Metaglossia: The Translation World

"Ce 16 avril, nous fêtons les 100 ans de la naissance d’André Goosse. Moins connu du grand public que son beau-père Maurice Grevisse, ce grammairien belge a pourtant façonné "Le Bon Usage", la bible mondiale du français. À cette occasion, Anne-Catherine Simon, linguiste à l’UCLouvain, revient sur l'héritage de ces deux géants.

 

Par 

Alain Nassogne

 

Si vous ouvrez une grammaire pour trancher un accord épineux, il y a de fortes chances que vous consultiez l'œuvre de deux Belges. Maurice Grevisse et André Goosse sont les architectes du Bon Usage, une institution née en 1936 qui fait encore autorité de Paris à Kinshasa, jusqu'au sein de l'Académie française.

 

La méthode Grevisse : L'usage avant la règle

Contrairement aux idées reçues, la grammaire "Grevisse-Goosse" n'est pas un code de lois figé. Sa force ? L'observation. " Maurice Grevisse se donnait comme mot d’ordre d’observer l’usage avant de juger ou d’établir les règles ", explique Anne-Catherine Simon.

 

Pour ces grammairiens, le "bon" français se niche dans la plume des écrivains et écrivaines qui maîtrisent admirablement la langue. C'est en analysant comment la grammaire est réellement appliquée dans les œuvres littéraires que Grevisse a produit une description vivante, révisée sans cesse au fil de ses 11 éditions personnelles.

 

Le Bon Usage : une histoire de famille

L'histoire du Bon Usage est aussi une affaire de famille. Arrivant à la fin de sa vie, Maurice Grevisse a désigné un successeur qu'il connaissait parfaitement : André Goosse, qui n'était autre que son gendre.

 

Pour Goosse, déjà renommé, reprendre le flambeau fut un honneur immense. Sa mission ? Continuer à donner vie à l'ouvrage. " La langue étant vivante, elle évolue. Chaque année, de nouveaux usages prennent la place d'usages plus anciens ", souligne la linguiste. C'est ainsi que l'œuvre est devenue ce que l'on appelle aujourd'hui la grammaire "Grevisse-Goosse".

 

Pourquoi les Belges sont-ils de meilleurs grammairiens ?

Il peut sembler paradoxal que les plus grands référents du français soient belges. Pour Anne-Catherine Simon, cela tient à une forme d'humilité géographique : L'absence de certitude. Contrairement à certains locuteurs en France, les Belges n'ont pas cette " certitude intérieure " de pratiquer naturellement le français parfait. Cette position les pousse à être des observateurs plus attentifs, plus précis et plus fouillés. Résultat : leurs descriptions font autorité, même pour les institutions françaises les plus prestigieuses.

 

Le "Grevisse" face au "Bescherelle"

Tout le monde connaît le Bescherelle, mais les deux ouvrages ne boxent pas dans la même catégorie. Si Louis-Nicolas Bescherelle est né en 1802 et a publié son célèbre manuel dès 1842, son approche est très différente :

 

Le Bescherelle : Concis, abrégé, il est l'allié des élèves de l'école primaire.

 

Le Bon Usage : Monumental et complet, il est l'outil indispensable des spécialistes et des professionnels de la langue.

 

Vers une 17e édition 100% connectée ?

Depuis 1936, Le Bon Usage a connu 16 éditions, la dernière datant de 2016. Le monde de la linguistique attend désormais la 17e édition avec impatience. Le défi de cette nouvelle version ? Être totalement consultable en ligne pour devenir accessible au plus grand public, tout en restant la référence ultime des experts."

 https://share.google/xxbI5edc77ruP3LrA

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

"... transformer la diversité culturelle en une grâce pour le vivre-ensemble.

Jean-Paul Kamba, SJ – envoyé spécial

Dans le contexte camerounais où la soif de paix et de cohésion n'a jamais été aussi ardente, cette visite apostolique s'annonce comme un tournant décisif. Le père Bassoumboul livre une réflexion profonde sur la portée de cette visite et rappelle que l'unité n'est pas un simple slogan, mais un engagement quotidien à l'école de l'Évangile et des grandes «figures missionnaires de notre terre»...

 

Dans un pays marqué par des diversités culturelles et parfois des tensions internes, en quoi la présence du Successeur de Pierre constitue-t-elle un «sacrement de l'unité» pour tous les Camerounais, au-delà des clivages religieux ?

La diversité culturelle implique pluralité. Celle-ci est une invitation à l’unité. Pour cela, l’on pourrait dire que le défi de la diversité culturelle est la cohésion, la conscience de l’interdépendance. À ce titre, la diversité culturelle est une belle richesse à bien piloter.

 

L’histoire biblique de l’humanité présente la fraternité comme un lieu de tensions, souvent pathétiques. Je citerais les fratries de Caïn et Abel, Ésaü et Jacob, Joseph et ses frères, etc. Même entre les douze Apôtres, il y a eu des épisodes de tensions internes. Mais, dans le même temps, ces récits de fraternités tendues sont riches d'enseignement sur les procédés de reconstruction et de réconciliation. C’est l’attitude de Jacob envers son frère, animé d’une rage meurtrière contre lui en Gn 33. Je suis aussi toujours fasciné par les larmes de Joseph en Gn 45. Je les interprète très souvent comme l’eau qui efface les torts subis pour reconstruire la fraternité et l’unité familiale.

 

Certains ont estimé que les tensions que traverse le Cameroun en ce moment étaient un motif pour que le Saint Père n’y aille pas. Or, cet argument est paradoxalement une raison suffisante pour sa venue. Comme Successeur de Pierre, il vient nous rappeler que la beauté de la vie en famille est dans la paix véritable, la force d’une nation, comme le Cameroun, dans son unité. À cet effet, comme Jacob, Joseph, etc., les uns et autres devraient s’atteler à reconstruire l’unité nationale. La prière de Jésus à son Père: « Qu’ils soient un » (Jn 17,21), l’intention principale de cette visite apostolique du Pape Léon XIV, sollicite l’engagement de tous à être devenir «témoins désarmés et désarmants de la paix qui vient du Christ».

 

Il est aussi important de relever que le 6 décembre dernier, le Comité directeur des imams du Cameroun lui a rendu visite pour lui dire combien leurs communautés seraient heureuses de le recevoir au Cameroun. Ce geste, fort éloquent, nous rappelle qu’en Dieu la diversité culturelle se révèle comme une grâce pour promouvoir le vivre-ensemble, l’unité nationale, la paix et la solidarité."

Le Pape au Cameroun, un «sacrement de l’unité» pour une nation en quête de paix - Vatican News https://share.google/r2FFWpznqIlCPqrqp

#metaglossia

#metaglossia_mundus

"TransPerfect Acquires Studio Emme

News provided by
TransPerfect
Apr 15, 2026, 09:05 ET

Key Takeaways

TransPerfect has acquired Rome-based post-production and dubbing studio Emme SpA.
The acquisition expands TransPerfect Media's global footprint of studios.
Studio Emme's leadership team will remain on following the transaction.
ROME and NEW YORK, April 15, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- TransPerfect, the world's largest provider of language and AI solutions for global business, today announced it has acquired Studio Emme SpA, a Rome-based audio-visual post-production and dubbing facility. Studio Emme will operate as part of TransPerfect Media, TransPerfect's media and entertainment division. Financial terms of the transaction were not disclosed.

Founded in 1982 by Giuseppe Morucci, Studio Emme has been a cornerstone of Italy's entertainment industry for more than 40 years, providing dubbing and post-production services across film, television, and commercial projects. Clients include major broadcasters and studios in Italy, along with international distribution partners. Studio Emme is a member of the Trusted Partner Network, reflecting content security practices that meet the stringent requirements of leading studios and streaming platforms.

"Joining TransPerfect positions Studio Emme for international growth while preserving what has made us successful," said Marianna Morucci, CEO of Studio Emme. "With TransPerfect's global reach and advanced technology, we can grow our business and service more clients."

Studio Emme will continue operating from its Rome headquarters. The company's existing leadership team will remain in place following the acquisition.

TransPerfect President and Co-CEO Phil Shawe commented, "Studio Emme brings decades of expertise and a strong reputation in Italian audiovisual production. We're excited to welcome the Studio Emme team into TransPerfect and collaborate closely to serve our entertainment clients."

For more company news and announcements, please visit the TransPerfect News & Press Center at www.transperfect.com/about/news-and-press.

About Studio Emme SpA

Studio Emme SpA is a Rome-based dubbing, mixing, and audiovisual post-production facility serving the global entertainment industry. Founded in 1982 by Giuseppe Morucci, the company delivers end-to-end services for film, television, streaming, and commercial content, combining high-quality output with technical excellence, reliability, and state-of-the-art technology. Studio Emme is a member of the Trusted Partner Network (TPN), a Motion Picture Association initiative focused on content security. For more information, visit www.studio-emme.tv.

About TransPerfect Media

TransPerfect Media elevates storytelling for audiences around the world with media creation and globalization solutions delivered through a network of company-owned and operated studios in 19 countries. TransPerfect Media's hybrid model combines cutting-edge AI technology with creative expertise, all managed in its cloud-based content creation platform, enabling simple localization and distribution.

By combining high-level talent with Dolby Atmos and Dolby HDR projection capabilities, as well as services that include image and sound post-production, subtitling, dubbing, accessibility, voiceover, multi-platform delivery, preservation, and restoration, TransPerfect Media is where boutique expertise meets global scale and excellence to help you tell your story—in any language. To find out more, visit www.transperfect.com/media.

About TransPerfect
TransPerfect is the world's largest provider of language and AI solutions for global business. From offices in over 150 cities on six continents, TransPerfect offers a full range of services in 200+ languages to clients worldwide. More than 6,000 global organizations employ TransPerfect's GlobalLink® technology to simplify the management of multilingual content. With an unparalleled commitment to quality and client service, TransPerfect is fully ISO 9001 and ISO 17100 certified. TransPerfect has global headquarters in New York, with regional headquarters in London and Hong Kong. For more information, please visit our website at www.transperfect.com."
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/transperfect-acquires-studio-emme-302742314.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

""C’est une profonde joie de me trouver au Cameroun, souvent qualifié d’“Afrique en miniature” en raison de la richesse de ses territoires, de ses cultures, de ses langues et de ses traditions. [….] Ma visite exprime l’affection du successeur de Pierre pour tous les Camerounais." C’est en français que Léon XIV s’est exprimé en arrivant au Cameroun. Devant les dirigeants du pays d’Afrique centrale, le 267e pape a une fois de plus recouru à la langue de Molière, qu’il connaît, comprend et lit de façon relativement fluide. Cette tournée de onze jours en Afrique est ainsi l’occasion pour l’Américano-péruvien de faire appel à sa maîtrise de langues variées. Pour sa première étape, en Algérie, il a prononcé ses discours principalement en anglais, sa langue maternelle, avec une traduction assurée par un interprète au fur et à mesure en arabe pour son auditoire. Exception faite cependant de ses deux prises de parole devant la communauté catholique à Alger et à Annaba, où il a parlé en français – une langue qui unit la communauté locale métissée – et sans traduction.

Au Cameroun aussi, le successeur de Pierre alternera le français et l’anglais. Il utilisera cette dernière langue à Bamenda dans le nord du pays, une zone anglophone où il se rendra demain jeudi. Au total, il doit prononcer sept interventions pendant son séjour camerounais. En Angola, le troisième pays qu’il visitera, le Pape parlera portugais, une langue qu’il a apprise en voyageant notamment au Brésil lorsqu’il était prieur général des Augustins. En pratiquant leur langue au fil de ses six interventions, il "fera la joie des Angolais", a glissé le directeur du bureau de presse du Saint-Siège, Matteo Bruni, en présentant le programme de ce premier voyage en Afrique. Enfin, dans ses sept discours en Guinée équatoriale, le pontife passera à une autre langue qui lui est chère : l’espagnol, qu’il a pratiqué pendant deux décennies au Pérou, et qu’il a même employé au balcon de la basilique Saint-Pierre le jour de son élection, en signe d’attachement pour son pays de cœur.

Cinq langues pour un pape polyglotte
Anglais, français, portugais, espagnol… quatre langues coloreront donc cette tournée internationale. Quatre ? C’est sans compter l’italien, que Léon XIV a spontanément utilisé pour parler au côté de l’imam de la grande mosquée d’Alger lundi. Cinq langues donc pour un pape polyglotte, qui n’hésitait pas à lancer "salut soldat !" en turc lors de son voyage en Turquie en novembre dernier. Manifestement enclin à communiquer avec des cultures différentes, le nouveau pape a d’ailleurs repris la tradition des salutations de Noël et de Pâques dans de nombreux idiomes, dont l’arabe et le chinois. Et l’on raconte souvent qu’il a été repéré en train d’apprendre l’allemand sur Duolingo à 3h du matin."
Anna Kurian - publié le 15/04/26
https://fr.aleteia.org/2026/04/15/lafrique-accueille-un-pape-polyglotte/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"English remains the lingua franca of scholarly publications, but other languages are gaining ground
By Martin LaSalle  Apr 14th, 2026

Drawing on 88 million articles across all disciplines, an UdeM study examines the global evolution of language use in academic publishing between 1990 and 2023.

In 2023, about 85 per cent of the roughly five million articles indexed in major global databases covering the natural, medical and social sciences were written in English. In 1990, the proportion was considerably higher: 94 per cent.

The nine percentage-point increase in the use of other languages over the past 30 years represents a modest but significant shift in the landscape of scholarly communication, and a step toward greater equity, diversity and inclusion in global knowledge production.

That's what Université de Montréal PhD student Carolina Pradier and postdoctoral fellow Lucía Céspedes reveal in a new study directed by Vincent Larivière, a professor in UdeM's School of Library and Information Science.

