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Découvrez comment tirer le meilleur parti de cette fonctionnalité pour faciliter vos lectures et recherches multilingues. Dans l’univers numérique en constante évolution, la barrière de la langue représente un défi significatif pour les professionnels et les étudiants du monde entier. Microsoft Edge, le navigateur web développé par Microsoft, offre une solution élégante à ce problème grâce à sa fonctionnalité de traduction de fichiers PDF. Cette capacité permet aux utilisateurs de surmonter les obstacles linguistiques en traduisant des documents rapidement et facilement. Dans cet article, nous explorerons en détail comment utiliser cette fonctionnalité, en nous appuyant sur deux méthodes principales de traduction, ainsi que sur des astuces supplémentaires et des alternatives pour enrichir votre expérience de traduction. Sommaire [Afficher] A lire également : Les meilleures souris 2022 Une introduction à la traduction de fichiers PDF La traduction de documents est une nécessité dans de nombreux contextes professionnels et académiques, permettant une meilleure compréhension et une collaboration sans frontières. Microsoft Edge répond à ce besoin avec une fonction intégrée qui simplifie la traduction de fichiers PDF sans avoir besoin de logiciels tiers.Méthode 1 : Traduction d’une sélection de texte Pour ceux qui ont besoin de traduire des extraits spécifiques d’un document, cette méthode est idéale. Voici les étapes à suivre : - Ouvrir le fichier PDF : Lancez Microsoft Edge et ouvrez le document PDF souhaité.
- Sélectionner le texte : Utilisez la souris pour mettre en surbrillance le texte à traduire.
- Activer la traduction : Cliquez sur l’icône de traduction située dans la barre d’outils PDF.
- Choisir la langue : Sélectionnez la langue cible pour la traduction.
- Lire la traduction : La traduction apparaîtra dans un panneau latéral, offrant une compréhension instantanée du texte sélectionné.
Cette méthode est particulièrement utile pour les utilisateurs qui ne nécessitent que la traduction de sections spécifiques d’un document, permettant une économie de temps et d’effort considérable. Méthode 2 : Traduction du document entier Pour ceux qui ont besoin d’une compréhension globale du contenu, traduire l’ensemble du document est la solution. Les étapes sont les suivantes : - Accès au document : Ouvrez le PDF dans Edge.
- Menu des actions : Cliquez sur l’icône « Plus d’actions » (trois points) dans la barre d’outils.
- Traduire le document : Sélectionnez l’option « Traduire le document ».
- Sélection de la langue : Choisissez la langue dans laquelle le document doit être traduit.
- Consultation du document traduit : Le document entièrement traduit s’affiche dans un nouvel onglet, facilitant la lecture et la compréhension globales.
A lire également : Qu’est-ce que DOCSIS ? Cette approche est recommandée pour les utilisateurs nécessitant une traduction complète et cohérente du document, garantissant ainsi une compréhension exhaustive du matériel. Conseils supplémentaires et remarques - La qualité de la traduction peut varier selon les langues. Microsoft Edge utilise Microsoft Translator pour fournir des traductions, mais certains langages peuvent être mieux pris en charge que d’autres.
- La personnalisation est possible : vous pouvez ajuster les paramètres de langue source et cible à tout moment pour améliorer la précision de la traduction.
Alternatives à Microsoft Edge Bien que Microsoft Edge offre une solution intégrée pour la traduction de fichiers PDF, d’autres outils sont disponibles pour ceux qui cherchent des alternatives : - Extensions de navigateur : Google Translate ou Adobe Acrobat Pro DC offrent des fonctionnalités similaires pour la traduction de documents.
- Services de traduction en ligne : Des plateformes telles que DeepL ou Reverso peuvent également être utilisées pour traduire des fichiers PDF, offrant souvent une qualité de traduction supérieure pour certains langages.
