Vocational education and training - VET

This book addresses the question of how to build and upgrade job relevant skills. Specifically, the authors focus on three types of training programs relevant for individuals who are either leaving formal general schooling or those who are already in the labor market. The types of employment discussed are pre-employment technical and vocational education and training (TVET); on-the-job training (OJT); and training-related active labor market programs (ALMPs).
http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/07/11/000333038_20120711021256/Rendered/PDF/709080PUB0EPI0067869B09780821387146.pdf

This paper examines the relationship between undertaking a work placement and the class of degree achieved. It challenges earlier findings that undertaking a placement increases degree results. The paper concludes that the sample selection is much stronger, i.e. placement students do better because they are better students. The results highlight that it is not merely doing a placement that matters, but a successful placement adds significantly to subsequent performance.
http://www.asetonline.org/documents/HelenHigson-2.1.4.pdf#_blank

The study finds that high-growth entrepreneurialism and innovative activity among firm are low in Azerbaijan. The book outlines broad policy directions for improving the business environment, providing access to finance, developing skills, increasing access to markets, incentivizing firm-level research and development, and raising awareness, and it identifies priority areas for government action.

This research indicates that colleges and universities can raise local human capital levels by increasing both the supply of and demand for skill. 

This study aimed at assessing skills deficits in developing country contexts on the basis of firm data from World Bank Enterprise Surveys. A precise definition of skills deficit was used – employers’ perceptions of inadequate workforce a educational levels as a relative and absolute constraint to firm growth and performance - to assess the relevance of skills deficits in a set of 25 low- and middle-income countries. Although limited to the formal sector and to employer perceptions, the study nonetheless highlights a number of patterns concerning skills deficits in the development world of relevance for policy.
http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0021/002178/217890e.pdf

This reports aims to identify, select and analyse current frameworks for the development of digital competence. Its objective is to understand how digital competence is currently understood and implemented in 15 cases, drawn from school curricula, implementation initiatives, certification schemes and academic papers. It develops a proposal for a common understanding of digital competence and identifies the sub-competences that compose it.
http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC68116.pdf

n 2011/12 academic year, international students in British Columbia spent close to $2.1 billion on tuition, to pay for accommodation and food, and on discretionary items such as participating in arts, culture, and recreation activities. This sum is translated to a direct contribution equivalent to $1.48 billion in provincial GDP; supporting over 23,410 jobs; and almost $75 million in government revenue generated. Enrolment of international students in Canadian education and training institutes has been increasing steadily over the past decade, and BC is not exception. During the period between 2009/2010 academic year and 2011/12 academic year where data on student enrolment is directly comparable, the number of international students in BC grew from 94,000 to 106,600, at an average growth rate of 6.5% per year. This rate of growth is much faster than enrolment growth of domestic students.
http://www.bccie.bc.ca/sites/bccie_society/files/Kunin%20Report%202013%28Web%29.pdf