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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 12:06 PM
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Forget A,T,C,G - Researchers identify seventh and eighth bases of DNA

Forget A,T,C,G - Researchers identify seventh and eighth bases of DNA | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

For decades, scientists have known that DNA consists of four basic units -- adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine. Those four bases have been taught in science textbooks and have formed the basis of the growing knowledge regarding how genes code for life. Yet in recent history, scientists have expanded that list from four to six.

 

Now, researchers from the UNC School of Medicine have discovered the seventh and eighth bases of DNA. These last two bases -- called 5-formylcytosine and 5 carboxylcytosine -- are actually versions of cytosine that have been modified by Tet proteins, molecular entities thought to play a role in DNA demethylation and stem cell reprogramming.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 11:57 AM
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Follow the methanol and you follow the chemistry that leads to life in space

Follow the methanol and you follow the chemistry that leads to life in space | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Scientists within the New York Center for Astrobiology at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have compiled years of research to help locate areas in outer space that have extreme potential for complex organic molecule formation. The scientists searched for methanol, a key ingredient in the synthesis of organic molecules that could lead to life. Their results have implications for determining the origins of molecules that spark life in the cosmos.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 11:35 AM
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Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice

Partial reversal of aging achieved in mice | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Harvard scientists at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute say they have for the first time partially reversed age-related degeneration in mice, resulting in new growth of the brain and testes, improved fertility, and the return of a lost cognitive function.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 2:19 AM
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World of Fractals

World of Fractals | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Fractals are one of the most interesting puzzles of mathematics. They are made by a simple formula, yet they have such beautiful and complex designs. All that's needed is a simple Mathematica code for many of the most interesting types of fractals. Some of this code may not be very efficient, but it gives you a basic understanding of the mathematics involved.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:56 AM
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A genetic mutation that makes humans to walk on four limbs

A genetic mutation that makes humans to walk on four limbs | Amazing Science | Scoop.it
A mutated gene may have a role in a rare condition in which humans walk on all fours, researchers say. But precisely how mutations in this gene might stop people from walking upright remains a matter of debate.

 

The existence of quadruped humans was first publicized by a 2006 British television documentary about a Turkish family in which several adults walk on all fours. Those with the condition also suffer from mental retardation and poor balance.


  1. Ozcelik, T. et al. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 4232–4236 (2008).
  2. Tan, U. Int. J. Neurosci. 116, 1539-1547 (2006). | Article | PubMed |
  3. Humphrey, N., Mundlos, S. & Türkmen, S. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, E26 (2008). | Article |
  4. Herz, J., Boycott, K. M. & Parboosingh, J. S. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA105, E25 (2008). | Article |
  5. Türkmen, S. et al. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.73 (2008).


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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:48 AM
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Scientists discover 1000 times stronger insect repellant

Scientists discover 1000 times stronger insect repellant | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Imagine an insect repellant that not only is thousands of times more effective than DEET – the active ingredient in most commercial mosquito repellants – but also works against all types of insects, including flies, moths and ants. That possibility has been created by the discovery of a new class of insect repellant made in the laboratory of Vanderbilt Professor of Biological Sciences and Pharmacology Laurence Zwiebel and published iit in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

 

In preliminary tests with mosquitoes, the researchers found the new class of repellant,  called Vanderbilt University Allosteric Agonist or VUAA1, to be thousands of times more effective than DEET. The compound works by affecting insects’ sense of smell through a newly discovered molecular channel.

 

“If a compound like VUAA1 can activate every mosquito odorant receptor at once, then it could overwhelm the insect’s sense of smell, creating a repellant effect akin to stepping onto an elevator with someone wearing too much perfume, except this would be far worse for the mosquito,” said Patrick Jones, a post-doctoral fellow who conducted the study with graduate students David Rinker and Gregory Pask.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 2:57 AM
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Seven billion and counting: Snapshot of growth

Seven billion and counting: Snapshot of growth | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

By the time the next billion people are added to the world's population, it will not only be a more crowded place but a perceptibly different one in terms of geography, age and modes of living on this planet. Yet even a small divergence from the projected fertility rates could spell very different outcomes.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:42 AM
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5 Tiny Organisms Hitch a Ride on Mission to a Martian Moon

5 Tiny Organisms Hitch a Ride on Mission to a Martian Moon | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

The Russian sample-return spacecraft will carry a zoo of microbes to Phobos and back to test whether life can survive the interplanetary journey.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:29 AM
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Ultrafast monochromatic nanosized LED for 2,000 times faster photonic data transmission

Ultrafast monochromatic nanosized LED for 2,000 times faster photonic data transmission | Amazing Science | Scoop.it
A new ultrafast, nanoscale light-emitting diode (LED) device developed at Stanford’s School of Engineering transmits data at ultrafast rates while using 2,000 times less energy than laser-based systems in use today,” The nanophotonic device is a major step forward for on-chip data transmission, the researchers say.