FAQ sur la traduction de fichiers PDF avec Microsoft Edge Quelle est la qualité de la traduction offerte par Microsoft Edge ? La qualité peut varier selon les langues source et cible, mais Microsoft Edge s’appuie sur Microsoft Translator pour fournir des traductions fiables et de qualité. Peut-on ajuster la langue source et la langue cible ? Oui, vous pouvez modifier ces paramètres à tout moment pour améliorer la précision de la traduction. Existe-t-il des alternatives à la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge ? Oui, des extensions de navigateur comme Google Translate et des services en ligne comme DeepL offrent des fonctionnalités de traduction alternatives. A lire également : Comment corriger l'erreur 1020 de Cloudflare : Accès refusé A retenir En conclusion, Microsoft Edge simplifie la traduction de fichiers PDF, rendant les documents accessibles à un public plus large, indépendamment des barrières linguistiques. Que vous ayez besoin de traduire une section spécifique ou l’intégralité d’un document, cette fonctionnalité est un atout précieux pour naviguer dans le paysage numérique multilingue d’aujourd’hui. N’hésitez pas à partager votre expérience avec la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge ou à discuter des alternatives que vous avez trouvées utiles. Voici un tableau récapitulatif des méthodes de traduction de fichiers PDF avec Microsoft Edge, ainsi que des remarques importantes et des alternatives disponibles : Critère Traduction d’une sélection de texte Traduction du document entier Remarques Alternatives Processus 1. Ouvrir le fichier PDF dans Edge. 2. Sélectionner le texte à traduire. 3. Cliquer sur l’icône Traduction. 4. Choisir la langue de traduction. 5. Lire la traduction dans un panneau latéral. 1. Ouvrir le PDF dans Edge. 2. Cliquer sur « Plus d’actions » (trois points). 3. Sélectionner « Traduire le document ». 4. Choisir la langue de traduction. 5. Le document traduit s’ouvre dans un nouvel onglet. La qualité de la traduction peut varier selon la langue source et cible. Les utilisateurs peuvent ajuster ces langues à tout moment. Extensions de navigateur (Google Translate, Adobe Acrobat Pro DC), Services en ligne (DeepL, Reverso) Utilisation recommandée Pour traduire des extraits ou des sections spécifiques d’un document. Pour une compréhension complète et globale du contenu d’un document. Microsoft Edge utilise Microsoft Translator, ce qui peut affecter la précision des traductions pour certaines langues. Les alternatives peuvent offrir des options de traduction plus avancées ou de meilleure qualité pour certaines langues. Fonctionnalités supplémentaires Agrandissement du texte, recherche de termes, vocalisation des termes surlignés dans le panneau de traduction. Visionnement du document dans un nouvel onglet facilitant la lecture et la compréhension. Ce tableau offre une vue d’ensemble des options disponibles pour la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge, soulignant les différences clés entre les méthodes de traduction de texte sélectionné et de documents entiers, ainsi que des conseils pratiques et des alternatives pour les utilisateurs à la recherche d’autres solutions. N’oubliez pas d’explorer ces options pour trouver celle qui correspond le mieux à vos besoins de traduction. Quelle méthode préférez-vous et pourquoi ? Partagez vos expériences et vos suggestions pour aider d’autres utilisateurs à naviguer dans leurs options de traduction.
