ChatDoctor is a next-generation AI doctor model that is based on the LLaMA model. The goal of this project is to provide patients with an intelligent and reliable healthcare companion that can answer their medical queries and provide them with personalized medical advice.
The ChatDoctor is an advanced language model that is specifically designed for medical applications. It has been trained on a large corpus of medical literature and has a deep understanding of medical terminology, procedures, and diagnoses. This model serves as the foundation for ChatDoctor, enabling it to analyze patients' symptoms and medical history, provide accurate diagnoses, and suggest appropriate treatment options.
The ChatDoctor model is designed to simulate a conversation between a doctor and a patient, using natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning techniques. Patients can interact with the ChatDoctor model through a chat interface, asking questions about their health, symptoms, or medical conditions. The model will then analyze the input and provide a response that is tailored to the patient's unique situation.
One of the key features of the ChatDoctor model is its ability to learn and adapt over time. As more patients interact with the model, it will continue to refine its responses and improve its accuracy. This means that patients can expect to receive increasingly personalized and accurate medical advice over time.
Recent large language models (LLMs) in the general domain, such as ChatGPT, have shown remarkable success in following instructions and producing human-like responses. However, such language models have not been tailored to the medical domain, resulting in poor answer accuracy and inability to give plausible recommendations for medical diagnosis, medications, etc. To address this issue, we collected more than 700 diseases and their corresponding symptoms, required medical tests, and recommended medications, from which we generated 5K doctor-patient conversations. In addition, we obtained 200K real patient-doctor conversations from online Q&A medical consultation sites. By fine-tuning LLMs using these doctor-patient conversations, the resulting models emerge with great potential to understand patients' needs, provide informed advice, and offer valuable assistance in a variety of medical-related fields. The integration of these advanced language models into healthcare can revolutionize the way healthcare professionals and patients communicate, ultimately improving the overall efficiency and quality of patient care and outcomes. In addition, we made public all the source codes, datasets, and model weights to facilitate the further development of dialogue models in the medical field.
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We've seen various experimental approaches that aim to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy while also reducing its damaging side effects by specifically targeting cancer cells. The latest encouraging development comes from Harvard's Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering where researchers have created a barrel-like robotic device made from DNA that could carry molecular instructions into specific cells and tell them to self-destruct. Because the DNA-based device could be programmed to target a variety of cells, it could be used to treat a range of diseases in addition to providing hope in the fight against cancer.
The team based their programmable nanotherapeutic approach on the body's own immune system in which white blood cells circulate in the blood ready to attack an infection where it has developed. Just like white blood cells that are able to hone in on specific cells in distress and bind to them, the researchers created a DNA barrel that can recognize and seek out combinations of cell-surface proteins, including disease markers.
By folding strands of DNA in what is known as the "DNA origami" method, the researchers create a three-dimensional open barrel shape whose two halves are connected by a hinge. The container is held shut by special DNA latches that reconfigure when they find their specific target - cancer cells, for example - causing the two halves to swing open and expose the container's payload. These payloads can be of various types, including molecules with encoded instructions that can interact with surface signaling receptors.
Shawn Douglas, Ph.D., and Ido Bachelet, Ph.D., used the DNA barrel to deliver instructions encoded in antibody fragments to two different types of cancer cells - leukemia and lymphoma. Since leukemia and lymphoma speak different languages the messages were written in different antibody combinations. But the message was the same - activate the cell's so called "suicide gene," which will cause a cell to kill itself through apoptosis.