 

The device can transmit data at 10 gigabits per second. The researchers say it is a major step forward in providing a practical ultrafast, low-power, room-temperature light source for on-chip data transmission.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:19 AM
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NASA looks to send landers to moon Europa in 2020 and wants to break the ice

NASA looks to send landers to moon Europa in 2020 and wants to break the ice | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

There's still a lot of mystery surrounding Jupiter's moon Europa, but researchers at NASA seem fairly certain that there's a watery ocean lurking beneath its icy exterior. Their theories may finally be put to the test later this decade, thanks to a concept mission crafted by astronomers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

 

According to Space.com, JPL researchers have come up with a plan that would send a pair of landers to Europa by 2026, in the hopes of finding out whether the rock has ever supported life forms. The endeavor certainly wouldn't be easy, since Jupiter blankets its moon in heavy radiation, but researchers think they can mitigate these risks by sending in an extra lander as backup, and by keeping the mission short and sweet. Under the plan, each 700-pound robot would use a mass spectrometer, seismometers and a slew of cameras to search for any organic chemicals that may be lodged within the moon's ice. Neither craft will sport a protective shield, so they'll only stay around the planet for about seven days, so as to avoid any radiation damage. At this point, the mission is still in the concept phase, though the JPL is hoping to launch both landers by 2020. JPL researcher Kevin Hand was quick to point out, however, that this would be a "habitability mission," and that NASA doesn't expect to find any signs of current life on Europa.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 1:15 AM
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Next Generation Sequencing - The new paradigm shift

Next Generation Sequencing - The new paradigm shift | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

New low-cost instruments, including Life Technologies’ Ion Torrent PGM and Illumina’s MiSeq, have made next generation sequencing a possibility for ordinary labs. Pacific Biosciences garnered worldwide attention by decoding the Vibrio cholerae pathogen that rampaged across Haiti. Meanwhile, in the clinic, human genomes were unraveled with dramatic regularity. Richard Gibbs, of the Human Genome Sequencing Center at Baylor College of Medicine, estimated that “roughly 5,000 human genomes were sequenced in 2011, with some 30,000 expected in 2012.”

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 12:59 AM
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6 Big HealthTech Ideas That Will Change Medicine In 2012

6 Big HealthTech Ideas That Will Change Medicine In 2012 | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

In the future we might not prescribe drugs all the time, we might prescribe apps." Predictions for 2012 include AI, big data, 3D printing, social health networks and other new technologies which will lead to better medical care.

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February 1, 2012 12:46 AM
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Software for Optical Systems Spells the End of Blur

Software for Optical Systems Spells the End of Blur | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

NASA software that calculates optical aberrations will sharpen images from space and could redefine perfect vision for humans.

 

The general idea is simple. We're taking advantage of the fact that our future telescopes will include flexible mirrors that bend and move upon command. By understanding the deficiencies in an image, we can compensate for them by remote control—no astronauts needed. The power of this method lies in its ability to use an optical system's existing camera as a sensor to detect its own error, without installing any separate devices. This software-based approach has already extended our telescopes' ability to peer into the darkness of the universe. On Earth, we believe the software could enable vision scientists to enhance human eyesight beyond "perfect" 20/20 vision, opening up the possibility of "superhuman" vision. 

 

Most adults don't have 20/20 vision. Imperfect vision is caused by aberrations in the way the lens of the eye transmits light to the retina. Those deviations occur in an important aspect of light called the wavefront, a set of points that are all in the same phase. You might be familiar with the term from ads for LASIK eye surgery. The vision-correcting procedure uses a beam of laser light that penetrates the eye, reflects off the retina, and travels back through the eye, capturing and mapping the errors in the way the wavefront strikes the eye.

