Your new post is loading...
TOKYO — Le principal opérateur mobile japonais a annoncé lundi le lancement d'un service téléphonique de traduction vocale simultanée pour parler avec quelqu'un dont on ne comprend pas la langue. NTT Docomo prévoit de proposer cette application gratuite sur les smartphones et tablettes informatiques qu'il commercialisera à partir du 1er novembre, équipées du système d'exploitation Android du groupe américain Google. Grâce à ce système, un Japonais pourra parler en japonais et sa conversation sera automatiquement traduite par informatique en anglais, chinois ou coréen pour son interlocuteur à l'autre bout du fil. Les réponses de ce dernier seront à leur tour traduites en japonais. Une porte-parole de l'opérateur a assuré que le délai entre la voix d'origine et la traduction informatique serait de moins d'une seconde, toute en concédant que le service n'offrait pas encore une traduction "parfaite". Le propriétaire d'un téléphone portable intelligent ou d'une tablette informatique peut aussi appeler l'utilisateur d'une ligne fixe classique et voir leur conversation traduite dans les deux sens, a ajouté la porte-parole. L'application peut aussi traduire par écrit le sens des paroles. NTT Docomo a précisé que ce service de traduction de la voix vers le texte serait aussi bientôt disponible entre le japonais et le français, l'allemand, l'espagnol, l'indonésien, l'italien, le portugais et le thaï.
United Nations language staff come from all over the globe and make up a uniquely diverse and multilingual community. What unites them is the pursuit of excellence in their respective areas, the excitement of being at the forefront of international affairs and the desire to contribute to the realization of the purposes of the United Nations, as outlined in the Charter, by facilitating communication and decision-making. United Nations language staff in numbers The United Nations is one of the world's largest employers of language professionals. Several hundred such staff work for the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi, or at the United Nations regional commissions in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva and Santiago. Learn more at Meet our language staff. What do we mean by “language professionals”? At the United Nations, the term “language professional” covers a wide range of specialists, such as interpreters, translators, editors, verbatim reporters, terminologists, reference assistants and copy preparers/proofreaders/production editors. Learn more at Careers. What do we mean by “main language”? At the United Nations, “main language” generally refers to the language of an individual's higher education. For linguists outside the Organization, on the other hand, “main language” is usually taken to mean the “target language” into which an individual works. How are language professionals recruited? The main recruitment path for United Nations language professionals is through competitive examinations for language positions, whereby successful examinees are placed on rosters for recruitment and are hired as and when job vacancies arise. Language professionals from all regions, who meet the eligibility requirements, are encouraged to apply. Candidates are judged solely on their academic and other qualifications and on their performance in the examination. Nationality/citizenship is not a consideration. Learn more at Recruitment. What kind of background do United Nations language professionals need? Our recruits do not all have a background in languages. Some have a background in other fields, including journalism, law, economics and even engineering or medicine. These are of great benefit to the United Nations, which deals with a large variety of subjects. Why does the Department have an outreach programme? Finding the right profile of candidate for United Nations language positions is challenging, especially for certain language combinations. The United Nations is not the only international organization looking for skilled language professionals, and it deals with a wide variety of subjects, often politically sensitive. Its language staff must meet high quality and productivity standards. This is why the Department has had an outreach programme focusing on collaboration with universities since 2007. The Department hopes to build on existing partnerships, forge new partnerships, and attract the qualified staff it needs to continue providing high-quality conference services at the United Nations. Learn more at Outreach. #metaglossia_mundus
"There is unease in the world of government interpreters and translators since their work has been effectively privatised and they have been required to work via commercial agencies, the Financieele Dagblad said on Monday. Pay has gone down, it has become more difficult to negotiate contracts and people with fewer qualifications are taking over, the interpreters say, and now MPs are taking notice. SP parliamentarian Michiel van Nispen told the FD that the changes have been a “disaster’ and that translator April 29, 2024 There is unease in the world of government interpreters and translators since their work has been effectively privatised and they have been required to work via commercial agencies, the Financieele Dagblad said on Monday. Pay has gone down, it has become more difficult to negotiate contracts and people with fewer qualifications are taking over, the interpreters say, and now MPs are taking notice. SP parliamentarian Michiel van Nispen told the FD that the changes have been a “disaster’ and that translators and interpreters are the victims of the new system. VVD MP Ulysse Ellian also told the paper that he had come to notice that interpreters and translators are leaving. “We need them,” Ellian said. Since commercial competition was introduced, the legal fees that translators and interpreters could charge have been replaced by minimum tariffs, and the register has been opened to people with lesser language skills. “If C1 registered interpreters have to compete with B2 registered interpreters, which is a lower standard, then it won’t work,” Fedde Dijkstra, chairman of the registered interpreters association Orde van Registertolken told the paper. Their work is now organised by commercial agencies which won government contracts to provide interpreters and translators to the legal system, police and immigration service. Rather than be called directly by the courts, interpreters have to respond to an app to get work.
Interpreters used to be paid per 30 minutes, but now the fee has changed to 30 minutes plus a fee per minute. They can no longer claim for the length of time it takes to get to the location or for waiting to be called in the case of court cases. Dijkstra told local broadcaster Omroep West earlier this month that 35 minutes of work used to generate €75, including travel. Now an interpreter would be paid €30 for the same work. A Polish translator told the broadcaster: “If I was doing three jobs at the same court, I used to earn €240. Now the same work generates €110.” Justice minister Dilan Yesilgöz told the paper she was aware of the problems raised by MPs. However, it would be “premature” to conclude the new system does not work, she said. The justice ministry is due to publish an update on the situation in October. " #metaglossia_mundus
Nyima Phuntsok, a visually impaired programmer in the Xizang autonomous region, has been developing programs and braille translation to serve more visually impaired groups for years, Xizang Daily reported. By Palden Nyima and Daqiong | chinadaily.com.cn | Updated: 2024-04-29 17:40 Nyima Phuntsok, a visually impaired programmer in the Xizang autonomous region, demonstrates how to operate a computer using his own invented program on April 28, 2024. Nyima Phuntsok, a visually impaired programmer in the Xizang autonomous region, has been developing programs and braille translation to serve more visually impaired groups for years, Xizang Daily reported. Nyima Phuntsok is from Sakya county of Shigatse. At four years old, he was taken to the Lhasa Special Education School in the regional capital, Lhasa, to study braille for eight years. There, he learned three types of braille languages: Tibetan, Chinese and English. At a recent book exhibition in Lhasa, Nyima Phuntsok set up a booth for non-visual creativity. As a crowd gathered, he said, "Ordinary people read with their eyes, but we touch the text with our hands and feel it with our hearts. You can try reading these braille books on the table." Visitors were surprised to learn he is the region's first visually impaired programmer. In 2019, he enrolled at Lhasa Normal College, where he majored in primary education. "Because we need to translate plain text into braille first and then learn its meaning based on braille, the time for visually impaired individuals to learn the text is several times longer than that of ordinary people," Nyima Phuntsok was quoted as saying by Xizang Daily. Because of this, after graduating from college, he started to develop programs to serve visually impaired groups through self-study programming courses and conducted braille translation work. In October 2019, Nyima Phuntsok and three of his classmates, who are also visually impaired, established the Xizang Non-Visual Creative Cultural Technology Co Ltd. The company provides programming development, audiobook and radio drama recordings, music production, blind massage and other services. He hopes that through software development, visually impaired groups can save time translating plain text while reading, improving their learning and reading efficiency. Over the past two years, he has led his team and translated over 130 Tibetan books into braille. This includes all Tibetan language textbooks from primary to junior high school and Tibetan language books such as the Gyushi, or the Four Medical Tantras, and the Mirror of Tibetan History. "In an era with rapid technological advancement, visually impaired individuals should not remain stagnant and complacent. Instead, they should cherish the opportunity to integrate with modernization and learn new technology."" #metaglossia_mundus
APRIL 29, 2024 Meghan O'Toole Assistant Professor of French Tessa Sermet co-edited Continuum: French Science Fiction Short Stories, which was recently published by Ooligan Press. The collection compiles newly translated short stories, featuring both classic and contemporary French science fiction for English-language readers to experience. The stories explore themes of simulated reality, speciesism, ecology, and transhumanism. “There is very little French science fiction translated to English,” Sermet said. “There are a couple of short stories and novels, but the only two anthologies we found of translated science fiction short stories date from the '70s. We wanted to provide something more updated. We curated stories from different authors, different periods, and different topics.” Sermet worked with co-editor Annabelle Dolidon, Associate Professor of French at Portland State University, on the project. In addition to editing the collection, Sermet also translated two of the stories: “I had never translated fiction before. The two stories I translated were completely different from each other and have very different styles,” Sermet said. “One was from the '50s, and the other was a contemporary story written just a few years ago.” After each story, Sermet and Dolidon included a section intitled “Expansion,” which provides additional information on the authors as well as discussion questions that can be used in classroom and book club settings Order Continuum at Ooligan Press." #metaglossia_mundus
29/04/2024 | ”Le dedico este premio al gremio de los traductores, especialmente a la Asociación Mexicana de Traductores Literarios (Ametli)”, dice, en entrevista, Claudia Cabrera, ganadora de la Medalla Goethe 2024, la distinción más importante en materia de política cultural exterior que otorga Alemania. La presidenta y fundadora de la Ametli, y ganadora del Premio Bellas Artes de Traducción Literaria Margarita Michelena en 2020 por El Hacha de Wandsbek, de Arnold Zweig (Herder, 2017), fue nominada por el Goethe-Institut Mexiko; las otras ganadoras de esta edición fueron la historiadora y gestora de Macedonia del Norte, Iskra Geshoska, y la chilena Carmen Romero Quero, directora del Festival Internacional Teatro a Mil. “Esto le va a dar visibilidad al gremio de los traductores. Tradicionalmente, los traductores hemos sido invisibilizados; se considera que una buena traducción es la que no se nota y que una traducción se debe leer como si fuera una obra escrita en el idioma de llegada. Pero eso no quiere decir que el traductor no exista y que se le mencione en las reseñas sólo cuando se considera que hizo una mala traducción. Siempre me ha dado rabia que se reseñen los libros traducidos y ni siquiera se mencione al traductor; se alaba el gran estilo lingüístico de la obra en español sin dar cuenta de que no es el estilo del autor, sino del traductor. Si el traductor fuera malo no podría encontrar equivalencias en español para el estilo del autor en el idioma original”, afirma Cabrera Luna, quien ha vertido al español, entre otros, a Franz Kafka, Robert Musil y Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Play Video Lee también: A seis meses del fallecimiento de Botero, su familia trabaja en cumplir sus voluntades Según la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor que rige al país —continúa—, los traductores son autores de obra derivada: “En ese sentido, la traducción es tan valiosa como lo es el primer original. Los traductores somos autores de nuestras traducciones y se nos debería tratar como tales. Le tenemos que ceder nuestros derechos patrimoniales a las editoriales y, por ello, no se nos pagan regalías. Además, contamos con derechos morales: el primero es la visibilidad, lo cual significa que se ponga el nombre en portadilla, cuarta de forros, portada, reseñas, archivos, noticias; el segundo, la decisión de dar el último visto bueno antes de que se publique la traducción. Esto no lo puede hacer la editorial porque, de ser así, se considera que se trata de una mutilación a la