"...it can be awkward for everyone if the teacher simply calls on a quiet student out of the blue, and the student either hasn’t done the reading or can’t answer the question. I dislike unpleasantness. Therefore, in recent years, in an effort to get everyone involved in a class discussion, I use “Heads-up Questions.” These are reading-related questions that I create—sometimes just a few, sometimes a dozen or so. I post them for students via Blackboard a couple of days before our class meeting.
"Here’s what makes the discussion of the “Heads-up Questions” different from other discussions and other questions. Everyone understands that in the next class I will directly call on students to respond to those questions. No volunteers or raising of hands. I call on students, but it’s not out of the blue because they have a chance to prepare a response, and they know there’s a pretty good chance they’ll get called on during that portion of class. (They also understand that I won’t call on them directly to answer questions I haven’t let them prepare for.)
"Here’s how I use Heads-up Questions in class:"
Via Jim Lerman, Miloš Bajčetić