Published in the Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, the study is a probing look into the many languages used in nearly 88 million articles and conference proceedings, as well as approximately 1.48 billion references cited in them, since 1990.

Cited works almost all in English
While the relative prevalence of English in scholarly publications has eroded over the years, with researchers gradually publishing more in other languages, the overall volume of articles published in English has not declined at all — quite the contrary.

Indeed, English-language articles have more than quintupled, from about 877,000 in 1990 to nearly 5 million in 2023, the co-authors note in their study.

The dominance of English is especially evident in the analysis of citations. “While publications in English account for 85 per cent of the analyzed corpus, 98.89 per cent of the references cited were in English,” said Pradier.

Even in the countries that publish the least in English—Indonesia, Brazil, Ecuador and Angola –English-language references accounted for at least 92 per cent of all references cited.

“On the one hand, there is the language in which researchers write their articles, and on the other there are the studies they rely on to advance their research,” explained Pradier. “Non-English-speaking researchers can now produce work in their own language, but they must still engage with literature that is overwhelmingly written in English.”

The rise of Indonesian
The authors highlight the case of Indonesian. Virtually absent from citation databases in the early 1990s, it is now used in 2.69 per cent of global scholarly publications, surpassing French and German.

According to Pradier, this breakthrough is no accident.

“In 2014, the Indonesian government issued a decree requiring that all scholarly publications be made freely accessible online, which led to the widespread adoption of Open Journal Systems, an open-source, free-to-use journal publishing platform,” she said.

According to Pradier, this is a good example of how national policies on linguistic diversity can change the publishing landscape.

“The rise of publications in Indonesian essentially started from scratch,” she said. “By contrast, Spanish- and Portuguese-language publications in Latin America grew thanks to existing platforms such as Latindex, SciELO and Redalyc, which allowed the region to build a largely self-sufficient ecosystem for knowledge dissemination.”

French in freefall
In contrast to the rising share of publications in Indonesian, Spanish and Portuguese, the use of French has fallen sharply. Once the second most common language, with a 2.14 per cent share of indexed articles in 1990, French slumped to 1.06 per cent by 2023, well behind these three languages.

German has also declined, slipping from 1.38 per cent to 1.23 per cent over the same period.

Pradier attributes these changes to structural factors, noting that the main francophone research communities—France and Quebec—are well integrated into dominant publishing networks. This gives researchers the resources to publish in English and access English-language publications.

By contrast, more peripheral countries, less exposed to pressures to publish in high-profile journals, are developing more independent networks.

“Evaluation policies have a decisive influence,” explained Pradier. “In Quebec, the focus on publishing in high-impact journals encourages publishing in English, whereas in Latin America, greater value is placed on publishing in the national language.”

One exception to the dominance of English is French-language journals in the humanities and social sciences, where fewer than half the citations are to English-language sources. Pradier attributes this “pocket of resistance” to the localized nature of the research topics and the strength of francophone networks in these disciplines.

Blind spots in knowledge
Beyond the numbers, the study highlights the negative consequences of English dominance.

For example, researchers whose working language is not English face tangible costs, including more time devoted to writing, higher rejection rates and stress. This can lead to what the study’s authors call a “survivorship bias,” where only those with sufficient English proficiency succeed in establishing an international research career.

More broadly, English dominance harms knowledge production. “It leads to an epistemic loss as entire swaths of global knowledge production written in undervalued languages remain invisible to the international community,” Pradier said. “Publishing exclusively in English creates enduring blind spots.”

The researchers have two recommendations for policymakers: implement open-source, no-cost accessible journal publishing platforms, and reform current evaluation systems to make them less dependent on citation counts.

“If we focus just on number of citations, we'll continue to encourage the use of English,” Pradier concluded. “Evaluation should also take into account quality and local relevance.”"

1. https://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2026/04/14/l-anglais-demeure-la-lingua-franca-de-la-science-mais-d-autres-langues-s-imposent
   #metaglossia
   #metaglossia_mundus

"Voice actors fight to save their livelihoods and local cultures from Hollywood’s AI push
Voice AI tools are quickly replacing voice-over and dubbing artists, raising concerns not only about jobs but also loss of cultural relevance in non-English-speaking nations.

Global voice actors are mobilizing to protect their livelihoods and personality rights as studios replace human performances with AI dubbing.
Advocates warn that AI lacks the local nuance and emotion required to maintain a country’s unique cultural sovereignty.
Some actors can now earn significantly higher rates by intentionally licensing their voices for AI cloning and enterprise tools.
Hardly anyone would recognize Fabio Azevedo if they passed him on a street in São Paulo. When he begins to speak, however, everyone knows who he is: the voice of some of the best-known characters in Hollywood films dubbed in Portuguese, including Doctor Strange in the Marvel movies, and the Beast in the live-action film Beauty and the Beast.

Azevedo now has a role that may be his most challenging yet: protecting voice-over actors in Brazil from artificial intelligence. As studios, production companies, and streaming platforms increasingly turn to AI for voice-overs and to dub English-language content into local languages, more than 2 million full-time and part-time voice actors worldwide stand to lose their livelihood and the rights to their voice.

We make foreign content sound Brazilian with our Brazilian idiosyncrasies; with AI, we lose that.”
Fabio Azevedo, voice actor and president of the Brazilian Association of Dubbing Professionals

“All the major players have started dabbling in AI for dubbing,” Azevedo, who began acting when he was 13, told Rest of World. Voice actors are not only losing jobs, their voice is also being used to train the AI models that are replacing them, often without their knowledge or compensation.

“With new AI-generated voices, I will be out of a job even though I am the one providing the input,” said Azevedo, who is president of the Brazilian Association of Dubbing Professionals. “On top of that we will have a cultural pasteurization. We make foreign content sound Brazilian with our Brazilian idiosyncrasies; with AI, we lose that.”

AI voice technology, which includes text-to-speech and voice cloning that can replicate a person’s voice, is being adapted for virtual assistants, customer service chatbots, public announcements, and, increasingly, commercials, video games, television shows, and films. San Francisco-based ElevenLabs and Cartesia, as well as Israel’s DeepDub, are among the major players, with more firms entering the space as the technology advances and gets better at lip sync and the flat delivery that audiences have long complained about.

“Please leave us a way to make a living”
Azevedo isn’t the only one fretting about job loss. After the Screen Actors Guild–American Federation of Television and Radio Artists strike in 2023 won protections against AI, including the right to approve how their voices are used, actors and voice actors elsewhere are mobilizing against AI.

Mexico recently banned the use of AI in dubbing and unauthorized use of voice by AI, following a campaign by voice actors. Azevedo’s association has proposed similar protections in Brazil’s AI bill, while in South Korea, voice actors have proposed clauses to limit AI use, and have all citizens’ voices protected from unauthorized AI training and potential criminal misuse.

In China, several voice actors recently posted statements on social media condemning the use of their voices in AI-generated works. “Please leave us a way to make a living,” voice actor Nie Xiying said on Weibo, sharing a statement about AI copyright infringement.

A poster of “The Fantastic Four” announces the Hindi release. Marvl
The rise of streaming platforms has sparked a growing appetite for content dubbed in local languages worldwide. AI is increasingly used to deliver content cheaply and quickly, and voice actors are beginning to push back, even though they don’t have strong unions, Rafael Grohmann, an assistant professor of media studies at the University of Toronto, told Rest of World.

“Particularly in the Global South, they don’t have the economic power, the discursive power, or the institutional support to stop production like the Hollywood unions did,” Grohmann said. “So they are forming collectives, and releasing manifestos, to intervene in how generative AI is used, managed, challenged and refused in their workplace.”

A loss of “cultural sovereignty”
Grohmann built a tracker to map such unions, listing more than 100 movements by creative workers in about 25 countries including Turkey, Argentina, Chile, India, and South Korea. Voice actors, who lack the visibility of actors, are among the hardest hit, and the impact goes beyond job loss to the issue of “cultural sovereignty,” he said.

“In countries like Brazil or Mexico, the oral culture is very strong, and you really need a human to translate for the local context,” he said. “So in Brazil, Peter becomes Pedro. The voice actors have a huge fandom, and they become more famous than the Hollywood actors in the film.”

International markets are critical for Hollywood, generating about two-thirds of revenue. Much of this comes from dubbing films and TV shows in local languages. Streaming platforms such as Netflix and Amazon Prime are also adding more language options for their content to increase their share of foreign markets.

Last year, Amazon Prime announced it would add “AI-aided dubbing on licensed movies and series that would not have been dubbed otherwise.” After viewers ridiculed some AI-generated English and Spanish dubs of anime titles, including the Banana Fish series and the movie No Game No Life: Zero, some of these were removed.

In a country like India, with more than a dozen official languages, commercials, documentaries, and audio books were a gold mine for voice actors. Not anymore.

“These jobs are being annihilated by AI,” Ganessh Divekar, general secretary of the Association of Voice Artists of India, told Rest of World. Recently, Divekar — the voice of Hollywood star Pedro Pascal in the Marvel franchise in Hindi, and Luigi in the Cars films dubbed in Hindi — noticed his voice had been mixed with the voice of another actor using AI, for a film. But there was nothing he could do.

“An entirely new category of high-value work”
Advances in voice cloning — which allows the texture of one voice actor to be used for the performance of another — mean that professionals like Divekar may no longer be required to dub in different languages, beyond providing the material for AI training.

“There is no way to prevent them from using my voice however they wish,” he said. “Earlier, when we were called in for a job, we would not ask what our voice would be used for. Now, we are telling members to ask what it will be used for, and ask for more money when signing perpetuity contracts, because the voice becomes their property in perpetuity and they can do anything with it, including train AI.”

Courts in India have recognized that a person’s voice is “an intrinsic part of their identity and falls within the right to privacy,” and that unauthorized commercial use can violate their personality rights, said Anamika Jha, a media and entertainment lawyer, and the founder of law firm Attorney for Creators. But these provisions do not fully extend to the use of voice data in training AI systems, she told Rest of World.

Earlier, I was a voice; now, I have to say I’m a human voice to distinguish myself from AI.”
Ganessh Divekar, voice actor and general secretary of the Association of Voice Artists of India

“A voice can be cloned and reused indefinitely without further consent or payment,” Jha said. There are also serious reputational concerns. “A cloned voice may be used in contexts that the artist would never endorse, including political messaging, controversial advertising, or explicit content … [and in] impersonation and fraud.”

With appropriate protections and licensing agreements, there can be a big opportunity, too. Voices, a voice solutions company with over 100,000 registered voice actors who can speak in more than 100 languages, now offers voice data and voice AI to enterprise clients. Voice AI jobs pay up to 85 times as much as traditional voice-over work, Julianna Jones, the company’s director of talent success, told Rest of World.

All the voice data on the platform is “intentionally captured” from consenting actors or contributors, and every voice AI agreement includes consent to voice cloning, licensing, and legal protections that ensure their rights and compensation are preserved “even in regions without regulations,” Jones said.

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“This opens up an entirely new category of high-value work,” she said. “Actors retain a say in how their voice is used, stay actively involved as the voice evolves, and continue earning as the technology improves.”

For voice actors such as Divekar, however, the fight to retain control over their voice and earn a living continues.

“Earlier, I was a voice; now, I have to say I’m a human voice to distinguish myself from AI,” he said."
By Rina Chandran
15 April 2026
https://restofworld.org/2026/ai-voice-actors-hollywood-dubbing/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Translation Grants for Publication of Lithuanian literature
Your April Funding Calendar Just Dropped

April is one of the busiest months in the funding calendar. Dozens of international donors are accepting applications right now — but windows are closing fast. Here's what's open and how to get your proposal in on time. DOWNLOAD!

Deadline: 15-May-26

The Translation Grants Programme supports the translation, publication, and international dissemination of Lithuanian literature. Managed by the Lithuanian Culture Institute and funded by the Lithuanian state, the programme helps publishers in Lithuania and abroad bring Lithuanian authors, cultural works, and children’s books to global audiences.

You didn't start your NGO to spend half your time hunting for funding
Premium Membership handles the research so you can focus on what you do best — creating change

What is the Translation Grants Programme?
The Translation Grants Programme is a funding initiative that promotes the global translation and publication of Lithuanian literature.

Its purpose is to help publishers translate and publish Lithuanian works in other languages, making them accessible to readers worldwide. The programme supports both fiction and non-fiction and covers a wide range of literary genres.

What Does the Programme Support?
The programme funds projects that translate, publish, and promote Lithuanian literature internationally.

You didn't start your NGO to spend half your time hunting for funding
Premium Membership handles the research so you can focus on what you do best — creating change

Eligible literary categories include:
Prose
Poetry
Drama
Documentary writing
Children’s literature
Illustrated books
Graphic novels
Fiction and non-fiction by Lithuanian authors
Works by authors of Lithuanian descent
Books related to Lithuanian culture, history, and artists
This broad scope makes the programme valuable for publishers interested in literary translation, cultural publishing, and international rights development.

Why This Programme Matters
The programme has been a major tool for promoting Lithuanian literature globally.

Key impact:
Nearly 600 translated books supported
Published in 43 languages
Operated successfully over several decades
Annual funding allocation of EUR 100,000
This makes it one of the most important public funding opportunities for publishers seeking support for translated literature from Lithuania.

You didn't start your NGO to spend half your time hunting for funding
Premium Membership handles the research so you can focus on what you do best — creating change

Who is Eligible?
The programme is open to publishers and publishing-related legal entities.

Eligible applicants include:
Publishers based in Lithuania
Publishers based outside Lithuania
Other legal entities engaged in publishing activities outside Lithuania
To qualify, applicants should plan to publish a translated work of Lithuanian literature in their own country or market.

How Funding Works
Funding is awarded through a competitive application process.