obra original”. Artistas, escritores e intelectuales como Claudio Magris, Pierre Bourdieu, György Ligeti, Imre Kertész y Jorge Semprún se cuentan entre los ganadores de la Medalla Goethe, la cual recibirá Cabrera en Weimar, el 28 de agosto, día en que se celebra el natalicio de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Antes de Cabrera, sólo un mexicano había recibido esta distinción: el escritor y periodista José María Pérez Gay. Para terminar, recapitula, las traducciones que más trabajo le han costado y son, quizá, las mejores que ha hecho hasta la fecha: la monumental y ya citada, El Hacha de Wandsbek, de Zweig: “Una gloria de la literatura universal y, ahora, de la mexicana porque está al español de México”; Tamangur, de Leta Semadeni (La Cifra, 2018), nouvelle en prosa poética, “bellísima y dolorosa”; y La excursión de las niñas muertas, novela autobiográfica de Anna Seghers. Si bien, el primer libro de carácter literario que tradujo Cabrera, puesto que antes trabajó con material divulgativo, fue Animal triste, de Monika Maron ( Herder, 2005), el parteaguas, la novela que marcó un antes y un después en su carrera fue la de Zweig: "Un libro complejísimo, culto y erudito, escrito en varios registros. Están ,por ejemplo, los protagonistas que forman parte de la pequeña burguesía y los carniceros, así como el mundo que rodea a esos carniceros; luego está el mundo de los oficiales nazis, y la altísima burguesía de grandes vuelos intelectuales con la que, entonces, se habla de Nietzsche, Wagner y Freud. Se mencionan muchos acontecimientos históricos, por lo que tuve que ponerme a leer sobre el contexto histórico y las batallas. Me asesoró Iliana Sánchez Roa, querida amiga y colega que vive en Berlín y se ha dedicado a estudiar el Tercer Reich; me ayudó mucho con la jerga nazi que es muy específica". Lee también: La playera pro AMLO, el triunfo del América y los conciertos de Interpol y Madonna en los memes de la semana Cada traducción, detalla, es producto de un trabajo en equipo con su marido, Gerold Schmidt, su lector profesional. Lo que ella traduce no llega a la editorial sin antes haber pasado por las manos y ojos de Schmidt: "Fue una labor en conjunto, de la cual estoy orgullosa; me costó mucho. A este libro le tengo una reverencia y respeto especial", afirma. En el caso de Tamangur, cuenta, se trata de una novela sobre el duelo que viven una nieta y su abuela: "A la niña se le ahogó el hermanito frente a los ojos. La madre, incapaz de superar la pérdida, la culpa y la abandona con sus abuelos. La pequeña crece sola y abandonada, mientras a la abuela se le acaba de morir el esposo. Es una novela dolorosa. Me dije: tengo que traducirla, no puedo quedarme con esto atorado. Fue afortunado que en La Cifra se entusiasmaran con el proyecto. También conocí a Leta. Su novela me ha dado muchas satisfacciones". Por último, menciona las novelas de Seghers que se han publicado recientemente en español: Tránsito y La séptima cruz. El siguiente título de este ciclo será La excursión de las niñas muertas, "relato cruel y, al mismo tiempo, de una belleza estremecedora (...) Estos son, además, los últimos libros que he traducido: desde 2018 hasta el presente", concluye Cabrera, quien enfatiza que se forjó a sí misma, alejada del medio académico, y que, si bien, la medalla reconoce su labor como traductora, nada de esto habría sucedido si en su juventud no hubiera estudiado en colegios alemanes ni hubiera convivido, de forma estrecha, con esta cultura a través de viajes de intercambio y trabajos, en sus años formativos, con el Goethe-Institut México. Únete a nuestro canal ¡EL UNIVERSAL ya está en Whatsapp!, desde tu dispositivo móvil entérate de las noticias más relevantes del día, artículos de opinión, entretenimiento, tendencias y más." #metaglossia_mundus
"Tradicionalmente, los traductores hemos sido invisibilizado", recalca CIUDAD DE MÉXICO, abril 29 (EL UNIVERSAL).- "Le dedico este premio al gremio de los traductores, especialmente a la Asociación Mexicana de Traductores Sale libre "Don Rodo", hermano de "El Mencho" Arremete AMLO contra denuncia de Ecuador Obispo de Guerrero es víctima de secuestro exprés Aprueban reforma de prevención para fabricar armas químicas Salud mental de Britney Spears pone en riesgo su patrimonio Literarios (Ametli)", dice, en entrevista, Claudia Cabrera, ganadora de la Medalla Goethe 2024, la distinción más importante en materia de política cultural exterior que otorga Alemania. La presidenta y fundadora de la Ametli, y ganadora del Premio Bellas Artes de Traducción Literaria Margarita Michelena en 2020 por "El Hacha de Wandsbek", de Arnold Zweig (Herder, 2017), fue nominada por el Goethe-Institut Mexiko; las otras ganadoras de esta edición fueron la historiadora y gestora de "Macedonia del Norte", Iskra Geshoska, y la chilena Carmen Romero Quero, directora del Festival Internacional Teatro a Mil. "Esto le va a dar visibilidad al gremio de los traductores. Tradicionalmente, los traductores hemos sido invisibilizados; se considera que una buena traducción es la que no se nota y que una traducción se debe leer como si fuera una obra escrita en el idioma de llegada. Pero eso no quiere decir que el traductor no exista y que se le mencione en las reseñas sólo cuando se considera que hizo una mala traducción. Siempre me ha dado rabia que se reseñen los libros traducidos y ni siquiera se mencione al traductor; se alaba el gran estilo lingüístico de la obra en español sin dar cuenta de que no es el estilo del autor, sino del traductor. Si el traductor fuera malo no podría encontrar equivalencias en español para el estilo del autor en el idioma original", afirma Cabrera Luna, quien ha vertido al español, entre otros, a Franz Kafka, Robert Musil y Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Según la Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor que rige al país -continúa-, los traductores son autores de obra derivada: "En ese sentido, la traducción es tan valiosa como lo es el primer original. Los traductores somos autores de nuestras traducciones y se nos debería tratar como tales. Le tenemos que ceder nuestros derechos patrimoniales a las editoriales y, por ello, no se nos pagan regalías, y tenemos derechos morales: el primero es la visibilidad, lo cual significa que se ponga el nombre en portadilla, cuarta de forros, portada, reseñas, archivos, noticias; el segundo, la decisión de dar el último visto bueno antes de que se publique la traducción. Esto no lo puede hacer la editorial porque, de ser así, se considera que se trata de una mutilación a la obra original". Artistas, escritores e intelectuales como Claudio Magris, Pierre Bourdieu, György Ligeti, Imre Kertész y Jorge Semprún se cuentan entre los ganadores de la Medalla Goethe, la cual recibirá Cabrera en Weimar, el 28 de agosto, día en que se celebra el natalicio de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Antes de Cabrera, sólo un mexicano había recibido esta distinción: el escritor y periodista José María Pérez Gay. Por último, recapitula, las traducciones que más trabajo le han costado y son, quizá, las mejores que ha hecho hasta la fecha: la monumental y ya citada, "El Hacha de Wandsbek", de Zweig: "Una gloria de la literatura universal y, ahora, de la mexicana porque está al español de México"; "Tamangur", de Leta Semadeni (La Cifra, 2018), "nouvelle" en prosa poética, "bellísima y dolorosa"; y "La excursión de las niñas muertas", novela autobiográfica de Anna Seghers, que se publicará en el transcurso de este año.
« El Universal »" #metaglossia_mundus
"Once upon a time, there was and still is a communication between the cultures of the occident and the Arab Orient. It appeared in form of ebbs and flows in the past, and continues to unfold developing into streams full of motion, creating history through out time, moving from the past to the present into the future.Intercultural communication swung between Islamic expansions and the crusades in the past, between imperialism, colonialism and resistance in modernity, landing into the phenomenon of globalisation, with all what it carries into postmodernity. occident Apr 30,2024 - Last updated at Apr 30,2024 Once upon a time, there was and still is a communication between the cultures of the occident and the Arab Orient. It appeared in form of ebbs and flows in the past, and continues to unfold developing into streams full of motion, creating history through out time, moving from the past to the present into the future. Intercultural communication swung between Islamic expansions and the crusades in the past, between imperialism, colonialism and resistance in modernity, landing into the phenomenon of globalisation, with all what it carries into postmodernity. This means that intercultural communication evolved into axioms, that were a survival necessity in the beginnings of humanity, but they changed into narcissism and greed, that build on the passionate obsession of power, absolutisms and geopolitical monopoly today. The diverse nature of reality has been artificialized into cliches and prejudices, and the normality of plurality has become abnormal by worldwide right-wing policies and extremisms. Humans have forgotten that they all derive from the same common nature, spreading wings of egoism, aiming to possess their surroundings by conflict instead of sharing, having the goal to achieve totalitarian mighty, instead of togetherness. This attitude has led to the outspread of materialism, superficiality, arrogance and ignorance, by which the ethics of love, peace and humanity have become neglected and exchanged with hatred, wars, brutality, inhumanity and the destruction of home nature. This appearance of the worldwide development shows that societies went wrong somewhere on the path of their evolution. They may have taken thoughtless decisions towards themselves, their public opinion leaders and others in regards to their societies. Here emerges the vital question about the range of visibility and awareness of the miscalculations on the present global scale, and as well as the nature of miscommunication that is misleading societies, causing them to reach the highest peaks of misunderstanding today! Here, observations can see that history has been narrated from the view of the mighty to the detriment of the powerless, which gives the worldwide public opinion the duty to search for objectivity using their reflections on reality and in their interactions with their environments. This duty is optimistically fulfilled by a huge, not to be underestimated worldwide minority, that offers a fertile ground for peace and an ambitious base for dialogue in cultures and between them around the world. In reference to women as main element mirroring their societies, cultures experience a confusing dilemma of communication between the reality of the Arab Muslim women and the many depictions of facts that form, building on constellations of power. The occidental mass media coverage of the Arab and Muslim women leads their public opinions to experience the feeling and action of pity, fear, reserve, confusion, misunderstanding and misinterpretation. Mass media try to mediate factualities in the form of ‘truths’, but they get articulated and conveyed in an orientalist context as Edward Said elaborates in Orientalism (1995). Most occidental mass media systems repeatedly address intercultural themes, without integration or openness to the Other, and they see intercultural matters from an absolute occidental perspective, that is shaped in different truisms and beliefs than in the many other existent cultures. They then compare their perspectives with the others insisting on the one of many worldviews, leading here to the typical constant misunderstanding between cultures. With this state of mind, every society compares itself with the others, forgetting the given fact that every culture has its own developmental trajectory, according to its natural and social environment, where the intercultural exposure also plays an important role in the cultural process of growth of all societies. Another aspect of intercultural misunderstanding is the nebulous image of the Orient in the spheres of the occidental mass media, failing intentionally or unintentionally in distinguishing between three major parameters: a) the religion of Islam, b) the patriarchal Arabic socio-political systems, and c) the instrumentalization and politicization of belief within the Arab world. In all cases, the occidental mass media systems assume the obligation of a Ptolemaic descriptive when shaping public opinion, confirming their truisms, thinking that they have fulfilled the cognitive informational needs of their communities by that. In doing so, they cover huge areas of information and multi-dimensional themes about the Orient in a shallow and superficial way, lacking in critical thinking, forgetting about the inner essence of humans, as well as the fundamental basics for creating meaning when interpreting symbols or information. An example of that is the symbol of the vail, which regularly occupies the minds of the occidental audiences. More particularly, the occidental cultural consciousness links the veil to an intercultural barrier, related to a perceived inequality, pressure, oppression and subjugation of women, especially presented in this way by mass media, which represents a mainstream source of information. Importantly, the value and status of women in Islam is missing in this occidental understanding. Similarly, religion is being presented as closely linked with fundamentalism, connoting extremism in confusion, and it is continuously bound to politicization, brutality and terrorism. And so goes the cycle without interruption, by the occidental mass media insisting to view Islam as an oppositional element, defined by hostility and extremism. And women continue to be seen as a passive element, within this stereotyped and distorted point of view and interpretation. In contrast, a four-dimensional reality argues against this perplex Occidental illustration of the Arab world, in which women are a main part: tradition, religion, politics and international expansion of power, are fundamentally different systems that have