Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19
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Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC)

Immune mechanisms underlying COVID-19 pathology and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Immune dysregulation is thought to be a hallmark of long COVID or PASC but there is a need for understanding the underlying mechanisms which drive the disease progression.
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Why is COVID life-threatening for some people? Genetics study offers clues

Why is COVID life-threatening for some people? Genetics study offers clues | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Immune genes could play a part in the risk of needing intensive care when infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the mRNA vaccine CS-2034 as a heterologous booster versus homologous booster with BBIBP-CorV in adults aged ≥18 years: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2b t...

Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the mRNA vaccine CS-2034 as a heterologous booster versus homologous booster with BBIBP-CorV in adults aged ≥18 years: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2b t... | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Heterologous boosting is suggested to be of use in populations who have received inactivated COVID-19 vaccines. We aimed to assess the safety and immu…
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Association of SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence with long COVID

Long COVID or post-COVID-19 condition can affect anyone exposed to SARS-CoV-2, regardless
of age or severity of the original symptoms, characterised by long-term health problems
persisting or appearing after the typical recovery period of COVID-19. WHO define
long COVID as: “the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the
initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with
no other explanation”. Although many studies on long COVID are underway, its pathogenesis
remains unclear.
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Toward Comprehensive Care for Long Covid | NEJM

Toward Comprehensive Care for Long Covid Long Covid may affect 10% or more of people infected with SARS-CoV-2. Beyond the RECOVER initiative, additional structures could enable us to identify an
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Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases | JAMA Network Open

Evaluation of Waning of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine–Induced Immunity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Infectious Diseases | JAMA Network Open | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
This systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting vaccine effectiveness at different time points since vaccine administration estimates the waning of protection provided by a variety of COVID-19 vaccine products.
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Health technology assessment of tests for SARS-CoV-2 and treatments for COVID-19: A proposed approach and best-practice recommendations | International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care

Health technology assessment of tests for SARS-CoV-2 and treatments for COVID-19: A proposed approach and best-practice recommendations | International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Health technology assessment of tests for SARS-CoV-2 and treatments for COVID-19: A proposed approach and best-practice recommendations - Volume 39 Issue 1
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‘Remarkable’ AI tool designs mRNA vaccines that are more potent and stable

‘Remarkable’ AI tool designs mRNA vaccines that are more potent and stable | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Software from Baidu Research yields jabs for COVID that have greater shelf stability and that trigger a larger antibody response in mice than conventionally designed shots.
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Users’ Reactions to Announced Vaccines Against COVID-19 Before Marketing in France: Analysis of Twitter Posts

Background: Within a few months, the COVID-19 pandemic had spread to many countries and had been a real challenge for health systems all around the world. This unprecedented crisis has led to a surge of online discussions about potential cures for the disease. Among them, vaccines have been at the heart of the debates and have faced lack of confidence before marketing in France.
Objective: This study aims to identify and investigate the opinions of French Twitter users on the announced vaccines against COVID-19 through sentiment analysis.
Methods: This study was conducted in 2 phases. First, we filtered a collection of tweets related to COVID-19 available on Twitter from February 2020 to August 2020 with a set of keywords associated with vaccine mistrust using word embeddings. Second, we performed sentiment analysis using deep learning to identify the characteristics of vaccine mistrust. The model was trained on a hand-labeled subset of 4548 tweets.
Results: A set of 69 relevant keywords were identified as the semantic concept of the word “vaccin” (vaccine in French) and focused mainly on conspiracies, pharmaceutical companies, and alternative treatments. Those keywords enabled us to extract nearly 350,000 tweets in French. The sentiment analysis model achieved 0.75 accuracy. The model then predicted 16% of positive tweets, 41% of negative tweets, and 43% of neutral tweets. This allowed us to explore the semantic concepts of positive and negative tweets and to plot the trends of each sentiment. The main negative rhetoric identified from users’ tweets was that vaccines are perceived as having a political purpose and that COVID-19 is a commercial argument for the pharmaceutical companies.
Conclusions: Twitter might be a useful tool to investigate the arguments for vaccine mistrust because it unveils political criticism contrasting with the usual concerns on adverse drug reactions. As the opposition rhetoric is more consistent and more widely spread than the positive rhetoric, we believe that this research provides effective tools to help health authorities better characterize the risk of vaccine mistrust.
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SARS-CoV-2 incubation period across variants of concern, individual factors, and circumstances of infection in France: a case series analysis from the ComCor study