United Nations language staff come from all over the globe and make up a uniquely diverse and multilingual community. What unites them is the pursuit of excellence in their respective areas, the excitement of being at the forefront of international affairs and the desire to contribute to the realization of the purposes of the United Nations, as outlined in the Charter, by facilitating communication and decision-making. United Nations language staff in numbers The United Nations is one of the world's largest employers of language professionals. Several hundred such staff work for the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management in New York, Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi, or at the United Nations regional commissions in Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Beirut, Geneva and Santiago. Learn more at Meet our language staff. What do we mean by “language professionals”? At the United Nations, the term “language professional” covers a wide range of specialists, such as interpreters, translators, editors, verbatim reporters, terminologists, reference assistants and copy preparers/proofreaders/production editors. Learn more at Careers. What do we mean by “main language”? At the United Nations, “main language” generally refers to the language of an individual's higher education. For linguists outside the Organization, on the other hand, “main language” is usually taken to mean the “target language” into which an individual works. How are language professionals recruited? The main recruitment path for United Nations language professionals is through competitive examinations for language positions, whereby successful examinees are placed on rosters for recruitment and are hired as and when job vacancies arise. Language professionals from all regions, who meet the eligibility requirements, are encouraged to apply. Candidates are judged solely on their academic and other qualifications and on their performance in the examination. Nationality/citizenship is not a consideration. Learn more at Recruitment. What kind of background do United Nations language professionals need? Our recruits do not all have a background in languages. Some have a background in other fields, including journalism, law, economics and even engineering or medicine. These are of great benefit to the United Nations, which deals with a large variety of subjects. Why does the Department have an outreach programme? Finding the right profile of candidate for United Nations language positions is challenging, especially for certain language combinations. The United Nations is not the only international organization looking for skilled language professionals, and it deals with a wide variety of subjects, often politically sensitive. Its language staff must meet high quality and productivity standards. This is why the Department has had an outreach programme focusing on collaboration with universities since 2007. The Department hopes to build on existing partnerships, forge new partnerships, and attract the qualified staff it needs to continue providing high-quality conference services at the United Nations. Learn more at Outreach. #metaglossia_mundus
"Words and rules: The ingredients of By Steven Pinker
According to the ‘word/rule’ account, regular inflection is computed by a default, symbolic process, whereas irregular inflection is achieved by associative memory. Conversely, pattern- associator accounts attribute both regular and irregular inflection to an associative process. The acquisition of the default is ascribed to the asymmetry in the distribution of regular and irregular tokens. Irregular tokens tend to form tight, well-defined phonological clusters (e.g. sing-sang, ring-rang), whereas regular forms are diffusely distributed throughout the phono- logical space. This distributional asymmetry is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of a regular default. Hebrew nominal inflection challenges this account. We demonstrate that Hebrew speakers use the regular masculine inflection as a default despite the overlap in the distribution of regular and irregular Hebrew masculine nouns. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrates that regular inflection is productively applied to novel nouns regardless of their similarity to existing regular nouns. In contrast, the inflection of irregular sounding nouns is strongly sensitive to their similarity to stored irregular tokens. Experiment 2 estab- lishes the generality of the regular default for novel words that are phonologically idiosyn- cratic. Experiment 3 demonstrates that Hebrew speakers assign the default regular inflection to borrowings and names that are identical to existing irregular nouns. The existence of default inflection in Hebrew is incompatible with the distributional asymmetry hypothesis. Our find- ings also lend no support for a type-frequency account. The convergence of the circumstances triggering default inflection in Hebrew, German and English suggests that the capacity for default inflection may be general. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved."
#metaglossia_mundus: https://www.academia.edu/159311/Words_and_rules_The_ingredients_of_language?email_work_card=title&li=0