shaped the Arab societies in various ways over time. This means that cultural and intercultural interactions have constantly changed the worldviews and engagements of the Arab societies in their environment over time, according to their natural and social circumstances. This development continues to this day, similarly to all other cultural systems around the world, adding complexity and nuance in their interpretation. Consequently, the image of the Arab societies and Muslim women presented in the occidental mass media, cannot be evaluated as credible or ethical, because of the absence of objectivity from the occidental mainstream mass media systems. They create a fabulous imaginary reality, which in turn becomes widely believable among the majority of the public. In other words, occidental audiences give up their cognitive powers and adopt these simplistic and illusionary interpretations, automatically detaching themselves from the Arab world, out of arising fear, racism and hostility; Othering the Arab Muslim. The reflections to this illusion lead to isolation, gaps, misunderstandings, and conflict, involving the world in a confrontation with a postmodern kind of third world war. In order to overcome the current intercultural gap between images and reality, the worldwide huge dialogic minority should activate its efforts to reawaken perspectives of harmony, peace, integration, equality, togetherness and humanity. The revival of those hidden perspectives requires the global public opinion to look deeper into reality, where there is a lot to be discovered, which would surely lead to the end of racism, hostility, hatred, arrogance and ignorance between cultures. Away from the dreamy image of One Thousand and One Nights, and far from the terroristic extremist illustration of the Orient, the Arab Muslim woman is a natural being in reality; a primary productive element in her social structure. An example of this approach can be seen in the documentary film-essay by the Austrian filmmaker Ruth Beckermann Ein Flüchtiger Zug nach dem Orient/A Fleeting Passage to the Orient (1999), in which the diversity of the women’s society can be observed within traditional, conservative and moderate lifestyles. The documentary’s realistic intercultural angle reflects the society of the Arab Muslim women on different levels: the older the women, the more conservative and vailed they appear. The younger the women, the more open, flexible and modern they are on the generational level. Yet the generation difference does not eliminate the heterogeneity of thought and lifestyles. On the contrary, it shows the rich variety of the women’s society on the social level, and it shows a lively progressive activeness in the public realm and workplace. In other words, however different Arab women may be, they all carry shared attributes of self-confidence, beauty, pride, responsibility, humbleness, hospitality and openness. This film-essay is one example of a media approach attempting to provide alternative perspectives to the mainstream ones, informing European public opinion on the intercultural oriental/occidental communication. The film’s objective is to bring cultures nearer to each other, by presenting a reflexive analogy between the trip of Empress Elisabeth of Austria to the Orient in the 19th century and the visit of the filmmaker Ruth Beckermann to Egypt a hundred years later. The film shows a multidimensional worldview of freedom, and delights in a historical dynamism between places and cultures. A hundred years earlier or later, seen from a classic, modern or postmodern point of view, reflects a diverse reality of the Oriental culture. More particularly, the film depicts a pluralistic presence of the Arab Muslim women in their society and an occidental feeling of liberty and enchantment are to be observed in the Austrian imperial experience during Sisi’s visits to Cairo in the nineteenth century. Ruth Beckermann reflects on this exposure in her documentary film-essay a hundred years later, mirroring these imperial interactions and impressions. This film essay opens horizons for the approach of the earlier mentioned, widely spread minority, that plays a vital role in creating hope, reaching balance and wisdom in the intercultural communication. In this way, it becomes possible to communicate images of realities far from political instrumentalization, social manipulation, cultural absolutisms, and in objectivity. And this view should awaken the intercultural blindness, it should change ignorance into tolerance and arrogance into respect. Yet the situation in the Arab world and the state of the occidental mass media leads the intercultural communication to be nebulous, full of clichés and prejudice captured interactions. And here appear the paradoxes of reality and a conscious and unconscious informational irritation, when picturing facts of the happenings and beings around the world. The reality of the Arab world contains continuous confrontations between ideology and belief, individualism and collectivism, idealistic authentic guidelines of Islam and politicized socially instrumentalized interpretations, and the clash between extremist conservativity, extravagant secularization and moderation; as in Fehmi Jadaane’s explanation (2007, About the Final Salvation). This social and political confrontation becomes apparent within a postmodern, imperialistic, absolutist, globalized, and complex cultural environment. Across from the paradoxical Arab Muslim realities, stand the occidental mass media, captured in their illusions, blocked in their circumstances, that lack flexibility and multidimensionality. In times when theories of globalization and constructive interculturality are being explored and announced to be adopted, most occidental mass media continue to hold on to the old ideas of imperialism, orientalism, biased one-sidedness and narrowness of opinion. They view the Orient as a historical object for research and monopoly, and never as an interactive communication partner. Mass media work in turmoil between commerciality and politically manipulated informational coverage, which causes the loss of objectivity and ethics. At the same time, humanity has verified its highly qualified intelligence throughout history, being able to build prospering cultures and long-lasting eras of civilization through communication and mutual interactions. This means that humans are capable of continuing to generate dialogue based on equitability, freedom, equality, openness and wisdom. Here, this writing would allow itself to take the initiative, to remind the worldwide societies of the simple fertile bases of intercultural communication, to keep the doors open to authentic ethical dialogue in today’s difficult reality. This initiative would clarify that religion is not tradition. This distinction may be easy to understand, but neither the majority of the Arabic societies, nor most of the occidental public opinion have achieved the differentiation between those two variables of culture. In order to reach an objectivity in the intercultural communication, the nature of mindfulness should be revived in societies. The reawakening of this nature would lead to a more flexible and less axiomatic viewpoint, it would encourage critical thinking towards societies’ own convictions, it would help understand the perspective of Others and question it in a respectful way. Mindfulness would allow a creative innovation of thought, seen through the perception of the Other; as in Mohammed Abed Al-Jabri’s elaboration (2009, The Construction of the Arab Mind: Critic of the Arab Mind). In reaching this point, societies would elevate above their own cognitions, and enrich themselves by understanding and observing reality in the context of the different Other. This horizon reflects the suggestion of mutuality, developing an encounter containing partnership, equality and cooperation between cultures, allowing the revitalization of worldviews, and the realization of the fact of perspective difference in reality. Another essential base for a constructive communication is to realize the common shared natural background among humans. All human beings have the same instinctive actions, reactions and interactions with their natural environment, and they have been part of their core before the creation of symbolisms and the development of cultural systems started. This means that societies could build stable floors for intercultural dialogue on those mutual common grounds of nature, when they take the factual scape of equality and organic consensus of humanity into consideration.As result, shared common nature and balanced social interaction of symbolisms between reality and its images are clearly constructions of a successful cultural and intercultural communication. The wonderful thing about that, is that all human beings, hence societies have the attributes of symmetry and consensus in them, which only needs to be re-energized by bringing cultural authenticity back to life, through the efforts of the public opinion leaders and the exertions of mass media systems, in order to form the objectivity of perspectives and handle the intercultural reality as wise as possible. One last observation concerning the current cultural and intercultural dynamic around the globe, is the ambivalence of the Arab societies in reference to their historical civilizational relation to the occident, regarding the gender constellations there. It is being observed, that since the imperialistic and colonialist times of history, the characteristic development of Arab women and men has been going through a lost social turbulence. Arab societies are facing a three-dimensional conflictual crisis since the occidental modernity: they live a missing authenticity between an obtrusive enforced modernity, extremely closed cultural concepts that are used as tools of resistance against constant occupation of geographies, cultures and identities, and the conscious and unconscious cultural distractive chaos! Postmodern Arab societies are confronted with the lack of knowledge about their own cultures, because of the locally enforced backwardness and the international invasive exploitive interference, leading to their current crisis of identity, language, self-consciousness and confidence. And this leads to the present misery of the Arab cultures, dignity and stability. In the end, has the human civilization reached its downfall of evolution in the current cultural and intercultural communication; as explained in the theoretical concepts of Spengler and Ibn Khaldun (Oswald Spengler,2014: By Hamid Reza Yousefi, Interkulturelle Kommunikation, Eine Praxis Orientierte Einfühlung./ Abd Ar-Rahman Ibn Khaldun,1984: The Introduction/ مقدمة ابن خلدون)? Or is it still possible to reconstruct fertile grounds for productive elevations and prosperous horizons around the globe? Orient, occident, reality and images in the postmodern communication… Where is the path taking the lead?" #metaglossia_mundus
"The incident involved the Larsen effect, which occurs when a microphone and an earpiece get too close, resulting in sharp feedback that can permanently injure someone 'Very disconcerting': Parliament spaces out microphones after interpreter injured by feedback The latest incident involved the Larsen effect, which occurs when a microphone and an earpiece get too close, resulting in sharp feedback that can cause permanent injury OTTAWA — The federal government has been forced to adjust the set-up in the House of Commons and committee rooms after another language interpreter suffered a significant hearing injury. The incident occurred April 8 during a closed-door meeting of the House foreign-affairs committee. “I always do caution everyone to pay attention to that, because we have had many incidents,” Liberal MP Ali Ehsassi, the committee’s chair, said Monday." #metaglossia_mundus
"Par Amina Aouadi 30 avril 2024 à 11 ALGER, le 29 avril 2024 – Le ministère de la Justice a annoncé, ce lundi, l’ouverture d’un concours pour le recrutement de 500 traducteurs officiels. Ces postes seront répartis sur l’ensemble du territoire national, dans les 48 conseils judiciaires du pays. Pour être éligible au concours, les candidats doivent être de nationalité algérienne, jouir de leurs droits civils et avoir au minimum 25 ans à la date du concours. Ils doivent également être titulaires d’une licence ou d’un master en traduction. Les candidats doivent avoir au moins 5 ans d’expérience professionnelle en traduction dans l’un des domaines suivants : - Service de traduction auprès d’une institution judiciaire ou administrative
- Organisation ou institution publique ou privée
- Bureau public de traduction officielle
- Bureau de traduction étranger
Cependant, les candidats titulaires d’un diplôme universitaire en italien, turc, portugais, chinois, coréen, japonais, néerlandais, hindi, malais ou en langue des signes sont dispensés des conditions d’âge et d’expérience professionnelle. 🟢 À LIRE AUSSI : Sonelgaz lance une vaste campagne de recrutement dans ces wilayas Les inscriptions au concours sont ouvertes depuis le 29 avril 2024 et se poursuivront jusqu’au 8 mai 2024. Les candidats peuvent s’inscrire en ligne via le site officiel du ministère de la Justice. Document requis Le dépôt des dossiers de candidature se fera dans les sièges des conseils judiciaires du 9 au 23 mai 2024. Les dossiers doivent comporter l’ensemble des pièces justificatives requises, à savoir : - Formulaire d’inscription sur la plateforme électronique.
- Extrait d’acte de naissance.
- Copie de la carte d’identité biométrique.
- (02) Deux photos d’identité.
- Copie du diplôme universitaire requis.
- Certificat de travail attestant d’une expérience professionnelle d’au moins 5 ans dans le domaine de la traduction.
- Une attestation délivrée par l’administration ayant l’autorité de nomination, autorisant le candidat ayant la qualité de fonctionnaire à la date de dépôt du dossier à participer au concours et s’engageant d’accepter sa démission en cas de son admission finale
- Une copie du mandat de versement des droits de participation au concours payé au profit du mandataire comptable de l’université d’Alger 1.