In 400 B.C., Hippocrates first used the word "carcinoma" to describe a tumor. Since then, scientists have made leaps and bounds in the field of cancer research, much of it occuring in the wake of the U.S. declaring "The War on Cancer" in 1971. Today, people have access to many innovative therapies, and research continues that opens a vast horizon of hope and opportunity for people around the world. For more, see:
HUB: Medicines in Development for Cancer - http://bit.ly/xWozah ; REPORT: Nearly 1,000 Medicines & Vaccines in Testing Offer Hope in the Fight Against Cancer - http://onphr.ma/JVvyfc MAP: Cancer Rates Across the U.S. - http://onphr.ma/KWMdiw BLOG: Progress in the Fight Against Cancer -http://onphr.ma/JUJCaD
Ingesting too much silver can turn the skin blue and new research suggests the process is similar to developing black-and-white photographs. Scientists have known for years that the condition, called argyria, had something to do with silver. The condition has been documented in people who (ill-advisedly) drink antimicrobial health tonics containing silver nanoparticles and in people who have had extensive medical treatments involving silver.
Tissue samples from patients showed silver particles actually lodged deep in the skin, but it wasn’t clear how they got there. “It’s the first conceptual model giving the whole picture of how one develops this condition,” says Robert Hurt, professor of engineering at Brown University and a members of the research team. “What’s interesting here is that the particles someone ingests aren’t the particles that ultimately cause the disorder.”
Stanford Mini Med School begins with a journey inside human biology. Starting with a close look at DNA, stem cells and microbes, this quarter moves out from the building blocks of the human body to take a more global view of human health, pandemics and the delivery of health care.
Using genetic information to diagnose and cure disease ''Know thyself.'' / ''The burden of knowing.'' March 2012 Written, produced and directed by Sarah Holt, PBS Nova, WGBH Educational Foundation.
Synopsis A fascinating look at the relationship between genius and autism, with particular focus on the phenomenon of savants; a small group of enigmatic tal...
Every person touched by Cancer has a story, and I Had Cancer is the place where these experiences are shared. "I Had Cancer" is a social support network for anyone touched by cancer, including cancer survivors, the newly diagnosed and the friends and family of those affected by the deadly disease.
The tallest man in history, Robert Wadlow stodd at 8ft11". Born in 1918, Wadlow is still to this day known as the tallest person in medical history. When the Pathe cameras went to film him in 1935, he was a mere 8′ 1 1/2″. When they returned the next year, he was 8ft4″. By the time of his death at just aged 22, he had grown to 8ft11''. In this clip, he is surrounded by his family and even though his father was 6ft, none of them stand much above his waist. This video is from 1936.
Monkeypox, a less-lethal relative of smallpox that’s normally found in Africa, has recently been spreading in some western countries, largely among gay men, and is mainly transmitted through intimate contact when people are symptomatic. More than 700 cases have been seen globally, said Jennifer McQuiston, deputy director of the CDC’s division of high-consequence pathogens and pathology. Supplies available in the Strategic National Stockpile are sufficient to combat the current outbreak, the agency said. Vaccines available for use against monkeypox are Jynneos from Bavarian Nordic A/S and Emergent BioSolutions Inc.’s ACAM2000. Both are prioritized for use in high-risk contacts of patients. Through contact-tracing efforts, officials have identified hundreds of people who may have been exposed to the virus in the US, but so far only 20 were determined to be high-risk.
The rapidly spreading monkeypox outbreak constitutes a global health emergency, the World Health Organization's highest alert level, WHO director-general Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared just recently. First identified in monkeys, the virus is transmitted chiefly through close contact with an infected person. Until this year, the viral disease has rarely spread outside Africa where it is endemic. But reports of a handful of cases in the United Kingdom in early May signalled that the outbreak had moved into Europe. Cases have since ballooned to more than 16,000 from than 75 countries. Five deaths, all of which occurred in Africa, have been reported so far.
HOW DANGEROUS ARE MONKEYPOX?