"Words and rules: The ingredients of language According to the ‘word/rule’ account, regular inflection is computed by a default, symbolic process, whereas irregular inflection is achieved by associative memory. Conversely, pattern- associator accounts attribute both regular and irregular inflection to an associative process. The acquisition of the default is ascribed to the asymmetry in the distribution of regular and irregular tokens. Irregular tokens tend to form tight, well-defined phonological clusters (e.g. sing-sang, ring-rang), whereas regular forms are diffusely distributed throughout the phono- logical space. This distributional asymmetry is necessary and sufficient for the acquisition of a regular default. Hebrew nominal inflection challenges this account. We demonstrate that Hebrew speakers use the regular masculine inflection as a default despite the overlap in the distribution of regular and irregular Hebrew masculine nouns. Specifically, Experiment 1 demonstrates that regular inflection is productively applied to novel nouns regardless of their similarity to existing regular nouns. In contrast, the inflection of irregular sounding nouns is strongly sensitive to their similarity to stored irregular tokens. Experiment 2 estab- lishes the generality of the regular default for novel words that are phonologically idiosyn- cratic. Experiment 3 demonstrates that Hebrew speakers assign the default regular inflection to borrowings and names that are identical to existing irregular nouns. The existence of default inflection in Hebrew is incompatible with the distributional asymmetry hypothesis. Our find- ings also lend no support for a type-frequency account. The convergence of the circumstances triggering default inflection in Hebrew, German and English suggests that the capacity for default inflection may be general. 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved." #metaglossia_mundus: https://www.academia.edu/159311/Words_and_rules_The_ingredients_of_language?email_work_card=title&li=0
"Acesse gratuitamente a versão em áudio da Bíblia por meio do site oficial jw.org e do aplicativo JW Library. Acesse gratuitamente a versão em áudio da Bíblia por meio do site oficial jw.org e do aplicativo JW Library. No ponto de ônibus, Taís aguarda o transporte público, ansiosa pelo tempo que terá que esperar até chegar ao seu local de trabalho. No entanto, ela sabe que usará esse tempo da melhor maneira possível: ouvindo textos bíblicos durante o trajeto. “A Bíblia em áudio é muito prática e está alinhada aos desafios da vida moderna, como a falta de tempo”, diz Taís. “Escutá-la enquanto me desloco alivia o estresse, me proporciona conhecimento valioso e não permite que minha mente vagueie pelos problemas, tornando o meu dia muito mais positivo”. As Testemunhas de Jeová produzem a Bíblia em áudio desde 1978, disponibilizando as gravações em dezenas de idiomas. Recentemente, a versão completa em áudio da Tradução do Novo Mundo da Bíblia Sagrada em português foi finalizada e pode ser acessada gratuitamente no site jw.org. Ela é resultado de um projeto iniciado em 2015 na sede das Testemunhas de Jeová no Brasil, localizada na cidade de Cesário Lange, no interior de São Paulo. O projeto usou cerca de 560 vozes para tornar os relatos bíblicos dinâmicos, emocionantes e cheios de vida. “Os leitores eram incentivados a estudar o personagem e o contexto do trecho a ser gravado por fazerem pesquisas e responderem a perguntas como: ‘Quem sou eu?’, ‘Como estou me sentindo no momento?’, ‘O que quero alcançar com essa fala?’, ‘Quero motivar, repreender ou consolar?’”, detalha Leandro Ramos, que participou na produção da Bíblia em áudio. Interpretar os sentimentos dos personagens, garantir a exatidão na pronúncia das palavras e no significado do conteúdo e tornar a leitura vívida, mas sem dramatizar, foram os principais desafios. “Esperamos que o áudio ajude os ouvintes a passarem mais tempo em contato com os pensamentos da Bíblia. Não apenas em situações formais de estudo, mas também em situações informais, como ao limpar a casa, ir para a escola ou para o trabalho”, afirma Leandro. A Bíblia em áudio destaca-se também pelo seu poder de alcance. Crianças, jovens, adultos e idosos, bem como pessoas cegas ou com dificuldades de leitura, podem usufruir da Bíblia em áudio de maneira independente. Para ouvir a Bíblia completa em áudio gratuitamente, visite o site oficial das Testemunhas de Jeová, o jw.org e clique em “Leia a Bíblia on-line”. Você também pode fazer o download gratuito do aplicativo JW Library. Porta-voz das Testemunhas de Jeová Fábio Lopes lopes.fabiojose@hotmail.com" #metaglossia_mundus
Fundada em 1968, Ultimato apresenta o conteúdo Bíblico numa forma criativa e contextualizada. Ao lado de muitos outros, participa da proclamação da Boa Nova que nunca fica velha, da Esperança que nunca morre e do Salvador que nunca muda. #metaglossia_mundus