Le numéro du compte auprès du Trésor de la wilaya d’Alger est : RUB : 00816001116000097718. Déroulement des épreuves Le concours comprend des épreuves écrites d’admission, qui se dérouleront le samedi 1er juin 2024 à la Faculté de droit de l’Université d’Alger 1. Suivi d’une épreuve orale d’admission finale. Les épreuves écrites consistent en des tests de traduction de et vers la langue du poste. L’épreuve orale prendra la forme d’un entretien portant sur la culture juridique générale et la capacité à s’exprimer dans la langue choisie. La publication des résultats se fera sur la base des propositions de la commission d’examen, en tenant compte du mérite des candidats et de leurs choix de spécialisation exprimés sur la plateforme d’inscription électronique initiale. 🟢 À LIRE AUSSI : Le concours d’accès à l’ENA ouvert : voici comment participer (2024) La liste de répartition des postes disponibles est consultable en annexe. Les résultats seront affichés sur le site officiel du ministère de la Justice : https://www.mjustice.dz/fr" #metaglossia_mundus
"L'IA peut-elle réinventer la traduction littéraire ?- BEIJING, 30 avril (Xinhua) -- Dans l'enceinte calme et studieuse de l'Ecole normale supérieure de l'Est de la Chine (ECNU), à Shanghai, une question brûlante anime une salle de classe où l'on étudie la tradition littéraire : l'intelligence artificielle (IA) est-elle en passe de redéfinir les frontières de la traduction littéraire ? Devant un écran interactif diffusant des modèles linguistiques complexes, la professeure Yuan Xiaoyi, directrice de l'Institut Si-Mian pour les études avancées en sciences humaines de l'ECNU et traductrice renommée possédant près de 30 ans d'expérience dans la traduction des grands auteurs de la littérature française du XXe siècle, engage un débat vital avec ses étudiants. "Les technologies d'IA, telles que la traduction automatique neuronale, ont considérablement accru notre capacité à traduire rapidement de vastes volumes de textes", explique Mme Yuan devant une audience de jeunes esprits curieux. "Cependant, peuvent-elles réellement saisir et reproduire les subtilités émotionnelles et culturelles que seul un humain peut percevoir ?". Cette interrogation capte l'essence du débat, où l'enjeu n'est pas seulement technique, mais touche au cœur même de la créativité humaine. En discutant des dernières avancées des modèles linguistiques, Mme Yuan illustre comment ces outils ont bousculé la compréhension traditionnelle de la traduction, tout en soulignant leurs limites. "L'IA peut soutenir le traducteur dans des tâches répétitives, mais les défis les plus complexes, notamment ceux requérant une profonde compréhension contextuelle et émotionnelle, restent hors de sa portée", explique-t-elle. Le rapport 2024 sur le développement de l'industrie de la traduction en Chine, cité par Mme Yuan lors d'une interview récente accordée à l'Agence de presse Xinhua, révèle une croissance significative du secteur, signe de l'augmentation de la demande en services de traduction spécialisés. "Cette croissance est stimulée par la technologie, mais la valeur ajoutée d'un traducteur humain reste incontestée, surtout dans des domaines spécialisés comme l'interprétation simultanée ou la traduction littéraire", ajoute-t-elle. La traduction littéraire, souligne Mme Yuan, est une activité unique qui allie la conversion linguistique à une forme de création transculturelle et transhistorique. "Les traducteurs littéraires ne se contentent pas de traduire des mots ; ils recréent des mondes, souvent en résonance avec les auteurs et immergés dans des contextes qui enrichissent profondément le texte final." Face aux défis posés par les innovations technologiques, Mme Yuan encourage ses étudiants à ne pas craindre l'avenir, mais à l'embrasser en intégrant les outils modernes tout en préservant les méthodologies traditionnelles. "Notre mission est de trouver un nouvel équilibre entre l'ancien et le nouveau, pour mieux transmettre et enrichir notre culture à travers le monde." En conclusion, Mme Yuan reste optimiste quant à l'avenir de la traduction littéraire. "Bien que les technologies comme DeepL offrent des performances remarquables, l'essence de notre travail, qui réside dans la subtilité, la sensibilité et l'interprétation créative, ne peut être entièrement codifiée." Elle insiste sur l'importance de former les futurs traducteurs à utiliser ces technologies comme des outils qui complètent leur expertise, plutôt que comme des substituts. "C'est ainsi que nous continuerons à raconter des histoires qui résonnent avec authenticité à travers les cultures." Fin" #metaglossia_mundus
"Victor D.O. Santos, a children’s author, educator and linguist, said the book is about the value of language as a construct and idea. It is also meant to bring more attention to native languages. Native and indigenous languages are quickly going extinct. "What Makes Us Human" is written as a riddle, and is meant to show the value of language. Here characters are saying "Hello" in many different ways. See if you know the answer to this riddle: “I have been around for a very long time. Longer than toys, dogs, or anyone you know. “My roots go back many centuries. Some of them even longer.” “I can connect you to the past, the present and the future. I make you human.” Can you guess what I am? The answer is language. Children’s author Victor D.O. Santos asks readers that question in his book, What Makes Us Human. Each page on the book provides a clue to the riddle’s final answer. Artist Anna Forlati illustrated the book. Santos told VOA Learning English that the book is about the value of language. It is also meant to bring more attention to the world’s native languages. Native and indigenous languages are disappearing quickly. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates that 40 percent of the world’s 7,000 languages may disappear by the year 2100. Santos, who is also an educator and linguist, has studied indigenous languages in his native country, Brazil. He said that his new book brings “attention to the fact that many languages are disappearing ... (and ) this linguistic heritage that we have in the world is slipping through the cracks." The United Nations has named the years between 2022 and 2032 as the International Decade of Indigenous Languages. UNESCO says the declaration is meant to bring worldwide “attention on the critical situation of many indigenous languages.” It also says it is meant to provide more resources to protect and revitalize such languages. Santos said UNESCO offered to partner with him and help expand the book’s reach. The book has already been licensed into 22 different languages. That includes versions in Mapundungun, a language spoken by the Mapuche people in Chile and Argentina, and into Hnähñu, a language spoken by the Otomí people in Mexico. Santos said the book might soon be published in native Hawaiian as well. The Chilean government recently published 27,000 copies of the book for public schools, where there is a large percentage of indigenous children. A large number of cultures and languages are represented in the book. Its final page has a drawing of people saying “hello” in many languages. There are characters saying “hello” in common languages like Arabic, English and Spanish. And indigenous languages from the Xavante people in Brazil and the Cherokee people in the United States are also included. Another drawing has different scripts, or writing systems, hidden in trees. One page has drawings of 12 indigenous groups around the world wearing their traditional clothing. The words to go along with the drawing note the fact that indigenous languages around the world are disappearing: “When one of me disappears, a culture may also disappear. A unique way to view and understand the world. Gone. Forever.” Santos said his book “has an adult layer to it. It's not just for kids.” One page has a drawing of a parent and child fleeing a conflict or war. Another person is holding a sign that says, “No War.” “I can show you love. But also hurt you,” the page reads. Santos said he was thinking about the war in Ukraine for that page. The drawing referenced a Ukrainian reporter who interrupted a Russian state media report while holding that same sign. “What Russia is doing to Ukraine is not just attacking their territory and killing Ukrainians, but it's denying their culture,” said Santos, whose wife is Ukrainian and children have been raised speaking the language. “They're imposing the Russian language in the Ukrainian territory.” Santos said there are several ways to understand the page’s message. “It's to make people aware that words have weight,” he said. “Language can be used as a weapon and as a tool. And you can do good, or you can do ill with it.” I’m Dan Novak. Dan Novak wrote this story for VOA Learning English." #metaglossia_mundus
"30 April 2024 In a conversation, you provide all sorts of information to the listener. For example, you can indicate that you're certain about something, or that you heard it through someone else. Associate Professor Jenneke van der Wal has been awarded a Vici grant to investigate whether the way people do this is language-dependent. ‘If I say, “You've brought your laptop,” with this intonation, it's not just about bringing the laptop and that you did it, but also about my surprise. The activity is different from what I would expect,’ Van der Wal explains. Providing this kind of additional information in a conversation is also called meta-information. This meta-information can be inferred from the speaker's intonation, but can also be woven into the grammar. This is the case, for example, in Cinyungwe from Mozambique. ‘Where in Dutch we use the word “wel” (“It is a good idea, even if you might not think so”), Cinyungwe speakers can add a suffix to the verb to express the same thing,’ Van der Wal explains. Map with houses All the additional information conveyed in this way seems to belong to one conceptual space. ‘I want to know what that space looks like. You can compare it to making a map of a village. Which houses are on that map? Then we can find out which houses are closer together and which are further away,’ says Van der Wal. This can be done by identifying the information that overlaps. ‘If you say, “The movie must be very good”, then I know you haven't seen the movie yourself. It's an indirect source of information, and I also know there's uncertainty about that information,’ Van der Wal continues. The overlap between 'indirectness' and 'uncertainty' of the information is a sign that the concepts are close to each other in the conceptual space: on the map, they could be neighbours. Before such a map can be created, data first has to be collected on all different types of meta-information. There's still little known about this in the field of African languages. The researchers don’t know yet exactly which languages will be investigated. This depends on the linguists in Africa who will participate in the research. Overlap between languages Ultimately, the goal is not just to map out one language, but multiple African languages. ‘For me, this is the most exciting part of the research. With multiple maps, you can see if they correspond,’ says Van der Wal. The question here is whether the conceptual space with people is organised in the same way or if it's influenced by the language you speak. ‘It would be interesting if it's a language-independent phenomenon. That it doesn't matter which language you grow up with because the conceptual space is a universal cognitive given.’ Unravelling language The hope for discovery and new insights are what drives Van der Wal. ‘Every time I talk about the project and think about what we could discover, I think, “This is so cool!”’ she says. ‘Unravelling language is always fun. You understand a little more about the world around you every time, even if it's just a very small piece.’" #metaglossia_mundus
"30 avril 2024 - 11h00 - Maroc - Ecrit par : A.P Par Pedro Lozano from Cádiz, Spain — Martil Le conseiller communal du parti de l’Union Constitutionnelle (opposition) à Martil, Mohamed Achkour, a annoncé son refus d’approuver un projet de convention de partenariat visant à renforcer le réseau de traitement des eaux usées de la ville, au motif qu’il est rédigé en français et non en arabe ou en amazigh, les deux langues officielles du royaume. Mohamed Achkour a dénoncé le fait que ce projet de convention soit présenté dans une langue étrangère, le français en l’occurrence. « Nous ne sommes pas Français et nous ne sommes pas des professeurs de français. Nous sommes membres d’un conseil communal marocain dont les niveaux éducatifs et les domaines de travail diffèrent. Nous discuterons des clauses d’une convention à laquelle un budget financier et des engagements de la part de tous les intervenants seront alloués, il n’est donc pas concevable de discuter de cette convention dans une langue étrangère », a-t-il expliqué dans une déclaration au journal Al3omk. À lire : Déclin du français au Maroc : un reflet des tensions avec la France ? Et d’ajouter : « La souveraineté de la langue arabe est la souveraineté d’un État, d’un peuple et des institutions… Le danger avec de telles conventions, c’est le niveau éducatif bas de la plupart des élus, ce qui ouvre la porte à la dilapidation des fonds publics et à l’incapacité de tenir les entreprises contractantes responsables ». Pour l’élu communal, « toute tentative de généraliser la langue française dans les institutions de l’État, que ce soit au parlement ou dans les collectivités territoriales, est une forme de protection moderne enveloppée dans un masque de conventions de coopération et de partenariat ». À lire : Maroc : l’Amazigh reconnue officiellement comme une langue de travail « De telles conventions profitent aux entreprises françaises à travers le financement et les contributions financières des collectivités en échange d’engagements en français, permettant aux francophones de se soustraire à ces engagements », insiste l’avocat et conseiller qui estime qu’aucune loi marocaine ne l’oblige à étudier un document qui n’est pas rédigé en arabe ou en amazighe, les deux langues officielles du royaume que l’État se doit « de protéger, de développer et de promouvoir », selon l’article 5 de la Constitution marocaine. L’étude de ce document est inscrite au point 7 de l’ordre du jour de la prochaine session ordinaire du conseil communal de Martil, prévue mardi 7 mai." #metaglossia_mundus