 

What causes the wavefront to become distorted? Objects emit or reflect light in spherical waves. Our eyes intercept a small portion of that wave surface, and at great distances this surface is considered basically flat. To form a perfect image on your retina, your eye forces these flat waves to curve inward, so that the waves converge at one point on the focal plane behind your eye's lens. If the converging waves are not perfectly curved, not all of the light will come into focus at a single point on your retina. The result is a blurry or distorted image. All the points of deviation from the perfect spherical wave shape are called wavefront error. Plotted on a 2-D map, the error would look like mountainous terrain, with peaks and valleys corresponding to each deviation from the ideal flat surface.

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 12:03 PM
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Can two photos and a small Flash applet give a sense of 3D dimensionality?

Can two photos and a small Flash applet give a sense of 3D dimensionality? | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Wiggle is a client-side JavaScript program for aligning stereoscopic image sets and a Flash applet for viewing them. Authoring WiggleSets requires only a JavaScript browser, and a browser with Flash plugin (6+) is all that is needed to view the output.

 

http://wiggle.sourceforge.net/#examples

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Scooped by Dr. Stefan Gruenwald
February 1, 2012 11:55 AM
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The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia - an Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog

The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia - an Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Exoplanet links are here

 

An extrasolar planet, or exoplanet, is a planet outside our solar system. A total of 755 such planets (in 605 planetary systems and 99 multiple planetary systems) have been identified as of January 30, 2012. It is now known that a substantial fraction of stars have planets, including perhaps half of all Sun-like stars. In a 2012 study, each star of the 100 billion or so in our Milky Way Galaxy is estimated to host on average at least 1.6 planets. Accordingly, at least 160 billion star-bound planets may exist in the Milky Way Galaxy alone. Unbound free-floating planetary-mass bodies in the Milky Way may number in the trillions with 100,000 objects larger than Pluto for every main-sequence star. 

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February 1, 2012 11:33 AM
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Seaways across Antarctica could open in 1000 years

Seaways across Antarctica could open in 1000 years | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Without its icy cover, much of west Antarctica would lie beneath sea level, partly because the ice has weighed down the continent. If, when Earth's climate was warmer, Antarctica lost significant quantities of ice, areas of the ice sheet may have become thin and buoyant enough to float above the rocky continent. Seawater would then have flooded beneath the ice and created narrow channels across the continent between chunks of rock that retained their icy caps.

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February 1, 2012 1:58 AM
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Cosmic mysteries, human questions

Cosmic mysteries, human questions | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Why does the universe exist? For that matter, why do people? Can you even be sure that you do? 13.7 billion years ago, the universe was born in a cosmic fireball. Roughly 10 billion years later, the planet we call Earth gave birth to life, which eventually led to you. The probability of that sequence of events is absolutely minuscule, and yet it still happened.

 

Take a step back from the unlikeliness of your own personal existence and things get even more mind-boggling. Why does the universe exist at all? Why is it fine-tuned to human life? Why does it seem to be telling us that there are other universes out there, even other yours? 

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February 1, 2012 1:51 AM
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First life: The search for the first replicator

First life: The search for the first replicator | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Life must have begun with a simple molecule that could reproduce itself – and now we think we know how to make one.

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February 1, 2012 1:47 AM
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A possible icy start for life

A possible icy start for life | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

The origin of life is surely one of the most important questions in biology. How did inanimate molecules give rise to the “endless forms most beautiful” that we see today, and where did this event happen? Some of the most popular theories suggest that life began in a hellish setting, in rocky undersea vents that churn out superheated water from deep within the earth. But there is an icy alternative worth considering.

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February 1, 2012 1:44 AM
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The origin of malaria

The origin of malaria | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

Several million years ago, Plasmodium falciparum – the parasite that causes most cases of human malaria – jumped into humans from other apes. We’ve known as much for decades but for all this time, we’ve pinned the blame on the wrong species. A new study reveals that malaria is not, as previously thought, a disease that came from chimpanzees; instead it’s an unwanted gift from gorillas.

 

Until now, the idea of chimps as the source of human malaria seemed like a done deal. Just last year, I covered a study which said that a related chimp parasite called Plasmodium reichenowi is the ancestor of P.falciparum.According to Stephen Rich from the University of Massachussetts,P.reichenowi crossed the species barrier from chimps to humans just once in history – a defining moment that gave rise to P.falciparum.