You didn't start your NGO to spend half your time hunting for funding
Premium Membership handles the research so you can focus on what you do best — creating change

Call frequency:
Calls are published at least twice a year
Funding structure depends on publication timing:
1. If the book is published in the same year as the grant award
A one-stage agreement is signed
The full grant amount is paid after project completion
Payment is made after:
Final reports are submitted
Required documentation is approved
Six copies of the publication are delivered
2. If the book will be published in a later year
A two-stage agreement is used
Up to 60% of the grant is paid first
The remaining balance is paid after:
Final reporting
Submission of required documents
Delivery of six publication copies
How to Apply
Applicants should prepare all materials before starting the application.

Important note:
Incomplete applications are not saved
It is best to collect all documents in advance
Required application materials:
A short presentation of the publishing house
A list of translations published in the last two years
Information on distribution channels and partners
A description of planned marketing activities
A justification of the project’s relevance
Details on the translator’s qualifications
The translator’s motivation for the project
Tips for a Strong Application
To improve your chances:

Show why the selected work is relevant for your market
Highlight strong distribution and sales channels
Include a clear marketing and promotion plan
Demonstrate the translator’s experience and literary fit
Explain how the book will help expand access to Lithuanian literature internationally
Make sure all required documents are complete before submission
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Starting the form without all materials ready
Submitting an incomplete application
Giving weak details about distribution strategy
Not clearly explaining the project’s market relevance
Providing limited information about the translator
Ignoring promotion and dissemination planning
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the Translation Grants Programme?
It is a funding programme that supports the translation, publication, and international promotion of Lithuanian literature.

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2. Who manages the programme?
The programme is funded by the Lithuanian state and administered by the Lithuanian Culture Institute.

3. Who can apply?
Eligible applicants include:

Publishers in Lithuania
International publishers
Other legal entities outside Lithuania involved in publishing
4. How often are calls announced?
Calls for applications are published at least twice per year.

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5. What kinds of books are supported?
The programme supports:

Prose
Poetry
Drama
Documentary writing
Children’s books
Illustrated books
Graphic novels
Fiction and non-fiction related to Lithuanian authors, culture, and history
6. How is the grant paid?
Payment depends on publication timing:

Same-year publication: Full payment after completion and reporting
Later-year publication: Up to 60% upfront, with the rest after final reporting
7. What documents are required?
Applicants need to submit publishing house details, recent translation history, distribution and marketing information, project relevance, and translator qualifications/motivation.

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Premium Membership handles the research so you can focus on what you do best — creating change

Conclusion
The Translation Grants Programme is a strong opportunity for publishers looking to bring Lithuanian literature to international readers. With support for multiple genres, regular calls, and a proven record of nearly 600 translated books in 43 languages, it offers meaningful backing for literary translation, publishing, and cultural exchange."

https://www2.fundsforngos.org/individuals/translation-grants-for-publication-of-lithuanian-literature/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Learn Practical Tools to Support Multilingual Communities at "Translation to Success"

May 13 from noon - 1 pm online

In recognition of Asian Pacific American Heritage Month, join UMB Student Affairs for "From Translation to Success"  on May 13 at noon. The virtual fireside chat will explore how language access extends beyond translation to shape equity, trust, and effective service delivery in multilingual communities, with particular attention to AAPI populations.

Designed for students preparing to work in diverse professional settings, the conversation will highlight real-world applications of language access and equip participants with tools to better support multilingual communities. Attendees will leave with a clearer understanding of how inclusive language practices strengthen belonging, accountability, and successful service delivery."
https://www.umaryland.edu/global/our-global-campus/umb-global-newsletter/archived-cge-global-newsletters/2026-cge-global-newsletters/april-2026-newsletter/learn-practical-tools-to-support-multilingual-communities-at-translation-to-success.php
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"University of Bonn Establishes Translation Hub

New coordination office to support 36 universities in North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW)

Since the beginning of February 2026, the University of Bonn has been home to the new North Rhine-Westphalian Coordination Office for Translation Matters in Higher Education (‘Landeskoordinationsstelle für Übersetzungsangelegenheiten im Hochschulwesen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen’). It is developing an online platform offering sample translations, translation resources and training sessions, while serving as a central contact point for translation-related questions. The platform is scheduled to launch in late April 2026.

 

NRW Coordination Office for Translation Matters in Higher Education at the University of Bonn. - The Coordination Office supports 36 universities in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is developing a platform featuring sample documents and translation tools, serves as a point of contact for questions, and offers training sessions.

© Photo: Gregor Hübl / University of Bonn

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Greater orientation for international higher education

 

Research and teaching are carried out within international networks, as are many administrative processes. The need for reliable information in English—whether HR forms or administrative regulations—is growing accordingly. That’s where the NRW Coordination Office comes in: It seeks to pool existing resources, prevent the unnecessary duplication of work and provide centralized access to English-language documents that are relevant across universities in NRW.

 

During the initial setup phase, the NRW Coordination Office is mapping which English-language documents and bilingual resources, such as glossaries or terminology, are already available at NRW’s 36 public universities. This information will help set future priorities.

 

At the same time, a digital platform is under development, set to go live by the end of April. This will serve as the primary access point for sample translations and other materials. Universities will be able to submit translation and proofreading requests via this platform or via email.

 

Drawing on proven expertise

 

One of the reasons for establishing the NRW Coordination Office in Bonn was the strong structures already in place. The University of Bonn set up its Central Translation Service within the International Office back in 2019 as a means of reducing language barriers and strengthening its international outreach. Initially, the Central Translation Service focused on translating texts, forms and other content from German into English; a year later, it also took on the coordination of editing services for academic texts in English in collaboration with an external provider.

 

Today, the Central Translation Service advises staff on all language and translation issues and maintains the University’s German-English glossary and English style guide. Since 2021, its language specialists have also offered an interpreting service for key meetings and public events at the University of Bonn.

 

A central hub to drive synergies

 

A few other German states already have similar offices to coordinate translations of cross-university importance or make shared language resources available. In discussions among the universities in NRW, the idea emerged to set up a similar state-wide coordination office here. This led to an application being submitted to the Ministry of Culture and Science of NRW in collaboration with representatives of the universities and the University Rectors’ Conference. In 2025, the University of Bonn’s application was approved, with financing provided through the NRW Future Fund (Zukunftsfonds) for an initial two-year period.

 

Professor Birgit Ulrike Münch, Vice Rector for International Affairs, stated: “International collaboration relies on solid linguistic foundations, including in administration. With the NRW Coordination Office, we are putting in place a structure that provides concrete support to universities in North Rhine‑Westphalia.” Professor Petra M. Vogel, Prorector for Students and Junior Faculty, Diversity, and International Affairs at the University of Siegen, was also one of the earliest proponents of the project: “Experience from other German states shows that a state-wide coordination office can deliver real value in the field of higher‑education translation. There’s a key focus on connecting existing structures in a meaningful way and creating synergies. I’m very pleased that an office like this could also be set up in NRW.”

 

The project aims to build a fully functional platform that

 

- taps into synergies in the translation field and avoids the same work being done multiple times;

- expands the range of information available in English;

- supports university translators, administrative staff and researchers in implementing internationalization strategies.

 

Services designed to meet real needs

 

When the platform launches at the end of April, it plans to offer the following services:

 

- Translations (German to English) of documents that are relevant for all universities in NRW

- A bilingual (German/English) terminology database

- Topic-specific glossaries that can also be integrated into machine translation tools or used in the context of AI-supported translation

- Machine translations for universities that don’t have the relevant licenses themselves

- Proofreading

- Training sessions, especially on the effective use of machine translation tools

 

Particularly when it comes to machine translation or the use of AI in a translation context, there is growing demand for guidance. That’s why training sessions will aim to give practical tips on how these tools work, where they fall short and what else needs to be considered in practice, for example data protection requirements or established institutional terminology.

 

Collaboration across the network

 

The NRW Coordination Office will partner closely with NRW’s 36 public universities. Each institution will receive access to the platform and can use the services offered. Regular exchange formats, a newsletter and feedback channels are also in the works.

 

The NRW Coordination Office sees itself explicitly as a service provider and networking hub that offers support, but does not establish binding standards. The translations and terminology recommendations provided aim to offer universities guidance and complement their internal language resources.

 

Significance for the University of Bonn

 

This state-wide office further embeds the University of Bonn in the cross-institutional structures of higher education development in NRW. At the same time, the NRW Coordination Office aligns perfectly with the University’s Internationalization Strategy, which explicitly calls for the expansion of English-language information resources.

 

Contact:

 

NRW Coordination Office for Translation Matters in Higher Education at the University of Bonn: landeskoordinationsstelle.nrw@uni-bonn.de"

https://www.uni-bonn.de/en/news/069-2026

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

Sze is Building a Signature Project and Tour Focused on Poetry in Translation to Open the World of Poetry to More People

"U.S. Poet Laureate Arthur Sze Appointed for a Second Term
Release Date: 14 Apr 2026

U.S. Poet Laureate Arthur Sze Appointed for a Second Term
Sze is Building a Signature Project and Tour Focused on Poetry in Translation to Open the World of Poetry to More People

This National Poetry Month, the Library of Congress has appointed Arthur Sze to serve a second term as the nation’s 25th Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry for 2026-2027, the Library announced today.

Sze, who lives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, was named poet laureate in September 2025 and began working to expand appreciation of poetry through his focus on translating poetry originally written in languages other than English. His newest book, “Transient Worlds: On Translating Poetry,” features translations from 13 languages and provides a personal guide to poetry in translation. The book is published today by Copper Canyon Press in association with the Library of Congress.

Sze’s first term will conclude on April 30 when he will return to the Library for a rare, special conversation with the Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom, Simon Armitage, on the art and process of writing and translating poetry. Armitage has a new translation of “Gilgamesh,” also publishing on April 14."
https://newsroom.loc.gov/news/u.s.-poet-laureate-arthur-sze-appointed-for-a-second-term/s/af95199e-5eec-4568-9b62-cc5a9a6e994f
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"
Procès ajourné pour un problème de traduction en langue dari
14.04.2026 10h23

Le Tribunal cantonal a été obligé d'ajourner le procès du jour pour une question de traduction 8
Le Tribunal cantonal valaisan aurait dû juger mardi un Afghan pour tentative d'assassinat sur son épouse. En première instance, il avait écopé de 10 ans de prison et d'une expulsion de 15 ans de Suisse. Le procès a finalement été ajourné pour un problème d'interprète.

Le prévenu, désireux de s'exprimer dans sa langue maternelle - le dari -, comme c'est son droit le plus strict, la Cour a entamé le procès en assermentant une interprète de la région. A la deuxième question, celle-ci a admis une connaissance limitée de cette langue.

Président du Tribunal, Christophe Pralong a alors interrompu les débats, cherchant un traducteur remplaçant. Après une petite demi-heure, le TC a choisi d'ajourner le procès, n'ayant pas pu trouver la perle rare. Le fils de l'accusé, puis l'un de ses cousins se sont offerts pour traduire. Au vu de la proximité de ces personnes avec le prévenu, le TC a refusé cette solution.

'Nous essayerons de fixer au plus vite une nouvelle date. Ce dossier est (ndlr: désormais) prioritaire', a conclu Christophe Pralong.

/ATS"
https://www.lemanbleu.ch/fr/Actualite/Suisse/Proces-ajourne-pour-un-probleme-de-traduction-en-langue-dari.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Accueillir l’univers culturel et linguistique guarani : une traduction hospitalière de l’œuvre d’Augusto Roa Bastos

Welcoming the Guarani Cultural and Linguistic Universe: A Hospitable Translation of the Work of Augusto Roa Bastos

DOI: https://doi.org/10.58282/acta.21025

Augusto Roa Bastos, Yñipyru et autres textes, trad. Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta, Paris : Classiques Garnier, 2024, 203 p., EAN 9782406172673.

1Dans Éloge de la traduction, Barbara Cassin évoque l’enjeu de la traduction en ces termes : « comprendre que les différentes langues produisent des mondes différents dont elles sont les causes et les effets ; et faire communiquer ces mondes en inquiétant les langues l’une par l’autre, de sorte que la langue du lecteur aille à la rencontre de celle de l’auteur1 ». C’est ce que nous proposent les éditeurs et traducteurs d’Yñipyru et autres textes.

 

2Dans cette œuvre publiée en 2024 aux éditions Classiques Garnier, Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta nous offrent une traduction hospitalière, annotée et commentée de poèmes, de nouvelles et d’écrits critiques du plus célèbre écrivain paraguayen : Augusto Roa Bastos. Romancier, poète et dramaturge, cet auteur a été reconnu mondialement, notamment pour ces œuvres Moi, le suprême (1974) et Fils d’homme (1982). Il obtint également le très honorable prix Cervantès en 1989 qu’il envisage comme une reconnaissance à la culture riche et plurielle de son pays.

 

3Yñipyru et autres textes rassemble vingt-huit poèmes, trois nouvelles et deux textes critiques traduits pour la première fois, pour la plupart, en français. Il nous faut souligner d’emblée l’importance donnée à l’œuvre poétique d’Augusto Roa Bastos qui n’est encore que très peu étudiée et connue en France. La sélection des œuvres traduites est claire et pertinente. Elle se base sur deux critères : l’évidence du lien avec la langue, la culture et la cosmogonie guarani d’une part et le reflet de l’engagement sociopolitique de l’auteur, d’autre part.

 

4Exposée dès le seuil de l’ouvrage, dans une introduction riche et précise du point de vue du contexte géographique et sociopolitique du Paraguay et de la biographie d’Augusto Roa Bastos, la démarche des auteurs consiste à mettre en lumière, dans le processus de création, comment fonctionnent la « poétique des variations » et le « texte absent » qui caractérisent les écrits de l’écrivain paraguayen et que nos auteurs associent à l’oralité du guarani : « Retrouver le texte guarani absent […] tant il est vrai que la poétique roabastienne se nourrit profondément de cette matière linguistique et culturelle guarani, de sorte que traduire les textes écrits en espagnol paraguayen, c’est aussi traduire depuis le guarani ce texte qui “pense” l’écrivain, pour reprendre l’image très juste proposée par Roa Bastos » (p. 25).