"...Six Français sur dix sont fiers de l'accent de leur région, selon une enquête réalisée pour le 13H de TF1 sur la relation des Français à ce territoire. Mais ce sentiment est plus ou moins fort selon où l'on habite. Élocution, modulation de la voix, sonorités : au même titre que le patrimoine historique et culturel**, l'accent est l'une des richesses régionales prisées par les Français. Parmi les Français les plus prompts à défendre leur accent, le record revient donc à la Provence-Alpes-Côte-d' Azur, avec près de huit habitants sur dix qui en sont fiers (78%). Un score record grâce aux nombreux marseillais interrogés. C'est aussi un patrimoine bien ancré qui se transmet au cœur des familles depuis longtemps. Suivent ensuite dans ce classement les Occitans (77%) et les Bretons (66%)." #metaglossia_mundus
"«J'insiste volontiers sur le fait qu'au moment où l'on achète le Petit Larousse de l'année, il ne faut surtout pas se séparer des anciens, ce sont des témoignages qui seront précieux pour nos enfants et petits-enfants», explique Jean Pruvost --- Le Figaro ENTRETIEN - Jean Pruvost, lexicologue, est parrain du millésime 2025 du Petit Larousse illustré. Il revient, pour Le Figaro, sur le processus de création de nouveaux mots. Jean Pruvost est lexicologue, professeur d'université émérite, auteur d’ouvrages de référence sur la langue française et récemment du «Féminin, Au fil des mots et de l'histoire», (Tallandier). LE FIGARO. - Comment naissent les nouveaux mots du dictionnaire ? Jean PRUVOST. - On n'oubliera pas que ce qu'on appelle un néologisme ne recouvre pas seulement une forme nouvelle, comme « empouvoirement », mais aussi un sens nouveau accordé à un mot. Il convient de signaler que le néologisme représente un processus naturel : il y a d'abord, l'enfant qui néologise pour exprimer ses désirs, l'adolescent, de son côté, qui veut s'affirmer et transgresse le vocabulaire adulte, d'où le verlan ou les mots du rap ; il y a ensuite les adultes qui inventent des mots qui dans le monde du travail leur sont nécessaires ou qui vont les valoriser dans un univers donné. D'où des mots techniques indispensables et parfois aussi des anglicismes quelque peu prétentieux qu'ils imaginent impressionnants… et enfin, les personnes plus âgées, qui essaient de préserver le vocabulaire, relevant d'une certaine pérennité, ils représentent une nécessaire force conservatrice pendant que les jeunes représentent une sorte de dynamique créatrice également nécessaire, naturelle. C'est dans l'usage que peut s'harmoniser à la longue le flux continu des néologismes ; cela s'observe par le biais des dictionnaires qui, en ayant pour critère la fréquence, enregistrent ou n'enregistrent pas tel ou tel mot nouveau. On peut compter sur la vigilance du Petit Larousse, de ses lexicographes qui représentent des observateurs de longue expérience, aptes à décrire les mots nouveaux, à enquêter sur leur sens précis, leurs synonymes, et même leur éventuelle traduction s'il s'agit d'anglicismes, en somme à les apprécier sous toutes leurs facettes et à en retracer l'historique. C'est ainsi qu'au long terme, les néologismes s'installent dans la langue française ou disparaissent : le « gratuiciel » ne s'est pas fixé, mais les « bédéphiles » y ont fait souche, pendant que les « tucistes » ont disparu avec le TUC, une mesure qui n'existe plus, concernant le « travail d'utilité collective ». Quoi que l'on pense et dise, seul l'usage général restera le maître. Toute forme nouvelle est perçue tout d'abord comme étrange, voire « inesthétique », le fait de ne pas y être habitué la fait rejeter. Certains mots « fonctionnent » et s'implantent, d'autres, non. Comment l'expliquer ? Parfois, parce que le néologisme est plaisant et intègre une pointe d'humour, un clin d'œil, il s'installe assez vite, comme les « infox » à la place des « fake news » ou comme le verbe « divulgâcher » pouvant remplacer l'anglicisme « spoiler » (même si ce dernier a des origines françaises…), et il entre presque de plain-pied dans l'usage. En l'occurrence remercions la Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France pour son travail et ses suggestions, les commissions font du bon travail. Et les dictionnaires le relaient avec diligence. Quant à la réticence naturelle devant toute forme nouvelle, rappelons en guise d'exemple que le mot « enseignant » en tant que substantif avait été considéré par bien des puristes comme inutile et laid, tout comme « paratonnerre » et « vacancier », ce qui aujourd'hui peut nous laisser pantois. Toute forme nouvelle est perçue tout d'abord comme étrange, voire « inesthétique », le fait de ne pas y être habitué la fait rejeter. Et puis, à la façon du substantif « enseignant », en ayant besoin du concept qu'il représente, il triomphe alors sur d'autres concurrents et finit par s'installer : on a alors l'impression qu'il a toujours existé. Le mot « empouvoirement » qui rejoint le Petit Larousse étonne. D'où vient-il ? L'« empouvoirement », traduction française de « empowerment », est issu de la sociologie, utilement traduit en français, par les courants féministes. Ce mot se rencontre aussi avec un second sens, il était donc bon de l'offrir en tant que « fait de donner davantage de pouvoir à des individus ou à des groupes pour leur permettre d'agir sur leur environnement social, économique, politique ou écologique. » C'est en réalité un parfait exemple du travail sérieux des lexicographes, qui n'ont pas à juger de l'esthétique du mot mais à le décrire, à nous informer. Et d'ajouter en l'occurrence la « recommandation officielle : « autonomisation », ce qui permet à chacun de choisir et le sens qui convient et la version qui lui paraît pertinente. Et il est par ailleurs probable que ce mot sera à suivre dans son évolution : il peut s'imposer dans l'usage ou devenir rare, réservé à des usages très précis. Le fait qu'il entre dans les dictionnaires constitue une étape et un premier témoignage d'existence pour la collectivité. Il lui faut maintenant y rester. À lire aussi«Le français ne va pas si bien, hélas» La néologie dépasse souvent les frontières de sa propre langue. Certaines langues se prêtent-elles plus facilement à la création de mots ? La création des néologismes peut être spontanée, en usant des mécanismes naturels de la langue ou directe en « empruntant » le mot à une langue étrangère qui l'a déjà promu. En ce moment, c'est de l'anglais que viennent souvent des mots adoptés et comme il y a là un effet de mode et un excès d'emprunts, on comprend que cela puisse être horripilant. Quand il s'agit de partir de mots français déjà existants ou de racines installées dans notre mémoire linguistique, il faut relever que certains mots se prêtent plus facilement que d'autres à la dérivation par suffixation ou préfixation, ou à la composition en usant de racines latines et grecques. Il n'est pas difficile ainsi d'inventer « masculinisme » et il a été aisé d'inventer il y a plus de 150 ans le mot « féminicide ». Rien de plus simple que de créer spontanément « proustien » ou « gaulliste », c'est déjà plus difficile pour « Pompidou » donnant « pompidolien », et c'est difficile pour le romancier qu'était l'abbé « Prévost ». Quand il s'agit de mots anglais, emprunter par exemple, « en live » pour « en direct », et « deadline » pour « date butoir », un « team » pour une « équipe », relève de l'habituelle fausse valorisation à la façon dont au XVIIe siècle, il était de bon ton de glisser des mots latins partout pour marquer une fausse supériorité. Beaucoup s'en désolent. Et le dictionnaire propose presque toujours un équivalent en « bon » français. Le risque est en effet là : on peut aboutir à un appauvrissement du lexique français si on n'utilise que les anglicismes. Un dictionnaire ne doit pas […] faire violence à toutes les idées reçues, en imposant des acceptions vieillies depuis longtemps. Il ne doit ni suivre de trop loin, ni ouvrir la marche ; c'est un laquais qui porte les bagages de son maître, en le suivant par-derrière Pierre Larousse Que pensez-vous donc du « fast-fashion » qui rejoint les colonnes du dictionnaire ? Un mot comme « fast-fashion » n'est pas compréhensible de ceux qui ne sont pas initiés à ce vocabulaire, et je l'avoue, quand je lis dans un magazine que « loin devant la mode éthique et durable, la fast fashion continue d'attirer une grande partie de la population », je ne dois pas faire partie de cette grande partie de la population puisque dans un premier temps, je ne comprends pas en effet le propos, ne sachant pas ce que signifie « fast-fashion », même en connaissant et en aimant l'anglais. Or, cela étant, si le mot se retrouve souvent dans la presse, j'ai besoin de comprendre de quoi il s'agit, et le dictionnaire me donnera alors très utilement une définition, et la manière de dire autrement. C'est un grand service rendu. Le dictionnaire doit-il suivre la société ou la société doit-elle le précéder ? Je reprendrai la formule de Pierre Larousse dans le Nouveau Dictionnaire de la langue française, publié en 1856, qui en somme est le plus lointain ancêtre du Petit Larousse illustré né en 1905 : « Un dictionnaire ne doit pas […] faire violence à toutes les idées reçues, en imposant des acceptions vieillies depuis longtemps. Il ne doit ni suivre de trop loin, ni ouvrir la marche ; c'est un laquais qui porte les bagages de son maître, en le suivant par-derrière », son maître étant l'usage. Il suffit de lire la définition du mot « énervé » donnée très objectivement en 1905 dans le Petit Larousse illustré : « ÉNERVÉ, E adj. et n. Abattu, qui a subi le supplice de l'énervation. Abusiv. Qui a les nerfs agacés. » Et on se rend alors compte que lorsqu'on lit « énervé » dans les romans du XIXe siècle, le plus souvent on a compris à tort l'inverse… le contraire de ce que voulait par exemple ainsi exprimer Flaubert ou George Sand. Il n'y a d'ailleurs pas que le sens qui change et qui surprend dès qu'on se penche sur l'évolution des mots. Par exemple, la planche magnifique consacrée aux automobiles dans le même Petit Larousse illustré de 1905, offre des gravures ainsi libellées « automobile couvert (omnibus ) » ou « automobile découvert (tonneau) ». Et la définition de l'article de confirmer alors ce masculin : « AUTOMOBILE se dit d'appareils qui se meuvent d'eux-mêmes. Voiture qui marche à l'aide d'un moteur à vapeur, à l'électricité, à pétrole, à air comprimé, à gaz, etc. une voiture automobile. N ; m. : un automobile. » Il faudra en fait attendre plus d'une décennie pour que le féminin apparaisse, et que le masculin sorte ainsi de l'usage, ce dernier ayant finalement tranché pour le féminin : « une automobile découverte ». Concernant les mots qui ont fait l'histoire des éditions du Larousse, on voit que des mots de 1905-1930 (boulevarder, champignonniste) ou de 1930-1960 (zazou) ont disparu. Comment l'expliquer ? Il suffit de penser à l'informatique, technologie pourtant relativement récente, pour percevoir à quel point des mots très utiles à un moment peuvent rapidement disparaître de l'usage. Un mot qui, par exemple, dans les années 1960 symbolisait la plus grande modernité, la « carte perforée », était déjà devenu incompréhensible pour mes étudiants en 2000. Ils n'en avaient jamais vu et ignoraient de quoi il s'agissait. Le mot « disquette » est, de même, proche de l'oubli pendant que tout le monde sait ce qu'est une « clé USB » au reste sans repérer ce que le sigle signifie, en l'occurrence Universal Serial Bus ». Mon père avait acheté dans sa jeunesse un « gramophone », et dans ma prime jeunesse on m'offrait un « tourne-disque », on disait même un « Tepaz « du nom de la marque très connue de l'époque. Viendra le moment où ces mots seront archaïques pouvant alors disparaître de nos dictionnaires. Mais pour l'heure, il s'agit d'offrir à toutes les générations l'explication d'un mot qui se rencontre dans la littérature. Il va de soi que certains mots anciens, qui sont assurément sortis de l'usage, peuvent cependant se comprendre tout seul, dans leur contexte : « boulevarder » et « champignonniste » sont de ceux-là. « Zazou » est par ailleurs bien présent dans le Petit Larousse 2024. Au reste, j'insisterai volontiers sur le fait qu'au moment où l'on achète le Petit Larousse de l'année, il ne faut surtout pas se séparer des anciens, ce sont des témoignages qui seront précieux pour nos enfants et petits-enfants. Ainsi, il y eut des refontes, on a enlevé bien des mots qu'utilisaient les sabotiers, ou bien les voituriers du temps des voitures à cheval, ces mots étaient en effet tous sortis de l'usage, il était normal qu'ils laissent la place à de nouveaux mots, mais ainsi inscrits dans un millésime, ils ne sont pas perdus. De fait, si on n'enlevait jamais de mots au dictionnaire en un volume, le « Petit Larousse » créé en 1905 serait aujourd'hui encombré de 200 000 mots, il serait obèse ! Rappelons que dans une langue il y a 3000 mots de base, 30 000 mots de culture générale et ensuite, on passe au vocabulaire de spécialité, qui est infini (on a ainsi créé 10 000 mots très spécifiques lorsque fut fabriquée la fusée Ariane). Et donc pour un dictionnaire en un volume, on engrange environ 60 000 mots ce qui est déjà très confortable pour retrouver un mot technique, savant, rare. Il est bon de remonter dans le temps pour comprendre que c'est en partant souvent du latin que le mot d'une réalité non sexuée est devenu masculin ou féminin L'usage fait loi, on l'a compris. Mais parfois, il hésite entre le masculin et le féminin. Pour quelle raison ? J'ai donné l'exemple de l'automobile, « nom masculin » en 1905. Il y avait alors un flottement sur le genre, et c'est le féminin qui l'a emporté. C'est chose courante pour bien des mots, et si j'ai un respect infini pour le féminin, au point d'y consacrer un livre entier (Le féminin, Au fil des mots et de l’histoire, Tallandier), il faut bien avouer que l'hésitation a souvent été de mise entre le masculin et le féminin, et se poursuit encore pour certains mots comme « cet après-midi » ou « cette après-midi ». En vérité, le fait de ne pas avoir de marque neutre distincte de la marque du féminin et de celle du masculin, nous met parfois dans l'embarras. On ne niera pas que la logique ne semble pas toujours au rendez-vous, en revanche chaque mot a bien son histoire. Ainsi on a dit « une » éventail, une carrosse, une bonne exemple, une doute, une belle orage, une squelette, mais