The monkeypox virus typically causes mild symptoms including fever, aches and pus-filled skin lesions. People tend to recover within two to four weeks, according to the WHO. Anyone can spread the virus, but the current outbreak outside of Africa is concentrated almost exclusively among men who have sex with men. Monkeypox spreads primarily via intimate skin-to-skin contact, usually with someone who has an active rash, as well as via contact with contaminated clothes or bedding. It is not as easily transmitted as the SARS-CoV-2 virus that spurred the COVID-19 pandemic. "COVID is spread by respiratory route and is highly infectious. This doesn't appear to be the case with the monkeypox," said Dr. Martin Hirsch of Massachusetts General Hospital. The risk of monkeypox is moderate globally, except in the Europe, where the WHO has deemed the risk as high.
Health officials from several countries had urged the WHO to label monkeypox a public health emergency of international concern due to the quick escalation of cases and concerns it may become endemic in more countries. The emergency declaration aims to spur global action and collaboration on everything from testing to the production and distribution of vaccines and treatments. The fatality rate in preceding monkeypox outbreaks in Africa of the strain currently spreading has been around 1%, but so far this outbreak appears to be less lethal in the non-endemic countries, many of which have stronger healthcare infrastructure. Scientists are trying to determine what caused the initial spate of cases and whether anything about the virus has changed. Increased global travel as well as climate change have generally accelerated the emergence and spread of viruses, experts say. Infectious disease experts say that years of financial neglect has left sexual health clinics - who are on the frontline of the current monkeypox response - ill-prepared to curb further spread.
PROTECTIVE MEASURES
Health officials say that people should avoid close personal contact with someone who has a illness presenting with a distinctive rash or who is otherwise unwell. People who suspect they have monkeypox should isolate and seek medical care.
Health officials have also been offering monkeypox vaccines to high-risk individuals and those that have recently been in close contact with an infected person.
An older vaccine, currently made by Emergent Biosolutions (EBS) , is called ACAM2000, but its uptake has been limited due to a severe side-effect warning. Bavarian Nordic (BVNKF) says it can produce 30 million doses of its vaccines - including the monkeypox one - each year, and has tapped a U.S.-based contract manufacturer to increase monkeypox vaccine capacity.
TREATMENT
Monkeypox symptoms often resolve on their own within weeks. Patients may receive extra fluids and additional treatment for secondary bacterial infections. An antiviral agent called tecovirimat - branded as TPOXX and made by SIGA Technologies (SIGA) - has U.S. and EU approval for smallpox, while its European approval also includes monkeypox and cowpox.
(Reporting by Natalie Grover in London and Michael Erman in New Jersey; Editing by Michele Gershberg, William Maclean)
A man missing his lower leg has gained precise control over a prosthetic limb, just by thinking about moving it – all because his unused nerves were preserved during the amputation and rerouted to his thigh where they can be used to communicate with a robotic leg.
The man can now seamlessly switch from walking on level ground to climbing stairs and can even kick a football around.
During a traditional limb amputation, the main sensory nerves are severed and lose their function. In 2006, Todd Kuiken and his colleagues at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago in Illinois realised they could preserve some of that functionality by carefully rerouting sensory nerves during an amputation and attaching them to another part of the body.
They could then use the rerouted nerve signals to control a robotic limb, allowing a person to control their prosthesis with the same nerves they originally used to control their real limb.
Kuiken's team first attempted the procedure – which is called targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) – on people who were having their arm amputated. Now, Kuiken's team has performed TMR for the first time on a man with a leg amputation.
First, the team rerouted the two main branches of the man's sciatic nerve to muscles in the thigh above the amputation. One branch controls the calf and some foot muscles, the other controls the muscle running down the outside leg and some more foot muscles.
After a few months, the man could control his thigh muscles by thinking about using his missing leg. The next step was to link up a prosthesis.
The robot leg in question is a sophisticated prosthesis: it carries a number of mechanical sensors including gyroscopes and accelerometers, and can be trained to use the information from these sensors to perform certain walking styles. Kuiken's team reckoned that the leg would perform even better if it could infer the user's intended walking style with information from the sciatic nerve.