 

5L’ouvrage témoigne ainsi d’une approche pluridisciplinaire où se mêlent études littéraires et anthropologiques, à l’image de ses auteurs. En effet, Cécile Brochard est maîtresse de conférences en littératures comparées à Nantes Université. Ses recherches explorent le lien entre littérature et politique, notamment dans une perspective décoloniale. Elle s’intéresse particulièrement aux pratiques et poétiques engagées par les écrivains plurilingues et autochtones d’Amérique et d’Australie. Quant à Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta, il vient de soutenir une thèse en anthropologie sociale et ethnologie à l’EHESS et au sein du laboratoire d’anthropologie sociale (LAS) intitulée Garder la porte entrebâillée : revisite ethnographique chez les Mbya-guarani du Paraguay. Il s’intéresse aux langues, discours, pratiques, représentations mythologiques et aux droits des peuples guaranis.

 

L’hospitalité de la traduction

6Yñipyru se démarque tout d’abord par sa posture par rapport à l’acte de traduction. Dans cette recherche du dévoilement du « texte absent » guarani, la démarche de traduction semble se rapprocher de la visée hospitalière défendue à la fois par Antoine Berman et par Paul Ricœur2. Antoine Berman dénonce la perspective platonicienne et ethnocentrée qui fait de la traduction un instrument de domination. Pour contrer cette posture, il défend une éthique de la traduction fondée sur la lettre. Il s’agit alors de recevoir l’autre dans son altérité en respectant ce que la langue fait au discours. Traduire la lettre, du « texte en tant qu’il est lettre », c’est-à-dire en tant que création du discours et manipulation de la langue, contre une vision dominante promouvant la traduction du sens. Ce respect de l’altérité du guarani transparaît dans la mise en place de différents mécanismes proposés par Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta. Il nous faut d’abord souligner le rôle du paratexte et tout particulièrement des notes de bas de page. Celles-ci viennent non seulement éclairer et justifier la traduction mais également mettre en lumière les mécanismes de la langue guarani. Le lecteur entre ainsi dans les rouages de la langue et est guidé pour comprendre les fonctionnements de cette langue agglutinante de type polysynthétique. Ce recours apparaît dès le premier poème traduit, Yñipyru, où les auteurs justifient en note la traduction de « Ñanderuvusu ogũahẽ ouvo/Ñanderuvusu » par « Ñanderuvusu arrivent en venant/Ñanderuvusu ». Ils précisent alors : « La phrase est formée d’une part par la racine gũahẽ, “arriver”, accompagnée de la marque de la troisième personne -o ; d’autre part, le verbe “venir” à la troisième personne (ou), modulé par le suffixe -vo qui indique la continuité de l’action ». Et l’on remarquera la restitution de l’altérité dans la juxtaposition du verbe à l’indicatif suivi du gérondif en français qui laissent apparaître la singularité de la syntaxe guarani en bousculant celle du français.

 

7Cette proposition des auteurs nous semble particulièrement intéressante dans la mesure où le lecteur n’est pas seulement amené à entrer dans l’univers culturel du Paraguay mais également dans l’univers linguistique du guarani.

 

8Il est également important de mettre en avant le respect des interférences et la restitution des culturèmes3 dans les différentes traductions. Deux stratégies se présentent dans l’ouvrage. Lors de la traduction des poèmes, les auteurs explicitent en note le sens que renferment certains culturèmes comme la « parole-âme » (p. 35) ou encore les « bâtons croisés » (p. 37), par exemple. Dans la traduction des nouvelles, les culturèmes apparaissent la plupart du temps en italiques, tels quels, dans la version en français et sont ensuite expliqués en note. C’est le cas, par exemple, des obrajes ou de machu. Cette démarche de traduction permet au lecteur universel d’accepter l’altérité de l’univers littéraire et culturel auquel il est confronté tout en s’y aventurant grâce aux explicitations fournies en notes.

 

9Enfin, un autre choix de traduction mérite d’être souligné. À l’instar de la méthode adoptée par Roa Bastos, les passages en guarani dans les nouvelles ne sont pas traduits dans le corps du texte mais en notes de bas de page. Ce procédé permet au lecteur de comprendre le lien entre guarani et oralité, puisque les passages dans cette langue apparaissent presque exclusivement dans les dialogues. Le lecteur peut ainsi percevoir la réalité diglossique du Paraguay.

 

Clefs de lecture de l’œuvre roabastienne

10La structure et la sélection des textes d’Augusto Roa Bastos dans l’ouvrage sont particulièrement éclairantes. D’une part, l’on remarque que les textes critiques viennent, en effet, apporter des clefs de lecture de l’œuvre poétique et narrative de l’écrivain. Ainsi, si l’intérêt pour les chants ancestraux et pour les questions sociopolitiques ancrées dans la ruralité du Paraguay saute aux yeux du lecteur dans les poèmes et les nouvelles, celles-ci trouvent un écho dans les textes critiques. On y perçoit l’engagement d’Augusto Roa Bastos contre l’ethnocide des Guayakis, qui est aussi évoqué dans la nouvelle Chico-coá, ou encore l’abandon des populations rurales, qui apparait aussi dans la nouvelle « Les rogations ». La prégnance des oratures4, manifeste dans l’œuvre poétique de l’écrivain, est aussi revendiquée dans les écrits critiques comme le fondement d’une littérature nationale. Roa Bastos insiste sur la revalorisation de l’oralité guarani et des chants ancestraux tout particulièrement qui renferment l’authenticité d’une littérature nationale. En cela, la démarche de Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta de dévoiler le texte absent guarani semble se concrétiser. Cette piste aurait pu également être explorée en s’arrêtant sur le rôle du guarani dans les poèmes où les deux langues, espagnole et guarani, s’alternent. En effet, dans Yñipyru, les occurrences en guarani semblent fonctionner comme des refrains dont découle l’écriture en espagnol. À l’échelle du poème se reflète l’idée que l’oralité guarani est source d’inspiration de la poésie en espagnol. De la même manière, l’engagement sociopolitique de l’écrivain aurait peut-être pu être abordé en insistant sur une autre clef de lecture de l’œuvre roabastienne : la fusion entre les personnages et le paysage. Celle-ci paraît témoigner d’une sorte de déterminisme dans la mesure où les êtres humains sont indissociables de leur milieu social et semblent incapables de s’en libérer. Ainsi, dans la nouvelle « Les rogations », la protagoniste Poilú est d’emblée présentée comme une « bestiole », « une petite larve humaine avançant entre les lambeaux jaunâtres des feuilles » (p. 151). Elle est aussi désignée comme « la figurine de cire sylvestre » (p. 153). De fait, son destin tragique dépend de la rudesse du territoire et tout particulièrement de l’absence d’eau. C’est aussi le cas pour le « niño-azoté », personnage de la nouvelle du même nom, qui se transforme en « fleur blanche aux cheveux rouges » (p. 168). Ainsi, les personnages sont façonnés par le territoire.

 

De l’œuvre roabastienne à l’émergence d’une tradition littéraire nationale

11L’une de forces d’Yñipyru est d’avoir mis en exergue non seulement l’importance des oratures dans l’œuvre de Roa Bastos mais également d’avoir montré comment à partir de ce dernier s’instaure une tradition littéraire paraguayenne qui va réinterpréter et réécrire les mythes ancestraux. Ce sera notamment le cas à la suite de Roa Bastos de la poète bilingue Susy Delgado. Les oratures et l’univers religieux guarani deviendront progressivement une source d’inspiration pour les poètes bilingues. C’est notamment le cas pour Brígido Bogado, Maurolugo ou Alba Eiragi Duarte, par exemple.

 

12Cette mise en lumière d’une scène littéraire nationale est aussi manifeste dans le jeu de dédicaces et de leur contextualisation en notes de bas de page. Il se tisse ainsi un réseau de sociabilisation autour de Roa Bastos qui le situe dans un ancrage littéraire mais aussi culturel et politique. On y retrouve notamment des anthropologues comme Miguel Chase-Sardi ou Rubén Barreiro Saguier mais aussi d’autres auteurs comme Emiliano R. Fernandez, Carlos Federico Abente, Elvio Romero, Josefina Plá ou encore Carlos Colombino. Grâce à l’effort de contextualisation en notes de bas de page, le lecteur peut observer les mailles d’une scène littéraire engagée.

 

Du lectorat paraguayen au lectorat universel

13Il nous faut ici insister sur l’importance du paratexte qui joue un rôle clef dans le rapprochement entre la réalité d’un lecteur francophone et celui d’Augusto Roa Bastos. Les notes de bas de page incarnent ainsi un réel apport de contextualisation géographique, historique et politique mais aussi sociétale et anthropologique. Ainsi, grâce à la double lecture de la traduction de l’œuvre de l’écrivain paraguayen et aux explications apportées par Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta, le lecteur peut ainsi non seulement obtenir des clefs de lecture de l’univers roabastien mais aussi de la mythologie guarani. Nous insistons sur la rigueur avec laquelle les différents dieux de la cosmogonie guarani sont resitués ainsi que les étapes de la genèse et les attributs des différentes déités. Nous pensons, par exemple, à la symbolique du jaguar bleu (p. 45) ou à celle des arcs (p. 63). L’importance de la contextualisation historique apparaît aussi clairement pour un poème comme Soldado de la revolución (p. 89) qui évoque la guerre civile liée à la Révolution de 1947 au Paraguay.

 

14Yñipyru et autres textes convoquent ainsi différents outils qui permettent au lectorat français d’accueillir l’univers linguistique et culturel guarani exploré par Roa Bastos.

 

notes

1 Barbara Cassin, Éloge de la traduction : compliquer l’universel, Paris : Fayard, 2016, p. 49.

 

2 Voir Antoine Berman, La Traduction et la lettre ou l’Auberge du lointain, Paris : Seuil, 1999, et Paul Ricœur, Sur la traduction, Paris : les Belles lettres, 2016.

 

3 Nous concevrons ici le culturème selon la définition proposée par Georgiana Lungu-Badea : « Défini comme la plus petite unité porteuse d’information culturelle, le culturème est aussi un concept théorique désignant une réalité culturelle propre à une culture qui ne se retrouve pas nécessairement dans une autre. Le concept est devenu opératoire dans la théorie et la pratique de la traduction en raison des difficultés posées par le transfert des différences culturelles ». Le culturème se construit sur le modèle linguistique du morphème, phonème, graphème. Georgiana Lungu-Badea le définit à partir de trois critères : son caractère monoculturel, la relativité de son statut et son autonomie par rapport à la traduction. Son essence relative est liée au fait que le culturème est propre à une culture et garde la même signification peu importe le contexte. À la différence du traductème, du néologisme ou de l’emprunt, le culturème n’est pas le fait d’un auteur. Lungu-Badea, « Remarques sur le concept de culturème », Translationes, vol. 1, 2009, p. 15-78.

 

4 Le terme « orature » aurait été forgé par le linguiste ougandais Pio Zirimu pour parler des expressions orales de création humaine. Micere Mugo, professeur en histoire de l’art, a ensuite repris le terme pour désigner plus spécifiquement des productions artistiques orales qui se prêtent généralement à la déclamation ou à la dramatisation. Ce terme a ensuite été repris par différents chercheurs qui en ont modelé le sens et les nuances. Il est repris au Paraguay par Mark Münzel pour parler de la spécificité littéraire des chants mythiques des communautés guaranis.

 

résumés

Ce compte-rendu s’intéresse à Yñipyru et autres textes (Classiques Garnier, 2024), où Cécile Brochard et Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta proposent une traduction « hospitalière » d’œuvres d’Augusto Roa Bastos — poèmes, nouvelles et textes critiques — qui révèlent l’importance du guarani dans sa création. L’ouvrage, annoté et commenté, éclaire la « poétique des variations » et le « texte absent » guarani, tout en respectant l’altérité linguistique grâce à un usage soigné du paratexte, des notes explicatives et de la restitution des culturèmes. Les traductions rendent perceptibles la réalité diglossique du Paraguay et la richesse de la cosmogonie guarani. La sélection des textes met en évidence les deux axes majeurs de l’œuvre : l’ancrage culturel et linguistique guarani et l’engagement sociopolitique. L’analyse montre aussi comment Roa Bastos s’inscrit dans une tradition littéraire paraguayenne. Par son travail minutieux, l’ouvrage relie l’univers de Roa Bastos à un lectorat francophone tout en restituant l’arrière-plan historique, mythologique et politique du Paraguay.

 

This review focuses on Yñipyru and Other Texts (Classiques Garnier, 2024), in which Cécile Brochard and Joaquín Ruiz Zubizarreta offer a “hospitable” translation of works by Augusto Roa Bastos—poems, short stories, and critical essays—that reveal the central role of Guarani in his creative process. Annotated and commented, the volume sheds light on the “poetics of variations” and the Guarani “absent text,” while respecting linguistic otherness through the careful use of paratexts, explanatory notes, and the preservation of culturèmes (culture-specific element). The translations convey both the diglossic reality of Paraguay and the richness of the Guarani cosmogony. The selection of texts highlights the two main axes of Roa Bastos’s work: its cultural and linguistic grounding in Guarani and its sociopolitical engagement. The analysis also shows how Roa Bastos is part of a Paraguayan literary tradition. Through meticulous work, the book connects Roa Bastos’s universe to a Francophone readership while restoring the historical, mythological, and political background of Paraguay.