aussi « un » date, un affaire, un armoire, un dent, le steppe, et comme on vient de le constater « un » automobile. On a beaucoup glosé sur des féminins qui seraient dévalorisants, il est effectivement fort déplaisant que les féminins de certains mots soient péjoratifs, mais on ne se plaindra pas que les substantifs « assassins », « bandit », « forban », « gangster », « imposteur », « escroc », « malfaiteur », « malfrat » n'aient pas vraiment de féminin. Jouer sans fin des éternels exemples des mots qui au féminin deviennent péjoratif, « gars »-« garce », « entraîneur-entraîneuse », c'est rappeler des féminins effectivement regrettables, mais cela pourrait faire oublier que comme le signalait Viollet-le-Duc en 1872, le féminin s'est imposé dans de grandes idées ou réalités, « la muse, la gloire, la foi, la charité, la paix, l'astronomie », etc. Il est bon de remonter dans le temps pour comprendre que c'est en partant souvent du latin que le mot d'une réalité non sexuée est devenu masculin ou féminin. Voilà encore une raison de s'intéresser à l'histoire de la langue française. Qu'en est-il de la féminisation de la langue ? Le grand débat que fut la féminisation des noms de métiers est je le crois et je l'espère aujourd'hui très apaisé. Soulignons que l'Académie française a offert un rapport très soutenu sur le sujet, rapport confié notamment à Dominique Bona et Danièle Sallenave, Gabriel de Broglie, Michael Edwards, et rendu public le 1er mars 2019. Avec pas moins de vingt pages où sont signalés des usages propres à l'histoire de la langue comme « inventeure », « mairesse », et où l'on admet que puisse être dit « autrice » de bonne construction comme « institutrice ». Et chacun ayant d'une certaine façon liberté pour un choix qui n'est pas imposé pour bien des mots et qui n'a rien d'une option politique comme on voudrait parfois le laisser croire. On connaît tous des dames de positions politiques opposées désirant être toutes deux présentées au masculin dans leur profession et d'autre également dans des partis très opposés demandant le féminin. À dire vrai, l'usage finira par trancher, sans doute en adoptant le féminin. En réalité c'est un débat très ancien, je note par exemple qu'en 1607, dans sa Grammaire Françoise contenant règles très certaines, Charles Maupas déclarait déjà que « Tout nom concernant office d'homme est de genre masculin et tout nom concernant les femmes est féminin de quelque terminaison qu'ils soient », prônant ainsi une règle apparemment simple mais avec une systématicité que l'usage ne suivra pas vraiment, les discussions se multipliant au cours des siècles. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, où semble-t-il le débat est fort heureusement devenu plus serein. Et les dictionnaires font leur travail : ils enregistrent les deux usages jusqu'au moment où l'un deviendra archaïque. Le Petit Larousse est un grand qui veille !" #metaglossia_mundus
"Sur le bout des langues. Incroyable, mais vrai : aucun spécialiste incontestable de la langue française ne siège sous la Coupole. Et cela ne semble pas près de changer… Publié le 30/04/2024 à 07:30 Les Immortels sont en règle générale de grands esprits, mais l’aberration demeure : la principale institution régissant notre langue ne compte aucun expert incontestable du français ! Selon son humeur, on peut trouver la situation baroque, absurde, sympathique ou scandaleuse. Toujours est-il que les faits sont les faits : on ne compte aucun linguiste à l’Académie française ! Et ce n’est pas la récente arrivée en son sein de Raphaël Gaillard, le 25 mars, qui va modifier la situation. Entendons-nous bien. Il ne s’agit en rien de contester les qualités intellectuelles de ce psychiatre reconnu ni celles des autres membres de cette auguste assemblée. De l’historien Pierre Nora à la philosophe Sylviane Agacinski en passant par le biologiste Jules Hoffmann, le conseiller d’Etat Marc Lambron ou les écrivains Patrick Grainville, Dany Laferrière et Amin Maalouf – notamment –, les immortels sont en règle générale de grands esprits. Mais l’aberration demeure : la principale institution régissant notre langue ne compte aucun expert incontestable du français, c’est-à-dire de savants au fait des structures de la langue et de son évolution. Deux arguments sont généralement avancés pour justifier cette situation paradoxale. En premier lieu, les immortels peuvent s’appuyer sur le "service du dictionnaire", lequel regroupe de nombreux agrégés de lettres et de grammaire. Par ailleurs, assure Patrick Vannier, membre dudit service, "les académiciens qui siègent à la commission du dictionnaire s’intéressent de près à la question et ont fini par gagner en compétence". On n’en doute pas, mais je ne suis pas certain que le même Patrick Vannier accepterait d’être opéré par un chirurgien sans diplôme..." #metaglossia_mundus: https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/pourquoi-lacademie-francaise-ne-compte-t-elle-pas-de-linguiste-dans-ses-rangs-JP54OMRWVRFIDACOEIRZ7JU4GE/
"MIT Picower Institute neuroscientists lay out a framework for understanding how thought arises from the coordination of neural activity driven by oscillating electric fields — also known as brain “waves” or “rhythms.” A new framework describes how thought arises from the coordination of neural activity driven by oscillating electric fields — a.k.a. brain “waves” or “rhythms.” David Orenstein | The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory Publication Date: April 30, 2024 One of the key means by which MIT scientists propose that thought is controlled at the level of brain waves is what is known as the spatial computing theory. It posits that beta rhythms act like stencils, dictating where gamma rhythms can encode information in the cortex. It could be very informative to observe the pixels on your phone under a microscope, but not if your goal is to understand what a whole video on the screen shows. Cognition is much the same kind of emergent property in the brain. It can only be understood by observing how millions of cells act in coordination, argues a trio of MIT neuroscientists. In a new article, they lay out a framework for understanding how thought arises from the coordination of neural activity driven by oscillating electric fields — also known as brain “waves” or “rhythms.” Historically dismissed solely as byproducts of neural activity, brain rhythms are actually critical for organizing it, write Picower Professor Earl Miller and research scientists Scott Brincat and Jefferson Roy in Current Opinion in Behavioral Science. And while neuroscientists have gained tremendous knowledge from studying how individual brain cells connect and how and when they emit “spikes” to send impulses through specific circuits, there is also a need to appreciate and apply new concepts at the brain rhythm scale, which can span individual, or even multiple, brain regions. “Spiking and anatomy are important, but there is more going on in the brain above and beyond that,” says senior author Miller, a faculty member in The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT. “There’s a whole lot of functionality taking place at a higher level, especially cognition.” The stakes of studying the brain at that scale, the authors write, might not only include understanding healthy higher-level function but also how those functions become disrupted in disease. “Many neurological and psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s, involve disruption of emergent properties like neural synchrony,” they write. “We anticipate that understanding how to interpret and interface with these emergent properties will be critical for developing effective treatments as well as understanding cognition.” The emergence of thoughts The bridge between the scale of individual neurons and the broader-scale coordination of many cells is founded on electric fields, the researchers write. Via a phenomenon called “ephaptic coupling,” the electrical field generated by the activity of a neuron can influence the voltage of neighboring neurons, creating an alignment among them. In this way, electric fields both reflect neural activity and also influence it. In a paper in 2022, Miller and colleagues showed via experiments and computational modeling that the information encoded in the electric fields generated by ensembles of neurons can be read out more reliably than the information encoded by the spikes of individual cells. In 2023 Miller’s lab provided evidence that rhythmic electrical fields may coordinate memories between regions. At this larger scale, in which rhythmic electric fields carry information between brain regions, Miller’s lab has published numerous studies showing that lower-frequency rhythms in the so-called “beta” band originate in deeper layers of the brain’s cortex and appear to regulate the power of faster-frequency “gamma” rhythms in more superficial layers. By recording neural activity in the brains of animals engaged in working memory games, the lab has shown that beta rhythms carry “top-down” signals to control when and where gamma rhythms can encode sensory information, such as the images that the animals need to remember in the game. Some of the lab’s latest evidence suggests that beta rhythms apply this control of cognitive processes to physical patches of the cortex, essentially acting like stencils that pattern where and when gamma can encode sensory information into memory, or retrieve it. According to this theory, which Miller calls “Spatial Computing,” beta can thereby establish the general rules of a task (for instance, the back-and-forth turns required to open a combination lock), even as the specific information content may change (for instance, new numbers when the combination changes). More generally, this structure also enables neurons to flexibly encode more than one kind of information at a time, the authors write, a widely observed neural property called “mixed selectivity.” For instance, a neuron encoding a number of the lock combination can also be assigned, based on which beta-stenciled patch it is in, the particular step of the unlocking process that the number matters for. In the new study, Miller, Brincat, and Roy suggest another advantage consistent with cognitive control being based on an interplay of large-scale coordinated rhythmic activity: “subspace coding.” This idea postulates that brain rhythms organize the otherwise massive number of possible outcomes that could result from, say, 1,000 neurons engaging in independent spiking activity. Instead of all the many combinatorial possibilities, many fewer “subspaces” of activity actually arise, because neurons are coordinated, rather than independent. It is as if the spiking of neurons is like a flock of birds coordinating their movements. Different phases and frequencies of brain rhythms provide this coordination, aligned to amplify each other, or offset to prevent interference. For instance, if a piece of sensory information needs to be remembered, neural activity representing it can be protected from interference when new sensory information is perceived. “Thus the organization of neural responses into subspaces can both segregate and integrate information,” the authors write. The power of brain rhythms to coordinate and organize information processing in the brain is what enables functional cognition to emerge at that scale, the authors write. Understanding cognition in the brain, therefore, requires studying rhythms. “Studying individual neural components in isolation — individual neurons and synapses — has made enormous contributions to our understanding of the brain and remains important,” the authors conclude. “However, it’s becoming increasingly clear that, to fully capture the brain’s complexity, those components must be analyzed in concert to identify, study, and relate their emergent properties.”" #metaglossia_mundus
"Assistant Editor (Children’s Books) A global publisher of beautifully crafted, innovative, and illustrated non-fiction books for children of all ages is looking for a creative and experienced Assistant Editor to join their team. In this role you will work closely with the Children’s Senior Editor and Associate Publisher to create unique and inspiring titles for the children’s list and will be involved in all aspects of book creation, from pre-acquisitions through to publication. The ideal candidate will have previous publishing and editorial experience in children’s books; or be someone who is keen to move into the children’s area of editorial. The successful candidate will have 2 years experience working in a book editorial environment and will suit an editorial Assistant/junior editor looking to take the next step in their career. Key responsibilities: Core editorial tasks - Enable the smooth running of multiple projects by coordinating between internal departments and external freelancers.
- Prepare, monitor quality, and track text and pictures for handover to the Design department.
- Draft viable schedules, working with Editors and Production Controllers as necessary.
- Manage correspondence (from submissions email, general readers, and authors) and forward projects to the Senior Editor as appropriate.
- Take on in-house picture research, the managing of freelance picture researchers, and briefing of designers and illustrators.
- Prepare changes for reprints and paperbacks, organise updated imprint pages, and check digital files received before handing to Production.
- Provide full administrative support to the Associate Publisher and Senior Editor.
Data and information management - Research, check, and cross-check facts in texts and images.
- Draft jacket copy, catalogue copy, and sales information for books.
- Input text corrections in InDesign.
Copyediting and proofreading - Read and copy-edit texts under light supervision.
- Proofread blads or the entire text, including running heads, page numbers, figure numbers, indexes etc.
- Keep track, prepare, and mark up materials to and from design and production.
Experience and skills required: - Demonstrable passion for and knowledge of the children’s book market.
- InDesign, Word, Excel, and Adobe skills.
- Interest in art, design, culinary, and gardening.
- Expertise in child development or experience working with children would be desirable, but not essential.
- Knowledge of not only the UK market, but also the US and global children’s book market.
