid biopsy provides a comprehensive tissue profile instead of just a localized one, which is one of the limitations of standard tissue biopsy. On the flip side, liquid biopsy tests are still not as accurate as looking at tissue. But as the technology continues to develop increasing sensitivity, there’s much to be excited about.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of bilayer membrane nanoparticles secreted by almost all cell types. EVs play an important role in cell-to-cell communication. They interact with and modify the behavior of target cells at close and distant sites. The composition of EVs is determined by their biogenetic pathway and the microenvironment of the parental cell. Regardless of their origin, EVs carry multiple cargoes or expose on their surface a diverse set of bioactive molecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.

Analyses of circulating tumor DNA can improve clinical trial patient recruitment, assessments of treatment efficacy, and other aspects of drug development

The COGS issue encompasses many elements. The key drivers are the length, complexity, and manual nature of many processes and the quality control (QC) processes. These result not only in high COGS but also in manufacturing deviations that can result in batch failures.

La thérapie génique consiste à introduire du matériel génétique dans des cellules pour soigner une maladie. Au départ, cette approche a été conçue pour suppléer un gène défectueux en cas de maladie monogénique (i.e. liée à la dysfonction d’un seul gène). Mais au cours des deux dernières décennies, l’évolution rapide des connaissances et des technologies a permis de démultiplier les stratégies possibles et d’élargir leur utilisation à de très nombreuses indications, dont certains cancers.

On the basis of the technology, the United States liquid biopsy market is divided into multi-gene parallel analysis using NGS and single-gene analysis using PCR microarrays. Multi-gene parallel analysis using NGS technology is expected to hold the largest market share in the forecast period, 2023-2027. This technology is highly advanced and can detect several kinds of mutations responsible for tumors, unknown variants, ctDNA mutation detection, and resistive mechanism. Rapid advancements in NGS technology to reduce cost and attain higher accuracy are expected to create lucrative opportunities for the United States liquid biopsy market in the forecast period.

Tumor-derived EVs play a significant role in the formation of cancer stem cells and the development of treatment resistance and malignancy. EVs associated with specific molecular identities affect liquid biopic regions. Blood, plasma, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and milk are just some of the biological fluids from which EVs can be separated. These prenatal cell sources can be used to determine the present state of the cells' pathogenic or healthy hallmark chemicals. Among cancer-specific indicators, EV molecular cargos have the greatest diagnostic and prognostic importance. Exosomes and nanoplatform-based sensors are next-generation diagnostic tools that can help us detect cancer at its earliest stages. EVs are currently at the core of a new direction in cancer therapy research. A number of therapeutic modalities, including immunotherapy based on exosomes, immune-cell-derived exosomes, and stem-cell-derived exosomes, have demonstrated favorable outcomes in clinical studies. The use of EVs for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes has not yet been fully explored.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as vehicles that mediate diverse cell–cell communication. However, in-depth understanding of these vesicles is hampered by a lack of a reliable isolation method to separate different types of EVs with high levels of integrity and purity. Here, we developed a nanoporous and ultra-thin membrane structure (NUTS) that warrants the size-based isolation of EVs without cake formation, minimizing the sample loss during the filtration process. By utilizing the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technique, we could also control the pore size in nanoscale. We validated the performance of this membrane to separate EVs according to their size range.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of natural particles with relevance for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The endogenous properties of these vesicles allow them to survive in the extracellular space, bypass biological barriers and deliver their biologically active molecular cargo to recipient cells. Moreover, EVs can be engineered to enhance their stability, bioactivity, presentation and capacity for on target binding at both cell type and tissue levels. The therapeutic potential of native (i.e., EVs that were not modified via donor cell or direct modulation) and engineered (i.e. EVs that were modified either pre- or post-isolation or whose pharmacokinetics/presentation was altered using engineering methodologies EVs is still limitedly explored in the context of cardiovascular diseases.

Exosomes harvested from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) mediate the restorative therapeutic effects of MSCs for stroke.10 Here, we review the biogenesis of exosomes and their molecular composition and role as messengers of intercellular communication and describe using exosomes for treatment of stroke. We also focus on therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of action of exosomes as therapeutic vectors for stroke11 but do not discuss the role of exosomes as disease or injury biomarkers. Capitalizing on the function of exosomes as vehicles for intercellular communication in physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as stroke provides a paradigm shift and enormous potential for safe and effective therapeutic approaches for stroke and for other diseases/injury.

Extracellular-vesicle-based cell-to-cell communication is conserved across all kingdoms of life. There is compelling evidence that extracellular vesicles are involved in major (patho)physiological processes, including cellular homoeostasis, infection propagation, cancer development and cardiovascular diseases. Various studies suggest that extracellular vesicles have several advantages over conventional synthetic carriers, opening new frontiers for modern drug delivery. Despite extensive research, clinical translation of extracellular-vesicle-based therapies remains challenging.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an emerging source of biomarkers for a plethora of human disorders, ranging from neurodegenerative to cancer disorders. Most works focusing on biomarker discovery use blood as the EV source; however, although informative, EVs from blood are not easily separated from other particles and proteins circulating in blood vessels. Other authors have proposed the use of saliva as an EV source, while also finding limitations in the downstream analysis due to the limited amount of salivary EVs. Herein, we propose the isolation of salivary EVs and their subsequent characterization by Raman spectroscopy to obtain a comprehensive biochemical characterization that can be easily translated to diagnostics.

The characterization of the protein and lipid cargo of milk extracellular vesicles from different mammal species is crucial for understanding their biogenesis and biological functions, as well as for a comprehensive description of the nutritional aspects of animal milk for human diet. In fact, milk EVs have been reported to possess relevant biological effects, but the molecules/biochemical pathways underlying these effects have been poorly investigated. The biochemical characterization is an important initial step for the potential therapeutic and diagnostic use of natural or modified milk EVs. The number of studies analysing the protein and lipid composition of milk EVs is limited compared to that investigating the nucleic acid cargo.

The elements that compose the liquid biopsy are circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor nucleic acids, free of cells or contained in exosomes, microvesicle and platelets. Liquid biopsy studies are performed on various biofluids extracted in a non-invasive way, and they can be performed both from the blood and in urine, saliva or cerebrospinal fluid. The development of genotyping techniques, using the elements that make up liquid biopsy, make it possible to detect mutations, intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity, and provide molecular information on cancer for application in medical oncology in an individualized way in different types of tumors. Therefore, liquid biopsy has the potential to change the way medical oncology could predict the course of the disease.