 

plan

L’hospitalité de la traduction

Clefs de lecture de l’œuvre roabastienne

De l’œuvre roabastienne à l’émergence d’une tradition littéraire nationale

Du lectorat paraguayen au lectorat universel

mots clés

anthropologie, guarani, littérature, Roa Bastos (Augusto), traduction

 

anthropology, Guarani, literature, Roa Bastos (Augusto), translation

 

auteur

Manon Naro

 

Voir ses autres contributions

 

Université de Montpellier Paul-Valéry

 

Courriel : manon.naro@univ-monpt3.fr

 

pour citer cet article

Manon Naro, « Accueillir l’univers culturel et linguistique guarani : une traduction hospitalière de l’œuvre d’Augusto Roa Bastos », Acta fabula, vol. 27, n° 4, Notes de lecture, Avril 2026, URL : http://www.fabula.org/revue/document21025.php, page consultée le 15 April 2026. DOI : https://10.58282/acta.21025";

https://www.fabula.org/revue/document21025.php

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

«Chercher Dieu –affirme le Souverain Pontife– c’est aussi reconnaître l’image de Dieu dans chaque créature, enfant de Dieu, en chaque homme et chaque femme créés à l’image et à la ressemblance de Dieu». C’est pourquoi il est important «d’apprendre à vivre ensemble dans le respect de la dignité de chaque personne humaine».

...

Le dialogue avec le recteur a été marqué par la gratitude d’être dans un «lieu qui représente l’espace qui appartient à Dieu», dans le cadre d’un voyage en Algérie, «terre également de mon père spirituel saint Augustin, qui a tant voulu enseigner au monde, surtout par la recherche de la vérité, la recherche de Dieu, en reconnaissant la dignité de chaque être humain et l’importance de construire la paix». «Chercher Dieu –affirme le Souverain Pontife– c’est aussi reconnaître l’image de Dieu dans chaque créature, enfant de Dieu, en chaque homme et chaque femme créés à l’image et à la ressemblance de Dieu». C’est pourquoi il est important «d’apprendre à vivre ensemble dans le respect de la dignité de chaque personne humaine».

 

Le Pape Léon XIV a salué également la création d’un centre de formation au sein de la mosquée, car «il est important que l’être humain développe les capacités intellectuelles que Dieu lui a données, afin que nous puissions découvrir toute la grandeur de la création», a-t-il souligné. L’encouragement passe donc par «la recherche de la vérité», «à travers l’étude» et «par la capacité de reconnaître la dignité de chaque être humain» pour «apprendre à nous respecter mutuellement, à vivre en harmonie et à construire un monde de paix». Le Pape a assuré de ses prières «le peuple d’Algérie» et «tous les peuples de la terre» afin que «la paix et la justice du Royaume de Dieu se manifestent également parmi nous et que nous soyons tous, de plus en plus convaincus, de la nécessité d’être des promoteurs de paix, de réconciliation, de pardon et de ce qui est véritablement la pensée de Dieu pour toute sa création».

 

À la fin, avant de prendre congé et de se rendre à Bab El Oued pour une visite privée au Centre d’accueil et d’amitié des sœurs missionnaires augustiniennes, puis à la basilique Notre-Dame d’Afrique, Léon XIV a signé le livre d’or, avec un message en français. «Que la miséricorde du Très-Haut garde dans la paix et la liberté le noble peuple algérien et toute la famille humaine. Que la miséricorde du Très-Haut préserve le noble peuple algérien et toute la famille humaine dans la paix et la liberté», a-t-il écrit..."

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"A new 150-page research report, Books in Translation: Trends and Transformations in the European Publishing Market, finds that translations from English account for 50% to 70% of all translated titles across most of the continent. It also finds that translations from Japanese are proving more popular than books from some European languages, and that AI is already having a significant impact on the translation market.

The report draws on data from 10 countries and regions, combining national library statistics from Sweden, Slovenia, Catalonia, Bulgaria, and Croatia with publishing industry data from Germany, France, Italy, Poland, Spain, and Austria. It was produced by Rüdiger Wischenbart Content and Consulting in cooperation with CulturalTransfers.org and is part of the EU-funded ThinkPub project.

Translations continue to play a significantly larger role in European book markets—especially those with fewer than 10 million speakers—where they typically account for 20% to 40% of annual book production. In larger markets such as Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, local-language titles dominate, and translations represent roughly 12% to 15% of new books. Direct translations between smaller European languages, such as Slovenian and Bulgarian, remain “almost non-existent” and are often derived from an English translation first, with English serving as a gateway language.

One notable shift in the translation market has been the growing popularity of Japanese manga. In France, Japanese is now the second most translated language, representing 19.9% of all translated titles in 2024. In Germany, manga overtook French in 2021 and accounted for 12.8% of new translated titles in 2023. Poland recorded 11% of translations from Japanese, also exceeding French.

All of this is unfolding within an increasingly difficult publishing environment. The report notes that annual unit sales are declining across almost all markets over the past two decades, with the notable exceptions of Portugal and Spain. Over the past two decades, European publishing has lost 24.1% of its real market value, once revenue is adjusted for inflation, according to the Federation of European Publishers.

On the policy side, the report finds that EU translation grant funding through the Circulation of European Literary Works Programme has increased from approximately €3.4 million annually in 2016–2017 to as much as €5 million per year from 2021 to 2024. It also notes that translations from Ukraine were the fastest-growing category, with the EU supporting the publication of 130 books—representing 6% of all funded works between 2021 and 2024. This boom came in response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022.

The report also highlights sharp imbalances between national programs. It cites Slovenia (population 2.1 million), which publishes 3,800 original works annually and supported the translation of 165 titles from 2020 to 2024. By contrast, Bulgaria (population 6.3 million), which produces nearly twice as many books each year, supported just 18 titles through its national translation funding program.

AI's impact

The report also examines the impact of AI on the translation market, identifying two events as pivotal. First, in November 2025, Amazon introduced Kindle Translate, an AI-powered translation tool available exclusively to self-publishing authors on Kindle Direct Publishing, covering English-to-Spanish, Spanish-to-English, and German-to-English language pairs. The report suggests that the tool’s current restriction to larger language pairs—reflecting limitations in training data—is likely to widen the gap between dominant and more peripheral languages.

A second development, noted by the report, came in February, when HarperCollins France partnered with Fluent Planet to use AI to translate the Harlequin Azur romance series. HC justified the move by arguing that, in light of declining sales, it was necessary to preserve the €4.99 price point. Predictably, the decision drew pushback from French professional translation bodies and reignited debate over AI’s role in literary production.

To test the practical limits of machine translation, the report’s authors conducted a small experiment, translating a Slovenian text into Zulu via ChatGPT-4 in Ljubljana and then back into Slovenian and English via a ChatGPT account in Pretoria. The locations were chosen because there are no direct Slovenian–Zulu human translations, dictionaries, or documented cultural contact between the two languages. The AI performed reasonably well on short, technical sentences but struggled with complex literary passages, omitting details and altering meaning.

A subsequent test on a Slovenian poem found that while the direct Slovenian-to-English translation was adequate, the Slovenian–Zulu–English pathway produced what the authors describe as “a new poem”—one wholly transformed and stripped of its cultural and political subtext. The authors concluded that AI translation is likely to replace a number of translators, but will still require highly skilled human editors to catch errors, especially in literature and in translations involving languages with limited training data.

The report’s authors are direct about what this shift means for the profession. “In the era of machine intelligence,” they write, “only human authors and translators with above-average skills will be able to produce new content; the average ones will be substituted by the machines.” They frame this not as a warning but as a consequence—one that demands more rigorous training, higher editorial standards, and a clearer-eyed publishing industry. “And this,” they add, “is not bad at all.”

Authors of the report are Miha Kovač, professor at the Department of Library and Information Science and Book Studies at the University of Ljubljana; Austrian publishing consultant Rüdiger Wischenbart; Yana Genova, founder of the Next Page Foundation; and Anja Kamenarič, researcher at the University of Ljubljana."
By Ed Nawotka | Apr 09, 2026
https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/international-book-news/article/100121-in-europe-s-translation-markets-english-dominates-japanese-grows-ai-disrupts.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Fry’s to pay $120K after denying ASL interpreter to deaf employee, Arizona AG says

Fry's Food Stores has reached a settlement over a lawsuit that claimed the grocery chain failed to provide a deaf employee with an interpreter.

PHOENIX (AZFamily) — Fry’s Food Stores will pay $120,000 to a former employee after the company allegedly discriminated against his disability while he worked at a Surprise store.

Attorney General Kris Mayes announced Monday that the lawsuit alleged Fry’s failed to provide a deaf employee with an American Sign Language interpreter despite repeated requests.

The employee, who began working as a grocery clerk in 2009 at a Fry’s near the Loop 303 and Greenway Road, was born deaf and uses American Sign Language as his first language.

In January 2024, he reported the alleged discrimination to the state.

According to the lawsuit, the Arizona-based grocery chain relied on lip-reading, written notes and even family members to interpret workplace training sessions.

State investigators said the employee was later accused of insubordination after refusing to sign documents he did not understand and was eventually fired without ever receiving effective accommodations for his disability.

Under the settlement, Fry’s agreed to pay the former employee $120,000 and make several changes to how it handles accommodations for deaf employees in Arizona.

Those changes include building relationships with ASL interpreting agencies that offer both in-person and video remote services, training managers and human resources staff on disability accommodation requirements, and providing guidance on how to recognize and respond to accommodation requests.

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“Civil rights protections are at increasing risk in our country and our state, but my office is committed to protecting all Arizonans from unlawful discrimination,” Mayes said in a written statement. “When employers deny effective communication to employees with disabilities, qualified individuals are prevented from meaningful participation in the workforce."
By Brian Petersheim Jr.
Published: Apr. 6, 2026 at 7:22 PM GMT+1|Updated: 11 hours ago
https://www.azfamily.com/2026/04/06/frys-pay-120k-after-denying-asl-interpreter-deaf-employee-arizona-ag-says/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"On Translation as a Symmetry of Language

Camilo Brown-Pinilla, A.B. '26, Applied Mathematics

Advisors: Melanie Weber

• Please give a brief summary of your project.

When you translate a sentence into another language, the surface form that sentence takes on varies, but the underlying meaning remains unchanged. Using the language of group theory, Geometric Deep Learning describes relationships such as these as symmetries. By treating symmetries as a foundational design principle, we are able to create models that are especially robust and data efficient. This thesis approaches Natural Language Processing, which allows artificial intelligence agents to understand human languages, from this geometric perspective, treating translation as a symmetry of language and asking whether this approach can be used to improve the translation ability of AI systems.

• How did you come up with this idea for your final project?

I have been thinking about this project ever since my junior year when I took a class on Geometric Machine Learning. Starting with a background in Natural Language Processing, I was amazed by the mathematical elegance and real-world utility of the geometric learning philosophy. This project emerged as my attempt at finding a bridge between these mostly disjoint fields.

• What was the timeline of your project?

I started working on this project in April 2025. Over the summer, I conducted a thorough literature review and refined the formulation of my problem. From August to March 2026, I completed the implementation of this idea, which stitches together three distinct machine learning pipelines.

• What part of the project proved the most challenging?

The hardest part of the project was refining my initial interest in a bridge between Geometric Deep Learning and Natural Language Processing into an actionable research question. I had to dig through linguistic literature that was unfamiliar to me and think outside of the box to see how different tools and perspectives were really just instances of the same overarching idea. From there, the engineering pipeline was a challenge, requiring me to optimize and orchestrate several large models and datasets.

• What part of the project did you enjoy the most?

I thoroughly enjoyed the opportunity to spend a lot of time thinking very deeply about a problem that interests me. Every part of the project felt like working my way through the wild west. It was very exciting getting to work with so many different techniques and finding a way to link them all together.

• What did you learn, or skills did you gain, through this project?

I learned more skills than I can count. Most importantly, I learned how to think like a scientist and channel curiosity and excitement into real results.

Topics: Academics, AI / Machine Learning, Applied Mathematics"
https://seas.harvard.edu/news/camilo-brown-pinillas-senior-project-new-approach-ai-translation
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#metaglossia_mundus

" 'I'm American but needed a translator to understand 2 common British phrases'
An American woman who is married to a British man has outlined two things her husband says regularly which leave her confused. She appealed to her followers on social media for help to make sure she was understanding him correctly.

Ian Craig Social Newsdesk Content Editor
06 Apr 2026

Communication is key to any successful relationship. Being able to make your other half understand just what you mean is important so you're always on the same page, and to avoid any unfortunate misunderstandings.

But when two people come from completely different cultures, this can be a struggle. A phrase meaning one thing to one person may mean something completely different to the other.

One American woman who is married to a British man has outlined two things he says regularly which leave her confused. The woman, who posts on TikTok as corrinesarah, appealed to her followers for help to make sure she was understanding her husband correctly.

She posted the clip with the caption: "Married a British man and now I need a translator."

Opening the video, she said: "Two things I hear my British husband say all the time, and what they actually mean.

"If a British man says 'that's interesting', he means he hates it. It's the worst thing ever. Toss it out, start over. Just no.

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"But if a British man says 'it's alright', that is like the highest compliment ever. He loves it, it's amazing, you won. Good job."

Appealing to her followers for help, she concluded: "So, British people in my comments, tell me: am I right? Am I understanding him correctly? 'Cos I need help."

Thankfully, commenters came through with their own advice on British sayings.

One said: "'That's interesting' all depends on what happens afterwards. If he immediately starts talking about something else, he hates it. If he goes quiet for a bit and seems distracted, it really was interesting and he's devoting considerable brain power to analysing it in immense detail."

Another said: "'That’s alright' is a polite way of saying it's fine, but it can be a lot better with improvement." And someone else wrote: "'Alright' could literally mean 100 different things tbh."...