Hybrid working pattern: You will be working three days office-based / two days home-based. Location: The right candidate can be based in either New York or London. If you are interested in this role, please contact Dan at dan@wonderfulideasproject.com At Wonderful, we are dedicated to promoting diversity in all its forms. We are committed to creating an inclusive and equitable environment that promotes equal opportunities for wonderful people. We actively encourage candidates from under-represented groups to apply and warmly welcome all individuals with exceptional abilities, irrespective of their background." #metaglossia_mundus
"Words and rules: The ingredients of By Steven Pinker
According to the ‘word/rule’ account, regular inflection is computed by a default, symbolic process, whereas irregular inflection is achieved by associative memory. Conversely, pattern- associator accounts attribute both regular and irregular inflection to an associative process. The acquisition of the default is ascribed to the asymmetry in the distribution of regular and irregular tokens. Irregular tokens tend to form tight, well-defined phonological clusters (e.g. sing-sang, ring-rang), whereas regular forms are diffusely distributed throughout the phono- logical space. This distributional asymmetry is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of a regular default. Hebrew nominal inflection challenges this account. We demonstrate that Hebrew speakers use the regular masculine inflection as a default despite the overlap in the distribution of regular and irregular Hebrew masculine nouns. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrates that regular inflection is productively applied to novel nouns regardless of their similarity to existing regular nouns. In contrast, the inflection of irregular sounding nouns is strongly sensitive to their similarity to stored irregular tokens. Experiment 2 estab- lishes the generality of the regular default for novel words that are phonologically idiosyn- cratic. Experiment 3 demonstrates that Hebrew speakers assign the default regular inflection to borrowings and names that are identical to existing irregular nouns. The existence of default inflection in Hebrew is incompatible with the distributional asymmetry hypothesis. Our find- ings also lend no support for a type-frequency account. The convergence of the circumstances triggering default inflection in Hebrew, German and English suggests that the capacity for default inflection may be general. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
#metaglossia_mundus: https://www.academia.edu/159311/Words_and_rules_The_ingredients_of_language?email_work_card=title&li=0
"Words and rules: The ingredients of language According to the ‘word/rule’ account, regular inflection is computed by a default, symbolic process, whereas irregular inflection is achieved by associative memory. Conversely, pattern- associator accounts attribute both regular and irregular inflection to an associative process. The acquisition of the default is ascribed to the asymmetry in the distribution of regular and irregular tokens. Irregular tokens tend to form tight, well-defined phonological clusters (e.g. sing-sang, ring-rang), whereas regular forms are diffusely distributed throughout the phono- logical space. This distributional asymmetry is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of a regular default. Hebrew nominal inflection challenges this account. We demonstrate that Hebrew speakers use the regular masculine inflection as a default despite the overlap in the distribution of regular and irregular Hebrew masculine nouns. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrates that regular inflection is productively applied to novel nouns regardless of their similarity to existing regular nouns. In contrast, the inflection of irregular sounding nouns is strongly sensitive to their similarity to stored irregular tokens. Experiment 2 estab- lishes the generality of the regular default for novel words that are phonologically idiosyn- cratic. Experiment 3 demonstrates that Hebrew speakers assign the default regular inflection to borrowings and names that are identical to existing irregular nouns. The existence of default inflection in Hebrew is incompatible with the distributional asymmetry hypothesis. Our find- ings also lend no support for a type-frequency account. The convergence of the circumstances triggering default inflection in Hebrew, German and English suggests that the capacity for default inflection may be general. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved." #metaglossia_mundus: https://www.academia.edu/159311/Words_and_rules_The_ingredients_of_language?email_work_card=title&li=0
"Acesse gratuitamente a versão em áudio da Bíblia por meio do site oficial jw.org e do aplicativo JW Library. Acesse gratuitamente a versão em áudio da Bíblia por meio do site oficial jw.org e do aplicativo JW Library. No ponto de ônibus, Taís aguarda o transporte público, ansiosa pelo tempo que terá que esperar até chegar ao seu local de trabalho. No entanto, ela sabe que usará esse tempo da melhor maneira possível: ouvindo textos bíblicos durante o trajeto. “A Bíblia em áudio é muito prática e está alinhada aos desafios da vida moderna, como a falta de tempo”, diz Taís. “Escutá-la enquanto me desloco alivia o estresse, me proporciona conhecimento valioso e não permite que minha mente vagueie pelos problemas, tornando o meu dia muito mais positivo”. As Testemunhas de Jeová produzem a Bíblia em áudio desde 1978, disponibilizando as gravações em dezenas de idiomas. Recentemente, a versão completa em áudio da Tradução do Novo Mundo da Bíblia Sagrada em português foi finalizada e pode ser acessada gratuitamente no site jw.org. Ela é resultado de um projeto iniciado em 2015 na sede das Testemunhas de Jeová no Brasil, localizada na cidade de Cesário Lange, no interior de São Paulo. O projeto usou cerca de 560 vozes para tornar os relatos bíblicos dinâmicos, emocionantes e cheios de vida. “Os leitores eram incentivados a estudar o personagem e o contexto do trecho a ser gravado por fazerem pesquisas e responderem a perguntas como: ‘Quem sou eu?’, ‘Como estou me sentindo no momento?’, ‘O que quero alcançar com essa fala?’, ‘Quero motivar, repreender ou consolar?’”, detalha Leandro Ramos, que participou na produção da Bíblia em áudio. Interpretar os sentimentos dos personagens, garantir a exatidão na pronúncia das palavras e no significado do conteúdo e tornar a leitura vívida, mas sem dramatizar, foram os principais desafios. “Esperamos que o áudio ajude os ouvintes a passarem mais tempo em contato com os pensamentos da Bíblia. Não apenas em situações formais de estudo, mas também em situações informais, como ao limpar a casa, ir para a escola ou para o trabalho”, afirma Leandro. A Bíblia em áudio destaca-se também pelo seu poder de alcance. Crianças, jovens, adultos e idosos, bem como pessoas cegas ou com dificuldades de leitura, podem usufruir da Bíblia em áudio de maneira independente. Para ouvir a Bíblia completa em áudio gratuitamente, visite o site oficial das Testemunhas de Jeová, o jw.org e clique em “Leia a Bíblia on-line”. Você também pode fazer o download gratuito do aplicativo JW Library. Porta-voz das Testemunhas de Jeová Fábio Lopes lopes.fabiojose@hotmail.com" #metaglossia_mundus
Fundada em 1968, Ultimato apresenta o conteúdo Bíblico numa forma criativa e contextualizada. Ao lado de muitos outros, participa da proclamação da Boa Nova que nunca fica velha, da Esperança que nunca morre e do Salvador que nunca muda. #metaglossia_mundus
"Andrew Wiley, 47, was almost left facing life-changing surgery after he was seen by doctors at Kent and Canterbury Hospital in Canterbury, Kent, without an interpreter Andrew Wiley, 47, was left without an interpreter for an important appointment By Ryan FaheyNews Reporter Millie Bowles 16:27, 26 Apr 2024 A deaf man was on the brink of having a testicle surgically removed without being fully aware of the risks due to a hospital error, as doctors failed to provide an interpreter for his consultation. Andrew Wiley, 47, faced a harrowing ordeal at a Canterbury hospital in Kent when he went to have a benign cyst on his testicle examined. Despite his wife's advance request for an interpreter for the critical appointment, Andrew was left without one and had to resort to using pen and paper and lip-reading, rather than sign language, to understand what was happening. It wasn't until two months later, with an interpreter finally present, that he became aware of the serious risks involved in the surgical removal of his testicle, leading him to opt out of the procedure. Now, Andrew is sharing his story to raise awareness and prevent others from experiencing similar situations. He is calling for the NHS to improve services for those with hearing impairments. Andrew said: "It makes me very angry. I've been let down. My issues would have been sorted out sooner if I was not deaf. I would have been understood and treated quicker." In February, Andrew visited Kent and Canterbury Hospital to discuss the cyst, where his wife Amanda, 50, had made multiple requests for an interpreter well in advance, in line with NHS policy. However, no interpreter had been provided. The dad-of-one explained: "There were two doctors in the room. I was trying to lip-read, but it was really difficult as he had an accent. I was trying to explain to him how much pain I was in. It was difficult and I felt rushed." Andrew, who communicates through British Sign Language, was informed that the veins around the lump causing his discomfort made its removal complex and that taking out the testicle might be a solution. He queried if removing the testicle would be the simplest option to alleviate his pain. The consultant confirmed this and, unknown to Andrew at the time, scheduled him for the operation without further conversation. Mr Wiley expressed his frustration: "Did he explain to me the risks or complications like bleeding and so on? No, he did not. He didn't give me choices either, or even if he did, he didn't explain it properly for me to understand. I felt fobbed off... It felt like he wanted me to leave." In April, Andrew revisited the hospital and spoke to the surgeon. That's when he found out the previous doctor had inaccurately recorded that he had requested the removal of his testicle. After being apprised of the potential complications of the surgery, he decided against having the procedure. Andrew lamented the poor communication, stating: "It was just lack of communication. [The doctor] saying I was begging for testicle removal and not explaining to me about the risks and the complications. He knew talking to me would be pointless." The pain caused by his condition has led to Andrew missing numerous hours of work as a freelance support worker for others with hearing loss. Despite his suffering, he has yet to receive any treatment due to the delays brought about by this miscommunication. The NHS is obligated to ensure that its services are equally accessible to all sections of society, according to its government constitution. However, Andrew alleges that he's visited the doctors "many times" without being provided an interpreter. He recalls one instance when he went to the A&E department at Ashford's William Harvey Hospital in Kent due to chest pain and told the receptionist about his deafness. After waiting several hours, another patient informed him that staff had been calling his name but had moved on to the next person when he didn't respond, he claims. Andrew stated: "Sometimes I can be independent and lip-read if I have a small problem. But something like this, I need help so I know what I'm getting myself into." "In my line of work, I hear problems with interpreters all the time. I go to an appointment with a client and there isn't one. Sometimes they cry or break down because of it. I never thought I would be having to go through this for me. If you request an interpreter, one should be there. I have a lot of deaf friends and I hear it all the time." Amanda, the wife of a deaf patient, has slammed hospitals for their failure to provide interpreters, arguing that it prevents proper understanding of medical procedures and risks. She expressed her concern: "Especially appointments where you're having an operation and you're not properly explained what the risks are." She added, "If [the doctor] can't understand that properly, he can't make a decision." Sarah Hayes, the chief nursing officer at East Kent Hospitals, issued an apology for the distress caused to Andrew during his appointment, admitting that the service was not up to par. "We are deeply sorry that Mr Wiley faced such difficulty at his appointment and for the distress this caused," she stated. Hayes emphasised the hospital's commitment to clear communication with patients, acknowledging that Andrew's experience did not meet their standards." #metaglossia_mundus
"Intercultural philosophy as a new orientation in philosophy wants to ascertain the plurality of philosophy. Its main purpose is the critique of the monologue of Western philosophy to enrich philosophical reflection on the different issues of philosophical concern. African political discourse and practice has been an uprooted activity. The pre-colonial African cultures were undermined by colonialism. Despite the attempts by some of Africa’s post-independence leaders to ground the political orientations of their countries in indigenous political ideas, they are the Western ideas that were implemented, although they could not take roots. It is necessary to understand the predicament of Africa as an outcome of the political practice. Africa is in a situation where it could not use its indigenous ideas. On the other hand despite the attempts to use them the Western ideas of democracy and others could not take roots. They could not take roots and probably cannot also take roots in the future as they are, since they were not meant for Africa .However, there is a wide-spread interculturality in terms of politics, philosophy, education, and so on as a result of the fact that we have taken a lot from outside and also given certain things to the rest of the world. This creates a favorable condition for intercultural philosophy in Africa with regards to political orientation and practice. It can create a new situation to create a political culture of reappropriating our own African political philosophies and appropriating European political philosophies. The article discusses intercultural philosophy and tries to show that its principles and methods can be used to propose a political philosophy that can better address African issues. It tries to achieve this by criticall y reviewing and analyzing the available literature in the realms of political and intercultural philosophy." #metaglossia_mundus
"“I am B.L.A.C.K. and I’m proud because being black is beautiful,” sings Robe L Ninho, an Afro-Cuban rapper and social activist who uses music and hair styling to challenge racial stereotypes and fight racism. Representation matters. When it comes to people of African descent, representation is fundamental because it shapes racial perceptions and can help promote inclusion. In our new episode of the UN Human Rights Podcast,we explore how popular culture and the arts can challenge perceptions and reframe narratives about race, history and identity. Edna Liliana Valencia, an Afro-Colombian journalist and author, has focused her life on the representation of Black people. “Growing up I watched Disney princess movies. They were all white, blonde, with straight hair and blue eyes, and looked nothing like us,” said Edna, who used her skills as a consultant for Disney on its animation film Encanto, helping to portray Colombia’s beauty and diversity accurately. For artist Anisha Thai, dance and choreography is her way of expressing the beauty of diversity and defying myths about being African and Asian at the same time and living in Hong-Kong. This year marks the closing of the first Decade for People of African Descent, and for Dominique Day, a human rights lawyer and member of the UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, the Decade represents an opportunity to reflect on racial justice and non discrimination. Listen to Humanity Unites: Breaking Racial Stereotypes" #metaglossia_mundus