 

But to Weimin Liu from the University of Alabama, something wasn’t quite right. People seemed to have settled on a chimpanzee conclusion without thoroughly testing for Plasmodium in other apes. Fortunately, Liu’s team was well placed to fill in those blanks. For their research, they had already amassed a massive collection of ape faeces: an unenviable collection of 1,827 samples from chimps, 805 from gorillas and 107 from bonobos. Virtually all of these samples came from wild apes with little human contact; only 28 came from a habituated group of gorillas.

 

Liu scoured all of these samples for Plasmodium DNA, sequenced what he could find, and built a family tree that charted the evolutionary relationships between them. His results were very clear. For a start, Plasmodium parasites don’t infect either eastern gorillas or bonobos, but they do infect chimpanzees and western gorillas. That narrows down the source of human malaria to these two apes.

 

Liu also found that all of the samples of P. falciparum taken from humans were most closely related to a single lineage of gorilla parasites. P.reichenowiis an exclusively chimp parasite, belonging to a different branch of thePlasmodium family tree. The answer was clear: P.falciparum did not evolve from P.reichenowi and it didn’t come from chimpanzees. Instead, it jumped into humans from western gorillas.

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February 1, 2012 1:32 AM
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Video: A Murmuration of Starlings

Video: A Murmuration of Starlings | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

This is your moment of zen today. Two adventurers set out in a canoe and happened upon a starlings (collectively known as a murmuration) doing their amazing collective dance in the sky.

 

Watch the video. Just take it in. The starlings coordinated movements do not seem possible, but then there they are doing it. Scientists have been similarly fascinated by starling movement. Those synchronized dips and waves seem to hold secrets about perception and group dynamics. Last year, Italian theoretical physicist Giorgio Parisi took on the challenge of explaining the murmuration.

 

What he found, as ably explained by Brandon Keim, is that the math equations that best describe starling movement are borrowed "from the literature of 'criticality,' of crystal formation and avalanches -- systems poised on the brink, capable of near-instantaneous transformation." They call it "scale-free correlation," and it means that no matter how big the flock, "If any one bird turned and changed speed, so would all the others."

 

It's a beautiful phenomenon to behold. And neither biologists nor anyone else can yet explain how starlings seem to process information and act on it so quickly. It's precisely the lack of lag between the birds' movements that make the flocks so astonishing. Having imported a theoretical physicist to model the flock movement, perhaps a computer scientist would be the right choice to describe the individual birds' behavior. Are quantum effects involved?

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February 1, 2012 1:27 AM
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Will crowd sourcing provide the next genetics breakthrough?

Will crowd sourcing provide the next genetics breakthrough? | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

A wealth of extra free genetic data could be at scientists' fingertips if a new website allowing the public to make their test results available gets enough traction. OpenSNP provides a way for people who have had tests carried out by direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies – so far 23andMe, deCODEme and Family Tree DNA are supported – to upload their raw results online along with personal characteristics they wish to share from their eye colour to artistic ability to coffee consumption. Everyone can see the resulting data and download it, including scientists.

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February 1, 2012 1:18 AM
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Fastest camera in the world: 1 TRILLION frames per second

Fastest camera in the world: 1 TRILLION frames per second | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

A laser pulse that lasts less than one trillionth of a second is used as a flash and the light returning from the scene is collected by a camera at a rate equivalent to roughly half a trillion frames per second. However, due to very short exposure times (roughly two trillionth of a second) and a narrow field of view of the camera, the video is captured over several minutes by repeated and periodic sampling.

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February 1, 2012 1:08 AM
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Intel Shrinks Supercomputer Into the Palm of Your Hand

Intel Shrinks Supercomputer Into the Palm of Your Hand | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

The ASCI Red supercomputer was the first computer capable of doing one trillion calculations per second. Now Intel says that it can put the processing power of ASCI Red in the palm of your hand. Intel does this with a new chip, code-named Knights Corner. Knights Corner crams more than 50 general-purpose Pentium microprocessor cores onto a single chip. All by itself, Knights Corner can perform about 1 trillion mathematical calculations per second. In 1996, it took 72 cabinets of servers for ASCI Red to pull off the same feat.

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February 1, 2012 12:47 AM
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Researchers Create Living ‘Neon Signs’ Composed of Millions of Glowing Bacteria

Researchers Create Living ‘Neon Signs’ Composed of Millions of Glowing Bacteria | Amazing Science | Scoop.it

In an example of life imitating art, biologists and bioengineers at UC San Diego have created a living neon sign composed of millions of bacterial cells that periodically fluoresce in unison like blinking light bulbs.

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