A different user commented: "The highest compliment he can give you is telling you that you're 'a bit of alright'." corrinesarah replied: "He’s said that to me before." Someone else replied: "If he has said that to you, take it from me, he absolutely loves you."

Another said: "If you ever suggest an activity or somewhere to visit, if he responds with 'yeah, we could do', that means that he does not want to do it." And someone else wrote: "'Not too shabby'= high praise."

A different user commented: "The phrase you really want to hear is that something is 'not bad'. Peak compliment!""
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/real-life-stories/im-american-needed-translator-understand-36950423
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"By Eurasia Review

A medieval ophthalmologist who translated Greek works by Galen, Hippocrates, and Plato into Arabic played a pivotal role in shaping Western medical scholarship, according to a recent study published in the journal Cogent Arts and Humanities.

x

In the study, authors affiliated with the University of Sharjah transcribe and translate into English the Arabic text of an original manuscript by Hunayn ibn Ishaq titled In the Eye, Two Hundred and Seven Issues. The ninth-century treatise is an innovative work in ophthalmology that corrected medieval misconceptions and significantly influenced the development of medical knowledge.

Written in a question-and-answer format, the treatise supplements ten other original essays by Hunayn that together are regarded as a landmark in both Islamic and Western medical history. In these works, he provides detailed analyses of eye anatomy, including the layers of the eye and the optic nerves, demonstrating the advances that made lasting contributions to Arabic and Western medicine alike.

“In the field of ophthalmology, Hunayn ibn Ishaq demonstrated his scientific prowess, providing evidence-based explanations and proving that disagreements about the number of eye layers were merely terminological and not substantive,” said the study’s lead author Dalal H. Al-Zubi, a doctoral candidate. “He clarified that the eye consists of seven layers, with only one responsible for vision, while the others support its function.” Hunayn also meticulously described the role of each layer, including its starting and ending points.

The study further highlights Hunayn’s explanation of the muscles controlling eye movement, noting his clarification that the brain governs these muscles via the nerve connecting it to the eye. His work ‘In the Eye, Two Hundred and Seven Issues’ provides clear evidence of the distinctiveness of his methodology in this field,” added Al-Zubi.

Enduring influence
Beyond his medical contributions, the study emphasizes Hunayn’s influence as a translator. As Al-Zubi notes, he enriched the Arabic language by introducing precise medical terminology, including terms for the retina and cornea. Rather than relying on literal translation, Hunayn employed descriptive and analogous renderings and metaphors, producing Arabized terms that conveyed meaning while remaining linguistically natural in Arabic.

A Syriac Christian polymath and member of the then prosperous and far-reaching Church of the East, Hunayn (known in the West as Johannitius) earned the epithet “Sheikh of the Translators.” He played a pivotal role as both a scholar and translator at the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. His translations, often based on original Syriac and Greek manuscripts, were instrumental in preserving Greek scientific knowledge and later transmitting it to Europe.

The study examines Hunayn’s contributions to advancing the translation movement during the early Abbasid period, highlighting how he pioneered the translation paradigm that prioritized rendering the full meaning of the source text rather than adhering to the prevailing practice of word-for-word translation.

While this research marks the first time Hunayn’s Arabic manuscript In the Eye, Two Hundred and Seven Issues, has been translated into English, several of his treatises had earlier reached the West through Latin and other European translations. “Hunayn ibn Ishaq’s writings or translations were largely recognized in the West and were translated into Latin or other European languages. In fact, the medical advances brought about by the publication of Ishaq’s treatises on ophthalmology were significant,” Al-Zubi explained.

The ophthalmologist and medical historian Max Meyerhof, for example, cites Hunayn’s Kitab al-Ashr Maqalat fil-Ayn (The Ten Treatises on the Eye), noting that it represents the earliest known systemic treatment of ophthalmology. Meyerhof mentions that the text was likely used in both Islamic and Western medical schools of the period.

The research further illustrates how Hunayn developed and refined his scientific expertise in medicine. The authors observe that he possessed exceptional mastery of the Arabic language and that his translations enriched scientific and medical nomenclature. “He frequently relied on metaphorical expression, as evidenced by the Arabic term ‘al-Ankabutiyya’ for the arachnoid, explaining that it refers to a spider’s web in the original source language from which the term was derived,” Al-Zubi stated.

She added, “In other instances, he Arabized foreign terms that had no equivalents in Arabic, as he did with al-Shabakiyya for the retina and al-Multahima for the conjunctiva. He was known for coining Arabic terms for their Greek counterparts that reflected an associative relationship between the signified and the signifier. This is particularly evident in his rendering of the retina into الشبكية al-Shabakiyya, chosen because its structure resembles a fisherman’s net, given the dense interweaving of veins and arteries intertwined within it, akin to a fishing net.”

Another reason for Hunayn’s mastery of translation, according to Al-Zubi, was his careful attention to the original coinage and semantic range of Greek terms. Many of his Arabic medical designations, still in use today, were deliberately crafted to align with denotations of the source language. A case in point is Herophilus’ term ‘Amphiblēsteroeidēs,’ a Latinized form derived from ancient Greek medical terminology describing the interwoven vessels of the retina, likened to the mesh of a hoisted fishing net.

A bridge between civilizations
Hunayn’s ophthalmological treatises attest to a level of scientific sophistication that was almost unrivaled in the Middle Ages. In their study, the authors credit him with “providing evidence-based explanations and proving that disagreements about the number of eye layers were merely terminological and not substantive.”

They note that Hunayn’s anatomical analysis identified which of the eye’s seven layers was responsible for vision. He also explained “the number of muscles controlling eye movement and clarified that the brain governs these muscles through the nerve connecting it to the eye. The findings in his manuscript In the Eye: Two Hundred and Seven Questions stand as a testament to the remarkable progress of ophthalmology during the early Abbasid era.”

Asked to assess Hunayn’s place in medical history, Maamoun Saleh Abdulkarim, professor of archaeology and history at the University of Sharjah, described him as a figure of lasting significance: “Hunayn ibn Ishaq significantly influenced the development of Western medicine. He played a crucial role in translating Greek medical texts into Arabic, particularly those of Galen and Hippocrates, refining and explaining them with remarkable scholarly precision.”

Prof. Abdulkarim, who is also among the study’s co-authors, added that “these Arabic translations later served as the foundation for Latin translations used in European universities during the Middle Ages. In this way, Hunayn ibn Ishaq functioned as a vital intellectual bridge between ancient Greek medicine and the medical science that later emerged in medieval European universities.”

In academic literature, Hunayn is widely regarded as a central figure in the transmission of ancient Greek medicine to the Islamic world and in the subsequent diffusion of this knowledge to Europe. As Mesut Idriz, professor of Islamic civilization at the University of Sharjah, has noted, “Hunayn ibn Ishaq’s translations and original writings exerted influence not only within the Islamic world but also in medieval Europe.”

Prof. Idriz, also one of the co-authors, pointed out that medical historians pay particular attention to Hunayn’s work titled al-Masāʾil fī al-Tibb(Questions on Medicine for Students), which was translated into Latin under the title Isagoge (Johannitius). “This text served for centuries as an introductory medical manual in European universities,” he said. “Its wide circulation in the Latin scholarly world illustrates the important role that Islamic medical scholarship played in shaping the foundations of medical education in medieval Europe.”

Prof. Abdulkarim likewise described al-Masāʾil fī al-Tibb as a seminal work, calling it “one of the earliest and most influential didactic texts in Islamic medical history, written in a unique question-and-answer format that shaped medical education for centuries.” He emphasized that Hunayn was “not merely a transmitter of Greek medicine; he was one of the most significant intellectual bridges connecting classical knowledge with medieval European medicine.”

Hunayn’s legacy, Prof. Abdulkarim concluded, is a reminder that scientific progress has historically arisen from dialogue between civilizations rather than from the achievement of any single culture. “It demonstrates that the history of medicine is not solely the narrative of one civilization,” he said, “but rather the story of knowledge traveling across cultures and shaping global science.”

Eurasia Review
Eurasia Review is an independent Journal that provides a venue for analysts and experts to publish content on a wide-range of subjects that are often overlooked or under-represented by Western dominated media.
https://www.eurasiareview.com/06042026-how-an-eye-physician-who-translated-classical-greek-medicine-into-arabic-helped-form-western-medical-thought/

 

 

"...Laos experienced a civil war in the 1960s and 1970s between U.S.-backed royalists and communist forces supported by North Vietnam and the Soviet Union. Jeong believed Han's novel, which questions how humanity survives mass violence, would resonate with Lao readers.

Interpreter and translator Jeong Sang-hyun, second from left, speaks with readers during a book festival at the National University of Laos. Courtesy of Jeong Sang-hyun

Although a Thai translation of the novel existed, Jeong decided against using it. He said that while the languages are similar, they are distinct, and relying on the Thai version would disregard Lao cultural pride.

“In Laos, if I use proper Lao rather than Thai while interpreting, people tell me, ‘You learned it well,’ which shows how much pride they take in their language,” he said. “I felt it would be disrespectful to tell them to read a Korean book in Thai.”...

Securing the copyright presented a significant hurdle. The British agency managing Han's overseas rights initially did not respond to Jeong. He persisted by sending the agency photographs of the dilapidated facilities at the National University of Laos library. The images eventually reached Han, who personally intervened to help secure the translation rights.

Jeong paid for the translation and publication out of pocket, partnering with Lao publisher Dokked Publishing for proofreading. This self-funded project contrasts with Japan's state-sponsored cultural diplomacy, wherein the Japanese government fully funded the translation and distribution of 3,000 copies of Sayaka Murata's novel “Convenience Store Woman” in Laos.

“The translator of ‘Convenience Store Woman’ has been helping me, promoting their own book while also spreading the word about the publication of mine,” Jung said.

Korean novelist Han Kang delivers an acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize in Literature during a banquet at Stockholm City Hall in Sweden, Dec. 10, 2024. Yonhap

Shared history, future hope

Jeong printed 1,000 copies of “Human Acts.” He allocated 500 copies for commercial sale and donated the remaining 500 to local schools and regional communities.

The translation has already drawn interest. One Lao reader told Jeong that the novel's “brave children” inspired them to study Korean history.

Korean Ambassador to Laos Jung Young-soo praised the initiative.

“It holds deep meaning as the first Korean novel translated into Lao,” the ambassador said.

Jeong, who interpreted for the 2025 summit between President Lee Jae Myung and Lao President Thongloun Sisoulith, underlined the book's core message.

“Korea, like Laos, had political and economic hardships. Even so, it achieved democracy and developed economically," Jeong said. “I hope Laos also finds hope that they, too, can change through this book.”

This article from the Hankook Ilbo, the sister publication of The Korea Times, is translated by a generative AI system and edited by The Korea Times."
https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/lifestyle/books/20260406/korean-behind-lao-translation-of-han-kangs-human-acts-explores-shared-war-scars
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Large-scale analysis shows human languages follow shared cognitive patterns.

The data set included 1,700 languages worldwide and constituted one of the greatest attempts to prove or disprove the existence of common grammatical rules among diverse nations and regions.

While languages spoken across the world vary greatly in terms of pronunciation and writing, it is clear from recent findings that there is method to this madness. After analysing more than 1,700 languages, researchers discovered that many of them have similar structures based on human psychology.

The findings challenge long-standing debates in linguistics and suggest that some “universal” grammar rules do, in fact, exist.

A global look at language
The study was carried out by an international team led by Annemarie Verkerk of Saarland University and Russell D. Gray of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Germany. The scientists used Grambank, which holds records for the greatest number of grammatical features ever assembled in one data set, to study 191 linguistic universal candidates.

The data set included 1,700 languages worldwide and constituted one of the greatest attempts to prove or disprove the existence of common grammatical rules among diverse nations and regions...

Traditionally, linguists attempted to minimise potential bias by including only those languages from distant geographic locations since similar grammatical rules might be due to language proximity and historical heritage. Nevertheless, this approach had limitations. They did not eliminate the underlying interconnection between languages and could not adequately describe language development.

Approach to language evolution study
The researchers employed Bayesian spatio-phylogenetic analysis to tackle these problems. With this technique, scientists can account for both the common ancestry of languages and their geographic origin, thus obtaining unbiased results.

Through this method, the scientists determined that nearly one-third of the linguistic universals are backed up by solid statistical proof. In other words, even though not all the rules are true, a considerable number of them indeed are.

Another interesting finding made by the scientists is that languages develop through patterns, not chaos.

“In the face of huge linguistic diversity, it is intriguing to find that languages don’t evolve at random,” Verkerk was quoted as saying by the website of Max Planck Gesellschaft, or the Max Planck Society. “I am delighted that the different types of analyses we did converged on very similar results, suggesting that language change must be a central component in explaining universals.”

The study highlights recurring patterns such as word order — for example, whether verbs come before or after objects — and how grammatical relationships are structured within sentences. These similarities have reappeared time after time in languages that belong to totally unrelated language families and are used in entirely separate geographical areas.

What makes this happen?
This kind of recurring phenomenon implies that something else must be driving this development. According to the scientists, similar human cognitive processes and communicative needs could affect the evolution of languages...

Through determining what linguistic patterns prove consistent even through intensive scrutiny, this research contributes to the identification of areas that require further research while providing valuable information about human cognition’s impact on communication.

Even though languages keep developing and evolving, this research shows that they are still constrained by a universal characteristic of the human species, one that dictates how humans communicate with each other all over the world."
By: Science Desk
New Delhi
Apr 6, 2026 09:07 PM IST
https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/study-of-1700-languages-uncovers-hidden-rules-shaping-how-we-speak-10622414/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

Translating Poetry in a Time of War: An Aid Kit of War Songs

"Apr 16 at 5:30PM - 7:30PM

Yountville Community Center

6516 Washington Street

Yountville

94599

Amelia Glaser, a professor of Literature and a translator returns to her hometown of Yountville and shares a story of contemporary Ukrainian poets who have pushed language to its limits.