"Awarri launches Nigeria’s first multilingual large language model to accelerate AI in Nigeria Awarri, the leading enabler of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in Africa, has announced Nigeria’s first multilingual Large Language Model (LLM), in partnership with Nigeria’s National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), the National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NCAIR), and data.org. Large Language Models are vast amounts of data organised to underpin the development of AI applications. Data captured will enable the LLM to be trained with five indigenous Nigerian languages. With the LLM, Awarri is aiming to build the largest data set of native Nigerian languages to fuel the development of AI models and applications for Nigeria. Data for fueling the LLM will be captured via Awarri’s data collection platform which is accessible from all mobile and desktop devices via the website www.langeasy.ai Currently compatible with five of Nigeria’s most spoken languages: Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Pidgin, Ibibio along with accented English, users can contribute by recording themselves translating an English sentence into their local language. Going forward additional Nigerian languages will be added to the platform. The launch is the latest step in Awarri’s mission of advancing AI in Nigeria and Africa more widely. Based in Lagos and founded by Silas Adekunle and Eniola Edun, Awarri is a full-stack AI company. Awarri believes the digital economy can play a key role in solving Nigeria’s sizable youth unemployment problem, and is bridging Nigeria’s technical knowledge gap by equipping local youth with AI skills. Already managing a team of over 100 locally trained and hired AI professionals, Awarri is planning to train and hire 5,000 youths by 2026. Speaking on the news, Silas Adekunle, CEO of Awarri, said: “A first for Nigeria, this launch is a critical step in the development of AI in Africa. One of our goals with the LLM is to demonstrate the key role technology can play in persevering Nigeria’s many cultures. Data is central to the development of all AI models and applications. The launch will enable us to capture entirely new data sets in indigenous Nigerian languages allowing us as a nation to build AI tools with a deep understanding of Nigeria’s cultural and linguistic nuances. Thank you to our partners the Nigerian National Information Technology Development Agency, National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and data.org for joining us on this exciting journey.”" #metaglossia_mundus
"Learn how vision language models (VLMs) combine machine vision and semantic processing techniques to discern objects in images. What are vision language models (VLMs)? Vision language models (VLMs) combine machine vision and semantic processing techniques to make sense of the relationship within and between objects in images. In practice, this means combining various visual machine learning (ML) algorithms with transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Current VLMs include OpenAI's GPT-4, Google Gemini and the open-source LLaVA. VLMs, sometimes called large vision language models (LVLMs), are among the earliest multimodal AI techniques used to train models across various modalities such as text, images, audio and other data formats. The multimodal distinction is primarily made against early single-modality transformer-based LLMs like OpenAI's GPT series, Google Gemini and Meta's open-source Llama, but is also relevant to most other ML techniques. For decades, machine vision models have been used for simple counting, classification and categorization tasks in areas like quality control, facial recognition and estimating damages for insurance claims. VLMs help connect these techniques to people's questions about images. VLMs promise to help automate, simplify and democratize various business, scientific, medical, artistic and consumer use cases. Common applications include answering questions, writing captions about images and generating new images based on prompts. Early work focused on photographic and artistic images owing to an abundance of pictures and captions readily available for training. However, VLMs also show promise in interpreting other kinds of graphical data such as electrocardiogram (ECG) graphs, machine performance data, org charts, business process models and virtually any other data type that experts can label. Brief history of VLMs The history of VLMs is rooted in developments in machine vision and LLMs and the relatively recent integration of these disciplines. Machine vision research dates to the early 1970s when researchers began exploring various ways to extract edges, label lines, identify objects or classify conditions. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, researchers investigated how scale space -- a way of representing images at different levels of detail -- could help align views of things across various scales. This led to the development of algorithms that could connect multiple levels of abstraction. For example, this might help join up imagery of cells, organs and body parts in medicine. Similar relationships exist across business processes, biology, physics and the built environment. Later, researchers started developing feature-based methods that helped characterize defects based on images of products passing down an assembly line. However, this was an expensive and manual process. Innovations in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their training process helped automate much of this type of work. On the language side, early work in the early 1960s focused on improving various techniques to analyze and automate logic and the semantic relationships between words. Innovations in recurrent neural networks (RNNs) helped automate much of the training and development of linguistic algorithms in the mid-1980s. However, these struggled with long sentences or long sequences. Later innovations, such as long short-term memory, a special type of RNN, extended these limits. The next wave of innovation came with the development of generative AI (GenAI) algorithms in the 2010s that addressed various ways to represent reality in intermediate forms that could be adjusted to create new content or discern subtle patterns. Diffusion models were good at physics and image problems that involved adding and removing noise. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) were good at creating realistic images by setting up a competition between generating and discriminating algorithms. Variational autoencoders found better ways to represent probability distributions best suited for sequential data. The big breakthrough was the introduction of the transformer model by a team of Google researchers in 2017. This let a new generation of algorithms simultaneously consider the relationship between multiple elements in longer sentences, paragraphs and, later on, books. More importantly, it opened the gates for automating the training of algorithms that could learn the connections between semantic elements that reflect how humans interpret the world and the raw sights, sounds and text we are presented with. It took another four years for multimodal algorithms to take hold in the research community, as not many computer scientists were thinking about capturing the world in terms of noise, neural networks or probability fields. In 2021, OpenAI introduced its foundation model known as Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP), which suggested how LLM innovations might be combined with other processing techniques. Stability AI – in conjunction with researchers from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Runway AI -- introduced Stable Diffusion in 2022, combining LLMs and diffusion models to generate creative imagery. Since then, various other research and commercial projects have explored how transformer models could be combined with GenAI techniques and traditional ML approaches to connect visual and language domains. Why are VLMs important? Traditional ML and AI models focused on one task. They could often be trained to perform well on simple visual tasks such as recognizing characters in printed documents, identifying faulty products or recognizing faces. However, they frequently struggled with the larger context. VLMs help bridge the gap between visual representations and how humans are used to thinking about the world. This is where the scale space concept comes into play. Humans are experts at jumping across different levels of abstraction. We see a small pattern and can quickly understand how it might connect to the larger context in which this image forms a part. LVMs represent an important aspect of automating some of this process. For example, when we see a car with a dent sitting in the middle of the road and an ambulance nearby, we instantly know that a crash probably occurred even though we did not see it. We start to imagine stories about how it could have happened, look for evidence that supports our hypothesis and think about how we might avoid a similar fate. Sometimes, people write stories about these experiences that can help train an LLM. A VLM can help connect the dots between stories humans write about car crashes and ambulances with images of them. For example, when humans look at an image of a person holding a ball with their arm raised and a nearby dog looking up, we know they are playing fetch. We also write many stories involving humans, balls and dogs. VLMs trained on these stories and images of people holding circular shapes connect the dots among balls, humans, dogs and the game fetch to discern a similar interpretation. They can also help interpret many other things that people often describe about images in captions to connect what might be apparent in an image within a larger context. Analytics tools can commonly transform raw data into various charts, graphs and maps to help see patterns and interpret the meaning of data. VLMs can take advantage of this significant analytics and presentation infrastructure to automate aspects of interpreting these graphics. They can also connect the visual patterns to the way experts might talk about the data to help democratize and simplify the understanding of complex data streams through a conversational interface. How VLMs work: Core concepts Various preprocessing and intermediate training steps are commonly involved before joining visual and language elements in training the LVM. This requires more work than training LLMs, which can start with a large text collection. Vision Transformers (ViTs) are sometimes used in this preprocessing step to learn the relationships between visual elements but not the words that describe them. VLMs use ViTs and other preprocessing techniques to connect visual elements such as lines, shapes and objects to linguistic elements. This lets them make sense of, generate and translate between visual and textual data. The following three elements are essential in a LVM: - Machine vision. Translates raw pixels into representations of the lines, shapes and forms of objects in visual imagery, such as determining if an image has a cat or a dog.
- LLMs. Connects the dots between concepts expressed across many different contexts such as all the ways we might interact with dogs versus cats.
- Fusing aspects. Automates the process of labeling parts of an image and connecting them to words in an LLM, such as describing a dog as sitting, eating, chasing squirrels or walking with its owner.
Training and evaluation of VLMs VLMs need a lot of data to learn about the world, starting with pairs of images and text descriptions. Popular open-source data sets for various VLM tasks include LAION-5B, Public MultiModel Dataset, Visual Question Answering and ImageNet. Finding data for novel tasks can be tricky, and data scientists need to be cautious about bias, particularly when there is an imbalance of samples that relate to the real world. This can be critical when enterprise developers seek data for a particular use case that can vary across different contexts. For example, there are many images, captions and stories about rabbits on the Internet. But these might vary by geography. In the U.S., the stories might be about pets and the Easter Bunny, while in Australia, they might be about wild rabbits as pests and the endangered Easter Bilby. A similar problem could show up in the way different business units or types of experts talk about images. A VLM trained on only one set of stories and captions might struggle when used across various regions, business units, disciplines or teams. It's also important to incorporate different image descriptions within the training data. For example, one description might label the animals in the image, another might mention a ball and raised arm, while a third description might include the game fetch. More nuanced descriptions might talk about the types of grass, clouds in the sky, the outfit a person is wearing or the brand of leash used on the dog. The challenge is curating a selection of training data that might discuss these various image aspects. The training process also needs to help distinguish between similar looking but different things. For example, a pug has a cat-like face, but humans can quickly identify a picture of it as a dog. Models therefore need to be trained on many images of dogs and cats with unusual shapes, sizes and forms. There are many approaches to training a VLM once a team has curated a relevant data set. The process sometimes starts with a pretraining step that maps visual data to text descriptions, which is later fused to an existing LLM. In other cases, the VLM is trained directly on paired images and text data, which can require more time and computing resources but might deliver better results. In both approaches, the base model is adjusted through an iterative process of answering questions or writing captions. Based on how well the model performs, the strength of the connections within the answers -- known as neural weights -- are adjusted to reduce mistakes. These can sometimes be combined to enhance accuracy, improve performance or reduce model size. The following are a few popular examples: - Contrastive learning. Models like CLIP learn to discern similarities and differences between pairs of images like dogs and cats and then apply text labels to similar images fed into an LLM. The open-source LLaVA uses CLIP as part of a pretraining step, which is then connected to a version of the Llama LLM.
- PrefixLM. Models like SimVLM and VirTex directly train a transformer across sections of an image and a sentence stub (the prefix) that is good at predicting the next set of words in an appropriate caption.
- Multi-modal fusing with cross attention. Models like VisualGPT, VC-GPT and Flamingo fuse visual elements to the attention mechanism in an existing LLM.
- Masked-Language Modeling and Image-Text Matching. Models like BridgeTower, FLAVA, LXMERT and VisualBERT combine algorithms that predict masked words with other algorithms that associate images and captions.
- Knowledge distillation. Models like ViLD distill a larger teacher model with high accuracy into a more compact student model with fewer parameters that runs faster and cheaper but retains similar performance.
Evaluating the performance of a VLM is a highly subjective process that can vary across individuals, their expertise and task type. Researchers have developed a variety of metrics that can help automate and standardize the evaluation of VLM performance across different kinds of tasks. Popular metrics include the following: - Bilingual Evaluation Understudy. BLEU compares the number of words in a machine translation to a human-curated reference translation.
- Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation. CIDEr compares machine descriptions to a reference description curated by a consensus of human evaluators.
- Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering. METEOR measures the precision, order, recall, and human quality assessments of descriptions or translations.
- Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation. ROUGE compares the quality of a VLM-generated description to human summaries.
VLM applications Some of the many applications of VLMs include the following: - Captioning images. Automatically creates descriptions of images, aiding efforts to index and search through a large library of imagery.
- Visual question answering. Helps uncover insights in images for users with different levels of expertise to improve understanding and analysis.
- Visual summarization. Writes a brief summary about visual information in an org chart, medical image or equipment repair process.
- Image text retrieval. Lets users find images of things that relate to their query, such as finding a product using a different set of words than its official product description.
- Image generation. Helps someone create a new image in a particular style based on a text prompt.
- Image annotation. Highlights sections of an image with colors and labels to indicate areas relating to a query.
A rapidly evolving field VLMs, like LLMs, are prone to hallucination, so guardrails are required with high-stakes decisions. A VLM might tell a trained radiologist where to look in a radiological image but it should not be trusted to make a diagnosis independently. Similarly, a VLM might help frame important questions about the business, but subject matter experts need to be consulted before rushing to any major decision. Conversely, creative hallucinations might be considered a feature for an artist experimenting with new imagery ideas. Additionally, VLMs generate their results based on the complex relationships captured in the weight of billions of features. This can make it difficult to decipher how they arrived at a particular decision or adjust them when mistakes are made. Ongoing research is also looking at how to combine different metrics that can improve performance across multiple types of tasks. For example, a newer Attribution, Relation and Order benchmark measure visual reasoning skills better than traditional metrics developed for machine translation. More work is also required to develop better metrics for various use cases in medicine, industrial automation, warehouse management and robotics. Despite the many challenges, VLMs represent an exciting opportunity to apply GenAI techniques to visual information. Researchers, vendors and enterprise data scientists will continue to find ways to improve their performance, apply them to existing business workflows, and improve the user experience for employees and customers. This was last updated in April 2024" #metaglossia_mundus
|