To do so, the researchers asked their volunteer to attempt to perform certain movements with his missing leg – for instance, flexing the foot – while they monitored the pattern of electric signals from the rerouted nerves in the thigh muscles. The researchers then programmed the robot leg to flex its foot whenever it detected that particular pattern of electrical activity.
Using just the mechanical sensor data, the robotic leg made the correct movement about 87 per cent of the time. With additional data from the nerves, the success rate rose to 98 per cent, and there were no so-called critical errors – errors that increase the risk of the user losing balance and falling. Those kinds of errors are most common when the user suddenly shifts walking style – when they begin to climb stairs, for instance, but with the additional information from the nerves, the robotic leg can make a seamless, natural transition between walking styles (see video).
Aha, where psychology meets physiology. I think this is amazing and definitely the best way for prosthetic limb users to activate their faux leg/arm/etc. Very cool!
Will the next generation think about diseases like Alzheimer’s and diabetes the way we think about polio and the whooping cough? Susan Solomon, the co-founder of the New York Stem Cell Foundation (NYSCF), certainly hopes so.
A new projector allows floating 3D objects – from a model of the heart to a talking human head – to be viewed from any angle.
The RayModeler prototype, developed by Sony, is on display for the first time in the UK at an exhibit at the British Library, London, called Growing Knowledge. The device creates 3D images that viewers can see from all angles without stereoscopic glasses. Sensors that recognise gestures allow it to be spun around when you wave your hand in the desired direction.
The system can recreate both static and moving objects. A static object can be captured on a turntable with a single camera, whereas many cameras are needed to capture motion. The shots are transformed into 360 images to be displayed by an LED light source in the system.
The library is featuring the display because it could be a powerful tool for researchers. "It has clear applications in anatomy and physiology," says Aleks Krotoski, researcher-in-residence at the British Library. "If you have an MRI scan you could look at it closely in 3D and manipulate it."
This is a documentary about a boy (Ben Underwood) who has taught himself to use echo location to navigate around the world. Ben Underwood is blind, but has managed to do some truly extraordinary feats.
The full lecture title is "Cancers - Their Genomes, Microenvironments, and Susceptibility to Bacteria-based Therapies" by Bert Vogelstein. The Johns Hopkins Center for Biotechnology Education and the Department of Biology in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences hosted the American Society for Microbiology's Conference for Undergraduate Educators (ASMCUE) on the Homewood campus. Bert Vogelstein gave the closing plenary lecture, "Cancers - Their Genomes, Microenvironments, and Susceptibility to Bacteria-based Therapies". He teaches at John Hopkins University.
ASMCUE, now in its 18th year, is a professional development conference for approximately 300 educators. Each year, its steering committee organizes a program that offers access to premier scientists in diverse specialties and to educators leading biology education reform efforts. For more information on the conference, go to http://www.asmcue.org/page02d.shtml
Learn more about the benefits of ROBOT-Rx®, an automated medication dispensing system from McKesson that improves safety & efficiency. http://www.mckesson.com
"Synthetic biology" is the next stage in the evolution of biology as a science. In its purest form, and indeed for purists, it emerged as the idea of applying engineering principles to life science: characterising and cataloguing bits of DNA so they can be assembled into unnatural genetic circuits. But its definition is expanding to include our endeavours to invent, rewrite and rearrange the code of DNA to create biological tools with specific uses, from treating diseases, to manufacturing drugs, fuels and even building materials.
Candiru (English and Portuguese) or cañero (Spanish), also known as toothpick or vampire fish, are a number of genera of parasitic freshwater catfish in the Trichomycteridae family. All are native to the Amazon River. Although some candiru species have been known to grow to a size of 40 centimetres (16 inches) in length, others are considerably smaller. These smaller species are known for an alleged tendency to invade and parasitize the human urethra by swimming up the urine stream. However, despite ethnological reports dating back to the late 19th century, the first documented case of the removal of a candiru from a human urethra did not occur until 1997.
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