"We've packed a contraband humanitarian aid kit of war songs, and shipped it to Europe America India and China, paving the silk road with great Ukrainian literature." The Ukrainian poet Iya Kiva wrote these lines in 2022. It was a month into Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, and the poem expressed something many readers around the world had begun to feel while anxiously following the news. Ukraine, in its improbable struggle to defend its democracy, had been giving something essential to the rest of the world.

 

Since 2022, the rest of the world has watched as Ukraine has articulated what matters to a young democratic state: the ability to choose one’s own leaders, to defend historical truth with a small “t”, a civic society that can accommodate multiple languages, histories, religions.

 

In this talk, Amelia Glaser, a professor of Literature who is also a translator of contemporary Ukrainian poetry, will share how translation has drawn her closer to a group of Ukrainian poets. This is the story of contemporary Ukrainian poets who have pushed language to its creative limit as a way of imagining a nation at a moment of transformation, loss, and resistance. It is a story about why poetry matters in an increasingly complex world.

 

About our presenter:

Amelia Glaser grew up in Yountville, and attended Yountville Elementary School, Redwood Middle School, and Vintage High. She is now a professor of Literature at UC San Diego, and is an expert in East European literature as well as a translator. Her books include Jews and Ukrainians in Russia's Literary Borderlands and Songs in Dark Times: Yiddish Poetry of Struggle from Scottsboro to Palestine. At UC San Diego, she founded the Translation and Poetry program, which places college students into K-12 classes to teach the art of poetic translation. She also founded Alchemy, a student-edited journal of translation published at UCSD. Since the 2022 full scale invasion of Ukraine, she has translated four books of poetry by contemporary poets into English, including work by Halyna Kruk, Iya Kiva, and Yaryna Chornohuz. She is especially interested in how poetry and the translation of poetry can unite communities in unexpected ways. She is currently finishing a book titled Ukraine: Nation of Poets, about why poetry matters in the 21st century."

https://napavalleyregister.com/events/?_evDiscoveryPath=/event/3569077-translating-poetry-in-a-time-of-war-an-aid-kit-of-war-songs

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

"'Translating the meanings of the Holy Quran'

OMAN NEWS AGENCY (ONA)
Published: 10:26 PM, Apr 04, 2026

MUSCAT: An international conference titled “Translating the Meanings of the Holy Quran: Methods, Challenges and the Role of Technology’ concluded on Saturday.

The conference came up with a recommendation to establish a specialised centre for translating the meanings of the Holy Quran under the supervision of the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs. The centre would serve as a national platform dedicated to developing translation, supporting scientific research and enhancing training and collaboration among translators and researchers.

The three-day virtual conference called for the development of precise scientific tools for quality of translations. — ONA

The three-day virtual conference, organised by Al Zahra College for Women in cooperation with the Ministry of Awqaf and Religious Affairs, called for the development of precise scientific tools and standards for evaluating the quality of translations, analysing the stylistic features of the Holy Quranic text, and documenting the historical development of Quranic translation.

The conference recommended revising old translations in light of modern linguistic and cultural developments to ensure accuracy of meaning and to establish specialised databases and research laboratories to support digital Quranic studies and develop scientific research tools. — ONA

Oman Observer"
https://www.omanobserver.om/article/1187276/oman/translating-the-meanings-of-the-holy-quran
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"The book begins with a question that Sze has long pondered in his own work: “How can we deepen our understanding of poetry?” He goes on to describe his first foray into translation and his discovery that “translation is the deepest form of reading.”

Fred Shaw
Review: Drumming away
Organized into 15 zones that are anchored by a poem or two, “Transient Worlds” includes single and multiple translations. All entries include commentary by Sze that elucidate and provide helpful context in understanding not only the poem and poets, but also the choices made by the various translators.

He writes, “A good translation appeals to our ears, eyes, and heart: it is a singular endeavor and a humanizing act that makes the ancient contemporary, the foreign accessible and the emotional, intellectual, and spiritual music of the human interior universal.”

One example that demonstrates this notion of a “good translation” is the standout poem “Sólo la muerte” by Pablo Neruda and its two translations by Robert Bly and Donald D. Walsh. Both render the musicality of Neruda’s original with a propulsive momentum that builds to its startling conclusion, scintillating with sensory details and evocative imagery.

At other times, it is the commentary that illuminates the reader’s experience — such as the story Sze tells about meeting Nanao Sakaki whose translation of three haikus by Kobayashi Issa are included in “Transient Worlds.” Or there is the detailed description of the intimate translation process between Danish poet Inger Christensen and her translator Susanna Nied.

He breaks from the commentary format when discussing the work of Mirabai (1498-1546), a mystic poet and princess from Northern India. Instead, he interviews translator Chloe Martinez who shares, “I began to see my job [of translating] as less like a Xerox machine, more like a singer interpreting a song.”

The book concludes with an appendix designed for instructors who want to incorporate translation into their curricula, as well as a series of writing prompts Sze developed over decades of teaching at the Institute of American Indian Arts. These exercises encourage readers and writers to craft their own translation and original poems inspired by translation.

“As laureate I feel a great responsibility to promote the ways poetry, especially poetry in translation, can impact our daily lives,” Sze shared at the announcement of his appointment. “We live in such a fast-paced world: poetry helps us slow down, deepen our attention, connect and live more fully.”

The Library of Congress, which is the world’s largest library, will close National Poetry Month with a discussion between U.S. Poet Laureate Arthur Sze and U.K. Poet Laureate Simon Armitage, author of “Gilgamesh: A New Verse Translation.” The event will take place in Washington, D.C., but regional audiences can join a live stream on the library’s website.

Now more than ever, dismantling walls and cultural barriers will help to find the common ground that seems to be shifting and eroding underfoot.

“Translation,” Sze affirms, “builds bridges and makes connections.”

Veronica Corpuz is a workshop facilitator in the Madwomen in the Attic program at Carlow University and poet-in-residence of Anthropology of Motherhood.

First Published: April 5, 2026, 9:30 a.m."
https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/books/2026/04/05/arthur-sze-transient-worlds-translating-review-veronica-corpuz/stories/202604050053
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Breaking Babel
Using AI to Enable Real-Time Translation in the Classroom and Beyond

Luke M. Herrington, PhD

It should come as no surprise that diplomats and military operators routinely work with foreign nationals from allied and partnered nations, while intelligence analysts regularly access information produced by America’s adversaries. Foreign language skills and access to skilled interpreters are thus essential to American foreign policy and national security. This makes language acquisition a strategic investment. Not only does the ability to read, write, and speak another language minimize space for cultural misunderstandings that erode relationships across language barriers, but it also improves the Nation’s ability to compete in the global economy. Despite this, the Department of Defense slashed funding for 40 percent of its language programs in 2024 due to congressional budget cuts. Similarly, state universities across the United States have scaled back significantly on their own foreign language programs.1

These trends, along with the emergence of commercial services like Duolingo and the increasing prevalence of machine translation through natural language processing (NLP) and generative artificial intelligence (AI), have some sounding the death knell for the foreign language degree. However, these reductions are probably at least as much a result of declining enrollment. The Modern Language Association recorded a 16.6 percent nationwide drop in students taking foreign languages from 2016 to 2021, well before the budget cuts or the release of ChatGPT in 2022.2 Even so, these trends are helping to upend foreign language education.3 As the ability to communicate with service members from other nations is key to interoperability, they also risk degrading the warfighting and deterrence capabilities of the joint force. In other words, if they continue unabated, budget cuts and declining foreign language enrollments will undermine American national security and economic competitiveness.

Nevertheless, the situation need not be so dire. Some of the very forces driving these changes could be leveraged to make up for shortfalls in foreign language learning. Indeed, students, faculty, national security professionals, and others in fields related to foreign countries, cultures, or populations are well situated to take advantage of ongoing advances in NLP for the purpose of translation. NLP is the subdiscipline of computer science and AI that has given computers the ability to consume, interpret, and produce comprehensible human language, including the large language models (LLM) behind such chatbots as ChatGPT, Grok, and Gemini.4 It is also responsible for significant strides in machine translation that could empower many by making foreign languages more accessible. Students and scholars in professional military education (PME) are just some of those who stand to benefit most from the real-time translation capabilities now being offered through most web browsers and LLMs. National security and intelligence professionals, military and diplomatic historians, area studies scholars, political scientists in both international relations and comparative politics, and countless others who work in proximity to the world’s many language barriers (nongovernmental organizations working on human rights, social workers engaged with immigrant communities, etc.) all stand to benefit.

While most people today are probably acquainted more with recent advances associated with commercial products like Google Translate than they are with NLP more broadly, the field has a long history. The development of AI-generated translation has its origins in the Cold War. As far back as 1954, Central Intelligence Agency- and National Science Foundation-backed researchers from IBM and Georgetown University were engaged in machine translation experimentation. They succeeded in producing English-language translations of Russian text, which in turn motivated the Soviet Union to launch a similar project.5 For its part, Google Translate launched in 2006. Built on some fifty years of continued development, the free service was trained on a corpus of linguistic data provided by open-source records at the United Nations and European Parliament.6 No doubt to the chagrin of many a foreign language instructor, personal interpreter internet translation apps for smartphones followed a few years later.7 Yet, the most recent advances in NLP and machine translation are associated with the ongoing revolution in LLM-based chatbots, and it is here where the implications of AI-enabled translation, especially for the classroom and open-source intelligence gathering, are most evident.

Army Reserve Staff Sgt. Chanson Benjamin (right) and Sgt. 1st Class Terrence Baisley, assigned to Bravo Company, Civil Affairs Battalion, U.S. Army Southern European Task Force, Africa, speak with a commander of the national assault police unit Force de Recherche et d’Assaut de la Police in the northern operational zone of Côte d’Ivoire on 29 June 2025. (Photo courtesy of the U.S. Army)

Of course, the release of ChatGPT brought with it a significant clamor aimed at understanding the implications of generative AI for higher education. While many rightly focus on AI in writing and the concordant perils of plagiarism, attention—especially in PME—is increasingly turning to the beneficial uses of AI in the classroom and workplace.8 This article contributes to the latter discourse by arguing that AI can be leveraged in PME to enable real-time translation to the benefit of student learning (and with it, American national security). Indeed, based on my experiences at the U.S. Army School of Advanced Military Studies (SAMS), I assert that using AI to facilitate real-time translation in the classroom facilitates active and self-directed learning experiences in at least two ways. First, it can be used to equip students with the capacity to more effectively follow current events abroad. Second, a similar use case involves supplementing research with heretofore inaccessible primary source material.

Current Events: The AI-Enabled Translation of Foreign Media
Students at SAMS, like students at other civilian and military institutions, must stay abreast of events unfolding abroad. While perusing media outside of the anglophone world—to remain informed of international affairs or to better understand foreign cultures—it is not uncommon for them to struggle with the inaccessibility of available information. Even multilingual students run into language barriers because classroom responsibilities require them to familiarize themselves with countries for which they lack language training. For example, students who may be quite skilled in Spanish, French, or Farsi are likely just as incapable of reading Chinese or listening to Arabic. Thus, where they may have no problem reading or listening to El País, Le Monde, or the Islamic Republic News Agency, China’s People’s Daily or parts of Al Jazeera will remain closed off to them. Of course, there are some seven thousand unique languages (and presumably an even greater number of unique dialects) in the world.9 Thus, even students with the time and motivation to learn additional languages will be incapable of learning them all.

SAMS students get around these language barriers in several ways. The first is the most straightforward: they turn to English-language content. Many foreign news sites intend their work for both domestic and international audiences, so they provide their own English translations. In democratic regimes with rigorous journalistic standards, this means they can access reliable information without incident. For authoritarian nations, where the freedom of the press is in doubt, relying on English translations is more difficult. Such sources raise questions about impartiality and objectivity. Consider the People’s Daily. Intended to shape both domestic and international attitudes, the Chinese publication is produced in as many as nineteen languages. However, People’s Daily is the official propaganda outlet for the Chinese Communist Party.10 As such, students who identify and consume English-language news stories published on People’s Daily Online must engage it cautiously while questioning whether it is a reliable narrator of Chinese current events.

Nation-states have long been cognizant of the problem of multiple audiences when promoting their strategic narratives at home and abroad.11 The same goes for authoritarian nations like China.12 Unfortunately, this means that even mindful students who land on People’s Daily’s English-language website or others like it can be blindsided in at least three ways. First, the content they read may be multivocal in nature. That is, while being intended for both an internal and external audience will lead to the full translation of some information when published, subtext may convey different latent meanings to each audience.13 I am presently unfamiliar with any extant research that may serve to educate students of military studies or international politics on the way authoritarian regimes leverage multivocality to send different signals to domestic and international audiences. Nevertheless, China has an asymmetric advantage in English-language proficiency compared to the United States’ own Chinese skills, and as research on extremism and political violence illustrates, the ability for a single message (or “polyvalent performance”) to simultaneously convey multiple meanings is how so-called “dog whistle politics” function.14

The second problem students may encounter is that many of these news sites will segregate content only intended for the nation’s internal audiences from material penned exclusively for its external audiences by altogether eschewing translation when editorial or political elites deem appropriate. Content may appear on the English version of the site that does not appear in the original language and vice versa. When this happens, locating English-language translations of noteworthy articles or broadcasts published in foreign language media outlets will be difficult (if not impossible).

The final problem is related. The same media outlets may occasionally include substantively different content for their domestic and international consumers even when the “same” stories have been translated into different languages.15 In other words, students must understand that English-language content is produced for Western audiences for a reason, while content intended for domestic readership may often be inaccessible without taking additional steps.