SARS-CoV-2 incubation period is notably reduced in omicron cases compared with all
other variants of concern, in young people, after transmission from a symptomatic
index case, after transmission to a maskless secondary case, and (to a lesser extent)
in men. These findings can inform future COVID-19 contact-tracing strategies and modelling.
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Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation -

Long COVID: pathophysiological factors and abnormalities of coagulation - | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Acute COVID-19 infection is followed by prolonged symptoms in approximately one in ten cases: known as Long COVID. The disease affects ~65 million ind…
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Association of COVID-19 Infection With Incident Diabetes | Infectious Diseases | JAMA Network Open

Association of COVID-19 Infection With Incident Diabetes | Infectious Diseases | JAMA Network Open | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
This cohort study investigates the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection with risk of incident diabetes among individuals in Canada.
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The Brain and Long Covid - by Eric Topol - Ground Truths

The Brain and Long Covid - by Eric Topol - Ground Truths | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
2 new studies shed light on persistent neuro-inflammation from even mild infections
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Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection | Neurology | JAMA

Development of a Definition of Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection | Neurology | JAMA | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
This study aims to develop a definition of postacute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) based on self-reported symptoms and describe PASC frequencies across cohorts, vaccination status, and number of infections using a cohort of adults with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Respiratory sequelae of COVID-19: pulmonary and extrapulmonary origins, and approaches to clinical care and rehabilitation - Lancet Respir Med

Respiratory sequelae of COVID-19: pulmonary and extrapulmonary origins, and approaches to clinical care and rehabilitation - Lancet Respir Med | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Although the exact prevalence of post-COVID-19 condition (also known as long COVID) is unknown, more than a third of patients with COVID-19 develop sy…
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Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 variant following booster vaccination or breakthrough infection in the UK | Nature Communications

Protection against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/5 variant following booster vaccination or breakthrough infection in the UK | Nature Communications | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Following primary SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, whether boosters or breakthrough infections provide greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection is incompletely understood. Here we investigated SARS-CoV-2 antibody correlates of protection against new Omicron BA.4/5 (re-)infections and anti-spike IgG antibody trajectories after a third/booster vaccination or breakthrough infection following second vaccination in 154,149 adults ≥18 y from the United Kingdom general population. Higher antibody levels were associated with increased protection against Omicron BA.4/5 infection and breakthrough infections were associated with higher levels of protection at any given antibody level than boosters. Breakthrough infections generated similar antibody levels to boosters, and the subsequent antibody declines were slightly slower than after boosters. Together our findings show breakthrough infection provides longer-lasting protection against further infections than booster vaccinations. Our findings, considered alongside the risks of severe infection and long-term consequences of infection, have important implications for vaccine policy. The duration and strength of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting from a booster vaccine dose or breakthrough infection are not well understood. This study uses data from the UK COVID-19 Infection Survey to investigate correlates of protection against Omicron BA.4/5 infection and assess antibody responses to booster vaccination and breakthrough infections.
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Accelerated waning of the humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines in obesity | Nature Medicine

Accelerated waning of the humoral response to COVID-19 vaccines in obesity | Nature Medicine | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Obesity is associated with an increased risk of severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and mortality. COVID-19 vaccines reduce the risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes; however, their effectiveness in people with obesity is incompletely understood. We studied the relationship among body mass index (BMI), hospitalization and mortality due to COVID-19 among 3.6 million people in Scotland using the Early Pandemic Evaluation and Enhanced Surveillance of COVID-19 (EAVE II) surveillance platform. We found that vaccinated individuals with severe obesity (BMI > 40 kg/m2) were 76% more likely to experience hospitalization or death from COVID-19 (adjusted rate ratio of 1.76 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.60–1.94). We also conducted a prospective longitudinal study of a cohort of 28 individuals with severe obesity compared to 41 control individuals with normal BMI (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2). We found that 55% of individuals with severe obesity had unquantifiable titers of neutralizing antibody against authentic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus compared to 12% of individuals with normal BMI (P = 0.0003) 6 months after their second vaccine dose. Furthermore, we observed that, for individuals with severe obesity, at any given anti-spike and anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibody level, neutralizing capacity was lower than that of individuals with a normal BMI. Neutralizing capacity was restored by a third dose of vaccine but again declined more rapidly in people with severe obesity. We demonstrate that waning of COVID-19 vaccine-induced humoral immunity is accelerated in individuals with severe obesity. As obesity is associated with increased hospitalization and mortality from breakthrough infections, our findings have implications for vaccine prioritization policies. Epidemiological analyses coupled with immunological phenotyping suggest that humoral immunity induced by COVID-19 vaccines wanes more rapidly in individuals with severe obesity compared to individuals with a BMI within the normal range.
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Eurosurveillance | The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern within households: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, as at 30 June 2022