"Andrew Wiley, 47, was almost left facing life-changing surgery after he was seen by doctors at Kent and Canterbury Hospital in Canterbury, Kent, without an interpreter Andrew Wiley, 47, was left without an interpreter for an important appointment By Ryan FaheyNews Reporter Millie Bowles 16:27, 26 Apr 2024 A deaf man was on the brink of having a testicle surgically removed without being fully aware of the risks due to a hospital error, as doctors failed to provide an interpreter for his consultation. Andrew Wiley, 47, faced a harrowing ordeal at a Canterbury hospital in Kent when he went to have a benign cyst on his testicle examined. Despite his wife's advance request for an interpreter for the critical appointment, Andrew was left without one and had to resort to using pen and paper and lip-reading, rather than sign language, to understand what was happening. It wasn't until two months later, with an interpreter finally present, that he became aware of the serious risks involved in the surgical removal of his testicle, leading him to opt out of the procedure. Now, Andrew is sharing his story to raise awareness and prevent others from experiencing similar situations. He is calling for the NHS to improve services for those with hearing impairments. Andrew said: "It makes me very angry. I've been let down. My issues would have been sorted out sooner if I was not deaf. I would have been understood and treated quicker." In February, Andrew visited Kent and Canterbury Hospital to discuss the cyst, where his wife Amanda, 50, had made multiple requests for an interpreter well in advance, in line with NHS policy. However, no interpreter had been provided. The dad-of-one explained: "There were two doctors in the room. I was trying to lip-read, but it was really difficult as he had an accent. I was trying to explain to him how much pain I was in. It was difficult and I felt rushed." Andrew, who communicates through British Sign Language, was informed that the veins around the lump causing his discomfort made its removal complex and that taking out the testicle might be a solution. He queried if removing the testicle would be the simplest option to alleviate his pain. The consultant confirmed this and, unknown to Andrew at the time, scheduled him for the operation without further conversation. Mr Wiley expressed his frustration: "Did he explain to me the risks or complications like bleeding and so on? No, he did not. He didn't give me choices either, or even if he did, he didn't explain it properly for me to understand. I felt fobbed off... It felt like he wanted me to leave." In April, Andrew revisited the hospital and spoke to the surgeon. That's when he found out the previous doctor had inaccurately recorded that he had requested the removal of his testicle. After being apprised of the potential complications of the surgery, he decided against having the procedure. Andrew lamented the poor communication, stating: "It was just lack of communication. [The doctor] saying I was begging for testicle removal and not explaining to me about the risks and the complications. He knew talking to me would be pointless." The pain caused by his condition has led to Andrew missing numerous hours of work as a freelance support worker for others with hearing loss. Despite his suffering, he has yet to receive any treatment due to the delays brought about by this miscommunication. The NHS is obligated to ensure that its services are equally accessible to all sections of society, according to its government constitution. However, Andrew alleges that he's visited the doctors "many times" without being provided an interpreter. He recalls one instance when he went to the A&E department at Ashford's William Harvey Hospital in Kent due to chest pain and told the receptionist about his deafness. After waiting several hours, another patient informed him that staff had been calling his name but had moved on to the next person when he didn't respond, he claims. Andrew stated: "Sometimes I can be independent and lip-read if I have a small problem. But something like this, I need help so I know what I'm getting myself into." "In my line of work, I hear problems with interpreters all the time. I go to an appointment with a client and there isn't one. Sometimes they cry or break down because of it. I never thought I would be having to go through this for me. If you request an interpreter, one should be there. I have a lot of deaf friends and I hear it all the time." Amanda, the wife of a deaf patient, has slammed hospitals for their failure to provide interpreters, arguing that it prevents proper understanding of medical procedures and risks. She expressed her concern: "Especially appointments where you're having an operation and you're not properly explained what the risks are." She added, "If [the doctor] can't understand that properly, he can't make a decision." Sarah Hayes, the chief nursing officer at East Kent Hospitals, issued an apology for the distress caused to Andrew during his appointment, admitting that the service was not up to par. "We are deeply sorry that Mr Wiley faced such difficulty at his appointment and for the distress this caused," she stated. Hayes emphasised the hospital's commitment to clear communication with patients, acknowledging that Andrew's experience did not meet their standards." #metaglossia_mundus