For intrepid SAMS students, these steps include using browser-based translation software (like that native to Mozilla’s Firefox or Google’s Chrome browsers). Accessing AI-generated English-language translations enables cross referencing and fact checking because students can read and compare stories intended only for domestic audiences with those produced for international audiences. This equips them to identify inconsistencies across versions. Likewise, it empowers them to identify content published exclusively in one language or another. Taken together, automatic browser-supported translation leads not only to more nuanced evaluations of current events unfolding abroad but also more holistic understanding of foreign media perspectives. Further, using browser-assisted translations enables students to unpack new perspectives, minimize exposure to disinformation, and break free from their own national parochialisms more effectively than relying entirely on official translations.

But what should students do when their browsers lack the ability to translate complex or uncommon languages? When material is not published in English and their browsers cannot translate it, many students at SAMS misperceive open-source material as inaccessible. For instance, Firefox does not yet support the translation of Chinese, so Firefox users at SAMS cannot read translations of Chinese-language articles published by People’s Daily. Yet, just as cautious students can minimize the risk of becoming overly reliant on the “party line” by thinking critically about official translations, so too can they avoid missing out altogether when browser-based translations are unavailable.

Commercial AI services like ChatGPT, Department of War (DoW) resources like AskSage, and resources available to both the public and military like Gemini render browser-based limitations moot. In the age of generative AI, media written in other tongues need not remain closed off from the English reader. Students need only to prompt their preferred LLM to do the heavy lifting of translation on their behalf. Even audiovisual material is increasingly accessible. During the winter of 2025, SAMS students used Kapwing and ElevenLabs, respectively, to generate English-language subtitles and voiceovers for foreign language YouTube videos, making it possible to understand audiovisual news reports originally presented in languages for which they had no training.

Historical Records: AI-Enabled Primary Source Translation
If AI can enable news media translation, it stands to reason that other primary source records represent a second use case. In fact, AI is already employed for primary source translation in some quarters of the military. As part of its “In Their Own Words” project, the China Aerospace Studies Institute at Air University employs an automated translation process as part of its methodology, including, for example, in the translation of the 2020 edition of Science of Military Strategy.16 As a result, Western readers now have access to an important primary source on Chinese military doctrine.

Furthermore, AI can be used to translate primary sources for some of the same reasons as it can be used to translate current events. For example, the 1796 Treaty of Tripoli, which famously has a provision about the United States having been founded in no sense on Christianity, includes the relevant clause only in its English text.17 The official Arabic version of the treaty is reportedly substantively different, meaning American and Arab audiences were exposed to different messages with its publication. The same goes for similar treaties that followed.18 Why this occurred can be debated, but students interested in interpreting such texts for themselves are incapable of identifying such important distinctions without access to the Arabic primary source material.

Consider national security concerns over TikTok as another example. Prior to its divestment from ByteDance, apprehension about the wildly successful social media and content-sharing internet application used by half of the American public was often dismissed as the product of hawkish or anti-China special interest groups. Yet, Chinese-language writing makes it clear that security thinkers in the People’s Republic have given significant attention to the use of short-form content platforms for propaganda purposes. But how might TikTok users illiterate in Chinese have found this information for themselves? For a forthcoming article, a colleague of mine at SAMS, Dan Cox, and I used AskSage and Google Gemini to translate several Chinese-language articles for our background research. As a result, we learned for ourselves that Chinese national security thinkers are indeed very interested in the ways TikTok and similar social media and content creation platforms can be and have been used to promote Communist Party domestic messaging, People’s Liberation Army strategic narratives, and Chinese soft power more generally.19 The figure, which shows an example paragraph in the original Chinese translated using three different methods (i.e., browser-based translation, Gemini, and AskSage), illustrates the process we employed.

Figure. Using TikTok for People’s Liberation Army Propaganda: An Example of Chinese-to-English AI Translation

(Figure by author)

Enlarge the figure

By reading the Chinese-language primary sources for ourselves, Cox and I were able to better understand how TikTok can be employed in Chinese information warfare, both against its own people and against the West. The same should be done for other primary sources like the Treaty of Tripoli because the ability to access foreign language primary sources has the same advantage as accessing primary source material published in one’s native tongue.20 That is, readers can digest and interpret content for themselves without having to rely on intermediaries to explain the information. PME students (and other interested members of the public) who make no attempt to translate information for themselves run into the same problem as students relying on official translations encounter. That is, they must trust human translators as reliable mediators of information. To be sure, credible human interpreters will be better at detecting the important subtextual features of foreign language—things like tone, sarcasm, colloquialisms, metaphor—at least for the foreseeable future. Expert translators will even be able to detect some instances of multivocality. However, translations of important primary source documents may not always be available from credible interpreters.

Take Michael Pillsbury’s The Hundred-Year Marathon as a case in point.21 The book represents Pillsbury’s subjective interpretation of China’s plans to erode American hegemony and replace the liberal international order. More popular memoir than work of serious scholarship, he derives his conclusions from his experiences working in China as a member of the national security staff and from personal translations of several Chinese-language national security documents.22 However, Pillsbury’s translation skills have long been scrutinized. Soyoung Ho argues that Pillsbury has a lax relationship with both translation and primary sources. After citing himself early in his career, subsequent fact-checks were unable to substantiate his translations when examining his previous work. Beyond this, Pillsbury has been criticized for inserting ideas into his translations, abridging statements, and ignoring important contexts, all in linguistically inappropriate ways. Indeed, says Ho, Pillsbury is responsible for introducing the concept of the assassin’s mace to describe Chinese asymmetric weapons, but the idea in context is more accurately translated as “trump card.” This also extends beyond his scholarship; Pillsbury’s mistranslations once caused a diplomatic incident between Donald Rumsfeld and Hu Jintao.23

In reviews of his 2015 book, similar critiques emerge. Peter Mattis suggests that Pillsbury’s translations are vague and sloppy, while Arthur Waldron’s otherwise laudatory review cautions that Pillsbury may be an unreliable or even untrustworthy narrator.24 Yet, it is Jude Blanchett that systematically dismantles Pillsbury’s approach to evidence and translation. In “The Devil Is in the Footnotes,” Blanchette argues that Pillsbury’s translations and citations are riddled with “errors, misdirection, and puzzling omissions,” with some of his claims even being directly contradicted by his own notes.25 Despite criticizing Western China experts for their inability to work with primary source material, Pillsbury also leans heavily on secondary sources with uncited translations. Ultimately, Blanchette concludes, “books that challenge” dovish views on China are needed, especially from people like Pillsbury who have had deep interaction with the Chinese defense community, but Pillsbury’s is not that book; it “is too replete with errors to inform.”26

Rush Doshi’s recent work restores some confidence in Pillsbury. Doshi’s The Long Game is a far more rigorous, well-designed scholarly analysis of Chinese primary sources that substantiates Pillsbury’s concerns, particularly with respect to the putative assassin’s mace program.27 Yet, not only did it take six years from the time of The Hundred-Year Marathon to publish The Long Game, meaning students interested in exploring Pillsbury’s ideas would have had no way to substantiate his claims during that time, but even now, those interested in the sources reviewed by either Pillsbury or Doshi are also left in the middle of an unresolved debate. By translating material for themselves with AI, students could be empowered to fact-check such assertions in the face of controversy without having to wait for another language expert to do so for them.

This is exactly what the SAMS students using Kapwing’s captioning service and Elevenlabs’ dubbing service did in the winter of 2025. After claims that China had automated its cruise missile production went viral online, students translated the evidence ostensibly supporting the assertion.28 A China Central Television video without an English-language analogue was said to provide evidence that China could build as many as one thousand missiles a day at a single factory, but neither the AI-generated dub nor the AI-generated subtitles for the video could substantiate the claim.29 The factory could very well be capable of such output, but this was not a fact students could verify from either translation of the viral video clip.30

Conclusion
AI-enabled translation enables better access to foreign perspectives as well as the identification of discrepancies across different versions of foreign language publications. It can thus help cultivate strategic empathy and promote better situational awareness of the operational environment. While the development of language proficiency is desirable, not everyone has the time or resources to become fluent in a second or subsequent language. Dyslexia, for example, makes foreign language acquisition difficult enough that waiving foreign language requirements is often considered a reasonable accommodation in both secondary and higher education.31 For students who are already multilingual, developing new language skills will eventually come with diminishing returns. After all, not only are there too many languages to learn in one lifetime, but language acquisition also becomes more difficult with age.32 Hence, as my experience at SAMS corroborates, even multilingual students can encounter insurmountable language barriers. Though the material in these instances may not always require immediate translation, accessing it would nonetheless benefit student learning. Translation only becomes more urgent for situations involving the operational force or other national security professionals in the field.

Regardless, anyone translating foreign languages with browser-based technology or the help of an LLM should be deliberate about addressing the limitations of AI-enabled translation. Students may, for example, fall prey to the problem of multivocality when leaning on AI, just as they might with official translations. Yet, they can guard against this by thinking critically about how translations can be intentionally misleading. Where content deliberately tailored to an international audience may be aimed at promoting a country’s strategic narratives or enhancing its soft power, content intended for a domestic audience can be intended to manipulate reader perceptions in ways that also benefit a propagandist. Students must remember this, especially when reading content published in or by an authoritarian nation.

There is less value when students interpret secondary information (i.e., someone else’s interpretation) than there is when students provide their own interpretations of primary source material. However, machine-generated translation like human translation is fundamentally an act of interpretation subject to bias and error.33 Students might compensate by leveraging multiple translations. By comparing translations from different platforms, they can develop a more nuanced understanding of the primary source material with which they are working, as well as a stronger appreciation for the intricacies of translation itself.

Students can likewise experiment with different approaches, including comparison of documents translated on a sentence-by-sentence and paragraph-by-paragraph basis with those translated at the article level. This method could compensate for technical limitations in current DoW systems. Where AskSage is built on the foundation of powerful commercial models like ChatGPT, another DoW platform called CamoGPT was trained primarily on English-language data.34 Consequently, AskSage is better equipped to translate large bodies of foreign language text, but it too is more limited than its commercial counterparts due to the amount of data it truncates during the translation process. One approach that seems to improve AskSage functionality involves paragraph-level translation, as opposed to article-level translation. Trying to translate whole articles in a single go might be useful for context, but information is undoubtedly truncated to cope with the rapid devouring of tokens required to process vast amounts of textual data.35

Mistakes and misunderstandings are still probable without comprehension of context or knowledge of other nuances in human communication, but the opportunity for miscommunication and misunderstanding is at least as large for students who do nothing. Making no attempt to translate written or even audiovisual foreign primary sources will leave students dependent on the perspectives of linguistic gatekeepers as information mediators, undermining original analysis and leading to other forms of bias. Ultimately, eschewing AI-enabled translation will further erode PME students’ and practitioners’ respective access to foreign language information. At the very best, doing nothing will leave many in the classroom, in the field, and beyond without access to important sources of open-source data capable of shedding light on the complexities of the modern operational environment. At the worst, reductions in the foreign language acquisition rate will undermine interoperability and have negative follow-on effects for America’s warfighting capabilities. Either way, eschewing AI-enabled translation would mean leaving PME—and the Nation’s security—firmly in the past.

Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the School of Advanced Military Studies, the Command and General Staff College, the Department of War, or any other U.S. government agency; references to specific platforms and software are not intended as either endorsements or promotion. The author is grateful to Jacob A. Mauslein, PhD, and the SAMS classes of 2024 and 2025 for making this article possible.

Publishing Disclaimer: In all of its publications and products, Military Review presents professional information. However, the views expressed therein are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Army University, the Department of the Army, or any other agency of the U.S. government.

Luke M. Herrington, PhD, is an assistant professor of social science at the School of Advanced Military Studies at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. A political scientist and international relations scholar by training, he earned his PhD in political science from the University of Kansas. His research is largely concerned with issues at the nexus of political psychology and national security/foreign affairs. Herrington’s experiences in teaching with AI are also chronicled in the September 2025 edition of Journal of Military Learning. His work also appears in Joint Force Quarterly, E-International Relations, and The Diplomat. Before joining SAMS, he taught at the University of Kansas and Park University.

March-April 2026

Hosted by Department of War Information Activity - WEB.mil
https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/March-April-2026/Breaking-Babel/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"An evening of conversation with translator Sam Bett and novelist Gabriel Bump as they explore the surprising common ground between translation and fiction writing.

Sam Bett, a UMass Amherst alumnus who majored in Japanese and English, is one of the leading translators of Japanese literature working today. His recent translation of Akira Otani's The Night of Baba Yaga made history as the first Japanese mystery novel to receive the Crime Writers' Association Dagger Award (2025), and earned Bett the Commissioner for Cultural Affairs Award from the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs for his contributions to promoting Japanese culture abroad.

Gabriel Bump is the author of Everywhere You Don't Belong, a New York Times Notable Book of 2020, and The New Naturals, a notable book of 2023 in the Washington Post, Boston Globe, and New York Times. His work has appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, and Best American Short Stories, among other publications. The third novel, Don't Stop Snowing, is forthcoming from Algonquin Books.

Together, Bett and Bump will reflect on how translation and fiction, while distinct literary acts, are deeply intertwined practices. Both translators and fiction writers are often asked the same underlying question — whether the work is "faithful" to reality or to the original — but as Bett puts it, the more interesting question is not if but how: how a novel plays with biography and history, and how a translation engages with its source text.

This event is free and open to the public, co-sponsored by the English Department and the Japanese Program. A book signing and sale will follow, with books provided by Bookends of Florence.

East Asian Languages and Cultures
440 Herter Hall
161 Presidents Drive
Amherst, MA 01003
(413) 545-0886
office@asianlan.umass.edu"
https://www.umass.edu/east-asia/events/novel-languages-conversation-about-translating-and-fiction
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus