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Scooped by Graham Watson

Today, 3:23 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - Today, 12:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Incentives matter, even to thieves. If the price of copper is high, then the theft of copper wire becomes more appealing. As the source cited by the article states: “From a risk versus reward calculation, stealing copper from a windfarm will be a lot more attractive than dealing drugs, for example. Stealing copper does not come with a class-A penalty.”

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Today, 3:18 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 22, 5:33 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

It seems as though the government is on the point of intervening to cut energy prices for 7,000 firms to boost growth as part of its industrial policy. This is clearly going to be welcomed by the firms but as economists you need to go beyond this.

Initially, I always encourage a simple evaluative framework - opportunity cost, government failure, distributional issues - which works in this case too. However, another thought that occurs is about incentives - if the government is going to intervene to cut energy costs, what does that do to firms' incentives to do so.

So, popular though the policy is likely to be: is it good economics?

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June 19, 3:13 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 19, 3:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This is a really interesting bit of labour market theory that illustrates how Uber is using its position as a monopsony buyer of labour to take an increasing share of fare incomes at the expense of drivers.

The research undertaken by Oxford University in partnership with the non-profit gig worker organisation Worker Info Exchange (WIE) concludes that "post-dynamic pricing, many aspects of Uber drivers’ jobs have gotten worse. Average pay per hour on the app is stagnant, and is lower in real terms in the year following the introduction of dynamic pricing...Uber’s median take rate per driver has increased from 25% to 29%, and on some trips the take rate is over 50%. Furthermore, the higher take rates are concentrated among higher-fare trips, which explains how Uber can extract an additional 38% [income] from its driver’s labour on average … Many drivers are earning substantially less per hour.”

Who would have thought it? Well, economic theory would suggest that such an outcome is likely. It's now up to the government to work out whether or not that's fair.

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Scooped by Graham Watson

June 16, 4:13 AM

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CEO pay at UK’s top companies is 52 times that of typical worker, report finds | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - June 16, 3:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

I simply leave this here, with little in the way of comment.

Can such wage differentials be justified?

My only substantive observation though is that the idea of a maximum wage is really bad economics - it will have no effect on executive pay because all it would do is incentivise firms to find ways of working around such a restriction.

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Scooped by Graham Watson

June 11, 2:06 PM

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Tobacco excise has passed a ‘tipping point’ and is fuelling black market, economists warn | Smoking | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - June 10, 11:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This is a topic area that has proved to be a goldmine for my students with regard to their Microeconomic Internal Assessment. The Australian government has significantly increased excise duty on cigarettes. As the article notes: "Over the past decade, the excise rate per cigarette has tripled from 46c to $1.40. The excise now accounts for $28 of the average $40 price for a packet of 20 cigarettes."

This has had mixed effects - "excise revenues peaked at $16.3bn in 2019-20" as the article notes. However, since then revenues have dramatically fallen: "$7.4bn in this financial year – the lowest since 2012-13 – and will continue to fall to $6.7bn by the end of the decade". And although rates of smoking have halved since 2005, to what extent can this be attributed to the effects of the tax?

The suggestion is that the current level of tax might have reduced economic welfare to the extent that its generated government failure, and a worse outcome than would be generated by the free market.

The reality is that current rates of taxation have driven a significant number of smokers into the shadow economy, meaning that neither have the high duties helped reduce smoking nor have they raised sufficient tax revenues whilst simultaneously increasing the opportunity cost of monitoring, policing and using the legal system combatting the shadow economy.

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June 11, 9:57 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 11, 5:52 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

It seems that further consolidation is on the cards in the mobile telecoms/internet markets, with the news that BT might be contemplating taking over TalkTalk.

The latter appears to be struggling, having shed nearly 400,000 customers in the 12 months to February and having over £1.2bn in debt. The combined market share of a merged company would represent 36% of the market and would be certain to attract the attention of the competition authorities.

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June 9, 4:05 PM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 9, 3:05 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Oops. The boss of Thames is - no pun intended - in hot water, after it was revealed that the beleaguered company has already paid out over £18m in bonuses to 21 executives. Of course, as far as the company's concerned they are 'retention bonuses', so that's OK then because the company claims that "None of the retention payments have been funded by customers".

So where they got the money for that is anyone's guess. Presumably Sajid Javid's magic money tree.

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June 7, 5:37 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 5, 7:59 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

The government are legislating to ensure that new homes are built with fitted solar panels, unless they are exempt for a specific reason. It's an interesting move, but as the article makes clear, the opportunity cost of doing so requires careful thought about reducing the paperwork associated with doing so.

However, you might wonder whether this is necessarily good economics. Does this generate the greatest net benefit for a given cost - might legislation to insist on heat pumps, better insulation or light sensitive switches or more efficient appliances have a greater effect?

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June 4, 1:57 AM

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The Guardian view on Great British Railways: renationalisation can put passengers back in the driving seat | Editorial | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - June 3, 1:49 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Today's Guardian editorial looks at the future of Great British Railways and argues that, instead of being seen as a last resort, renationalisation should be seen as an opportunity to bring coherence to Britain's rail network.

That said, it's idealistic in imagining that all of this can be provided with reduced fares for customers. The sector needs a real rethink - but in the short-term resolving industrial relations and improving customer service would be a start.

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June 3, 8:55 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 3, 2:38 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

And now the end is near...

It seems as though the rotund soprano is limbering up in the wings, as far as Thames Water is concerned, with preferred potential investor KKR pulling out of bidding for the company. I presume that some, if not all of this, is a result of the recent fine imposed on Thames, and the implications of this for its already pretty tarnished brand image.

Still, as long as the executives get their bonuses, it shouldn't matter, but it looks increasingly like it's going to go back into government-supervised ownership.

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May 31, 5:06 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - May 30, 7:33 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

I scoop this, unsurprisingly, because it's one of my favourite topics and because I think it provides an interesting starting point for discussing labour market theory.

Even more interestingly, although I'm generally opposed to such obscene bonuses, I also have a degree of respect for Michael O'Leary and how he's transformed Ryanair from a small regional airline. However, 100m euros strikes me as an unreasonable bonus - not least because in part it's been accrued on the back of the effort of Ryanair's notoriously poorly paid staff.

I also think that his point of comparison with Premier League footballers is inappropriate; I don't think that the notion of 'superstars' earning economic rent applies to business. Most Chief Executives are interchangeable and don't have a unique skillset. However, does the bonus reflect his marginal revenue product over time? Worth discussing.

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May 30, 6:03 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - May 29, 1:41 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Despite the fact that the minimum wage is presented as a legally enforceable wage floor, you'd be amazed at the companies that don't pay it.

This article highlights that British Airways, Halfords, Lidl, Capita and Pizza Express have been forced into giving employees back pay after HMRC. They're not insignificant employers - 60,000 workers are set to benefit as a result.

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May 29, 2:16 AM

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A great prize, but a great risk: why we all need the nationalised South Western Railway to work | Sarah Nankivell | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 28, 3:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Whilst I agree with some of what Sarah Nankivell of Common Wealth is arguing - about the renationalisation. I'd be cautious about this article.

In it, there are a number of things that you might quibble with, not least the notion that rail fares should fall. Perhaps they should, in real terms, but how is that compatible with a higher standard of service and investment in the sector? And if there is significant investment in the sector, shouldn't this be paid for by rail users, rather than the taxpayer?

And then there's the notion that's always wheeled out about comparative train fares in the UK and Europe. Yes, we pay five times more than European rail users but that can be attributed to a high level of state subsidy, and it might be argued that European rail benefits from great economies of scale than the UK.

However, her overall point that rail renationalisation needs to succeed isn't unreasonable. It's just that I don't think that all the arguments in support of this stack up.

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Today, 3:21 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 22, 1:49 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Basics: demand and supply, oil prices, the impact of the closure of the Strait of Hormuz and so forth...

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June 19, 10:09 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 19, 8:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

There's another call from environmental groups for a tax on flights to offset the carbon emissions caused by the aviation sector. A Dutch consultancy firm has suggested that "a levy on tickets that began at €10 on short-haul flights in economy, including domestic flights, rising to €30 on long-haul flights, and €20 for short-haul business-class tickets, rising to €120 for long-haul, would produce revenues of about €106bn a year."

Such a move also appeals because it's progressive, with the rich flying most frequently, meaning that it could involve redistribution from the developed to the developing world.

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June 19, 3:04 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 18, 11:12 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The long running saga of Nippon Steel's takeover of US Steel has been completed with the former making concessions that satisfy President Trump's "national security" concerns, not least in granting the US government a "golden share" in running the company.

No doubt there are economies of scale to be gained and market share captured in the US market, but were I merging, I'd be looking to steer clear of political interference to this extent, so it will be worth monitoring the performance of the company in the years ahead.

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June 13, 11:50 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 13, 5:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

A nice example of the circular economy in action, with a restaurant, Baldio, in Mexico City which has a business model that is predicated upon being zero waste.

Food waste generates negative externalities, and 20% of all food produced is wasted but in this case there are some interesting ways that the chefs are reusing ingredients, making a powder out of dried lime skins. The reality is that the preparation of food is key - using a laboratory and buying locally from farmers still using indigenous farmers using the traditional 'chinampas' floating farms to source nearly 50% of their produce.

Miniature highland cows for sale at Mary cattle farm's curator insight, Today, 3:03 AM

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June 11, 1:38 PM

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Competition watchdog to investigate Evri merger with DHL’s UK parcel arm | Competition and Markets Authority | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - June 11, 6:28 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

Unsurprisingly the Competition and Markets Authority is going to investigate the merger of Evri and DHL's parcel delivery arm on the basis that it may lead to a "substantial lessening of competition".

The combined firm would be responsible for delivering more than 1bn parcels and 1bn letters each year, in the world's third largest e-commerce market, so choice, competition and consumer welfare are clearly significant issues.

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June 10, 2:07 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 9, 10:14 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

The trend for successive waves of merger, followed by demergers appears to be in fully swing, with Warner Bros Discovery looking to demerge its studio and streaming business from its cable TV networks.

For all the jargon in the following quote - ""We are empowering these iconic brands with the sharper focus and strategic flexibility they need to compete most effectively in today's evolving media landscape" - it seems that the company have realised that the former is a growing business but the latter is in decline and they want to try and keep the two separate.

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Scooped by Graham Watson

June 9, 3:31 AM

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Public ownership of England’s water companies could cost close to zero, says thinktank | Water industry | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - June 9, 12:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

A left-leaning think-tank, Common Wealth, has produced a report suggesting that far from costing nearly £100bn to take water companies back into public ownership, the government could do it for far less, and even close to zero.

This depends upon how the companies are valued - and if you look at the levels of debt and under-investment, you can make a case for arguing that the value of these companies is far less than their current market value.

It's an interesting idea, certainly...

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June 6, 1:44 AM

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From www.bbc.co.uk - June 5, 5:30 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

Economics is all about incentives and this is a lovely example of something that should have been done many years ago. However, the Water Act has been revised so that executive bonuses are contingent on meeting environmental and consumer standards.

As a result, six companies have been banned from paying bonuses from April 2024 onwards - Anglian Water, Southern Water, Thames Water, United Utilities, Wessex Water and Yorkshire Water. Of course, the danger is that companies will simply boost base salaries.

If the government were really serious about it, they might even consider using the justice system - after all, last time I looked fly-tipping is illegal.

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June 3, 3:28 PM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 3, 9:00 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

This Guardian piece highlights the apparent trade-off between economic growth and the environment, and, in this case, Labour's housebuilding plans and the UK's biodiversity. In doing so, it develops the idea that 5,000 nature sites are going to be imperilled by housebuilding on this scale.

However, that rather assumes that the loss of any environmental resource is a bad thing; the reality is that as an economist you have to weigh up the value/cost of the natural resource and the benefits that would be derived from developing it. If you don't you could reasonably argue that you prefer the level of biodiversity associated with the 16th century, but are you prepared to sacrifice all the economic growth that has taken place since then? I'd very much doubt it.

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June 2, 2:55 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - June 1, 7:52 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

The increased demand for energy means that nuclear power has come back into fashion, with a number of European economies thinking about restarting their nuclear programme to guarantee their energy security.

This is interesting because there's a clear cost-benefit analysis required: nuclear power is also associated with negative externalities.

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May 30, 6:06 AM

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UK’s shift on car sales rules may lead to higher emissions, says statutory adviser | Electric, hybrid and low-emission cars | The Guardian | Microeconomics: IB Economics | Scoop.it

From www.theguardian.com - May 29, 12:52 PM

Graham Watson's insight:

One for the now-famous "That's Why they Earn the Big Bucks" folder, with a climate advisor reporting that a relaxation of the EVs sales target rules is going to result in higher emissions. Remarkable acuity.

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May 30, 5:31 AM

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From www.theguardian.com - May 30, 3:40 AM

Graham Watson's insight:

What a week for the regulator, with OFGEM fining three companies for their poor service, and failure to respond to callouts relating to gas leaks.

The three firms, Cadent Gas, Scotland Gas Networks (SGN Scotland) and Southern Gas Networks (SGN Southern) have been fined £8m for failing to attend 97% of these callouts within two hours. The money has been earmarked for spending on the most vulnerable customers.

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Microeconomics: IB Economics

Windfarms in England hit by wave of copper cabling thefts | Energy industry | The Guardian

Lower energy costs part of government's 10-year plan for industry

Many UK Uber drivers earning far less an hour under dynamic pricing, study finds | Uber | The Guardian

CEO pay at UK’s top companies is 52 times that of typical worker, report finds | Executive pay and bonuses | The Guardian

Tobacco excise has passed a ‘tipping point’ and is fuelling black market, economists warn | Smoking | The Guardian

BT considers takeover move for struggling rival TalkTalk | Telecommunications industry | The Guardian

MPs ask minister if he will claw back Thames Water executive bonuses | Water industry | The Guardian

Most new build homes must be fitted with solar panels - Miliband

The Guardian view on Great British Railways: renationalisation can put passengers back in the driving seat | Editorial | The Guardian

Thames Water's future in doubt after investor KKR pulls out

Ryanair boss Michael O'Leary on target for €100m bonus

BA and Pizza Express among companies that failed to pay minimum wage | Minimum wage | The Guardian

A great prize, but a great risk: why we all need the nationalised South Western Railway to work | Sarah Nankivell | The Guardian

Price of oil could spike after Iran’s parliament votes to close key shipping route | Oil | The Guardian

Flight tax could raise €100bn to tackle climate crisis, study finds | Airline emissions | The Guardian

Nippon and US Steel complete controversial merger

‘It really is possible to be zero waste’: the restaurant with no bin | Food waste | The Guardian

Competition watchdog to investigate Evri merger with DHL’s UK parcel arm | Competition and Markets Authority | The Guardian

HBO and CNN owner Warner Bros Discovery to split in two

Public ownership of England’s water companies could cost close to zero, says thinktank | Water industry | The Guardian

Bosses' bonuses banned at six water companies

Destroying our natural wealth makes us poorer in every sense of the word | Environment | The Guardian

Tide is turning in Europe and beyond in favour of nuclear power | Nuclear power | The Guardian

UK’s shift on car sales rules may lead to higher emissions, says statutory adviser | Electric, hybrid and low-emission cars | The Guardian

Three gas firms fined £8m by Ofgem for being too slow to attend leaks | Energy industry | The Guardian