Eurosurveillance | The role of children in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern within households: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis, as at 30 June 2022 | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Background
Meta-analyses and single-site studies have established that children are less infectious than adults within a household when positive for ancestral SARS-CoV-2. In addition, children appear less susceptible to infection when exposed to ancestral SARS-CoV-2 within a household. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) has been associated with an increased number of paediatric infections worldwide. However, the role of children in the household transmission of VOC, relative to the ancestral virus, remains unclear.
Aim
We aimed to evaluate children's role in household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
Methods
We perform a meta-analysis of the role of children in household transmission of both ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-2 VOC.
Results
Unlike with the ancestral virus, children infected with VOC spread SARS-CoV-2 to an equivalent number of household contacts as infected adults and were equally as likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 VOC from an infected family member. Interestingly, the same was observed when unvaccinated children exposed to VOC were compared with unvaccinated adults exposed to VOC.
Conclusions
These data suggest that the emergence of VOC was associated with a fundamental shift in the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. It is unlikely that this is solely the result of age-dependent differences in vaccination during the VOC period and may instead reflect virus evolution over the course of the pandemic.
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Algorithm for Optimized mRNA Design Improves Stability and Immunogenicity

Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are being used to contain COVID-19 (1, 2, 3), but still suffer from the critical limitation of mRNA instability and degradation, which is a major obstacle in the storage, distribution, and efficacy of the vaccine products (4). Previous work showed that increasing secondary structure lengthens mRNA half-life, which, together with optimal codons, improves protein expression (5). Therefore, a principled mRNA design algorithm must optimize both structural stability and codon usage. However, due to synonymous codons, the mRNA design space is prohibitively large (e.g., ~10632 candidates for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein), which poses insurmountable computational challenges. Here we provide a simple and unexpected solution using a classical concept in computational linguistics, where finding the optimal mRNA sequence is akin to identifying the most likely sentence among similar sounding alternatives (6). Our algorithm LinearDesign takes only 11 minutes for the Spike protein, and can jointly optimize stability and codon usage. On both COVID-19 and varicella-zoster virus mRNA vaccines, LinearDesign substantially improves mRNA half-life and protein expression, and dramatically increases antibody titer by up to 128× in vivo, compared to the codon-optimization benchmark. This surprising result reveals the great potential of principled mRNA design, and enables the exploration of previously unreachable but highly stable and efficient designs. Our work is a timely tool not only for vaccines but also for mRNA medicine encoding all therapeutic proteins (e.g., monoclonal antibodies and anti-cancer drugs (7, 8)).
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Are repeat COVID infections dangerous? What the science says

Are repeat COVID infections dangerous? What the science says | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
Researchers disagree over how bad it is to be reinfected, and whether COVID-19 can cause lasting changes to the immune system.
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Safety and effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 in children aged 5–11 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

In children aged 5–11 years, mRNA vaccines are moderately effective against infections
with the omicron variant, but probably protect well against COVID-19 hospitalisations.
Vaccines were reactogenic but probably safe. Findings of this systematic review can
serve as a basis for public health policy and individual decision making on COVID-19
vaccination in children aged 5–11 years.
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Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic - May 2023

Lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic - May 2023 | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
This document aims to collate and present the lessons identified from the public health stakeholders who responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is intended to serve as input for countries revising their pandemic or emergency preparedness plans.
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New diabetes post-acute Covid (PASC, Long Covid), an inconvenient truth

New diabetes post-acute Covid (PASC, Long Covid), an inconvenient truth | Veille Coronavirus - Covid-19 | Scoop.it
A new study adds to 11 others for increased risk of Type 2 diabetes
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