"Intercultural philosophy as a new orientation in philosophy wants to ascertain the plurality of philosophy. Its main purpose is the critique of the monologue of Western philosophy to enrich philosophical reflection on the different issues of philosophical concern. African political discourse and practice has been an uprooted activity. The pre-colonial African cultures were undermined by colonialism. Despite the attempts by some of Africa’s post-independence leaders to ground the political orientations of their countries in indigenous political ideas, they are the Western ideas that were implemented, although they could not take roots. It is necessary to understand the predicament of Africa as an outcome of the political practice. Africa is in a situation where it could not use its indigenous ideas. On the other hand despite the attempts to use them the Western ideas of democracy and others could not take roots. They could not take roots and probably cannot also take roots in the future as they are, since they were not meant for Africa .However, there is a wide-spread interculturality in terms of politics, philosophy, education, and so on as a result of the fact that we have taken a lot from outside and also given certain things to the rest of the world. This creates a favorable condition for intercultural philosophy in Africa with regards to political orientation and practice. It can create a new situation to create a political culture of reappropriating our own African political philosophies and appropriating European political philosophies. The article discusses intercultural philosophy and tries to show that its principles and methods can be used to propose a political philosophy that can better address African issues. It tries to achieve this by criticall y reviewing and analyzing the available literature in the realms of political and intercultural philosophy." #metaglossia_mundus
"“I am B.L.A.C.K. and I’m proud because being black is beautiful,” sings Robe L Ninho, an Afro-Cuban rapper and social activist who uses music and hair styling to challenge racial stereotypes and fight racism. Representation matters. When it comes to people of African descent, representation is fundamental because it shapes racial perceptions and can help promote inclusion. In our new episode of the UN Human Rights Podcast,we explore how popular culture and the arts can challenge perceptions and reframe narratives about race, history and identity. Edna Liliana Valencia, an Afro-Colombian journalist and author, has focused her life on the representation of Black people. “Growing up I watched Disney princess movies. They were all white, blonde, with straight hair and blue eyes, and looked nothing like us,” said Edna, who used her skills as a consultant for Disney on its animation film Encanto, helping to portray Colombia’s beauty and diversity accurately. For artist Anisha Thai, dance and choreography is her way of expressing the beauty of diversity and defying myths about being African and Asian at the same time and living in Hong-Kong. This year marks the closing of the first Decade for People of African Descent, and for Dominique Day, a human rights lawyer and member of the UN Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent, the Decade represents an opportunity to reflect on racial justice and non discrimination. Listen to Humanity Unites: Breaking Racial Stereotypes" #metaglossia_mundus
"Awarri launches Nigeria’s first multilingual large language model to accelerate AI in Nigeria Awarri, the leading enabler of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in Africa, has announced Nigeria’s first multilingual Large Language Model (LLM), in partnership with Nigeria’s National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), the National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (NCAIR), and data.org. Large Language Models are vast amounts of data organised to underpin the development of AI applications. Data captured will enable the LLM to be trained with five indigenous Nigerian languages. With the LLM, Awarri is aiming to build the largest data set of native Nigerian languages to fuel the development of AI models and applications for Nigeria. Data for fueling the LLM will be captured via Awarri’s data collection platform which is accessible from all mobile and desktop devices via the website www.langeasy.ai Currently compatible with five of Nigeria’s most spoken languages: Yoruba, Igbo, Hausa, Pidgin, Ibibio along with accented English, users can contribute by recording themselves translating an English sentence into their local language. Going forward additional Nigerian languages will be added to the platform. The launch is the latest step in Awarri’s mission of advancing AI in Nigeria and Africa more widely. Based in Lagos and founded by Silas Adekunle and Eniola Edun, Awarri is a full-stack AI company. Awarri believes the digital economy can play a key role in solving Nigeria’s sizable youth unemployment problem, and is bridging Nigeria’s technical knowledge gap by equipping local youth with AI skills. Already managing a team of over 100 locally trained and hired AI professionals, Awarri is planning to train and hire 5,000 youths by 2026. Speaking on the news, Silas Adekunle, CEO of Awarri, said: “A first for Nigeria, this launch is a critical step in the development of AI in Africa. One of our goals with the LLM is to demonstrate the key role technology can play in persevering Nigeria’s many cultures. Data is central to the development of all AI models and applications. The launch will enable us to capture entirely new data sets in indigenous Nigerian languages allowing us as a nation to build AI tools with a deep understanding of Nigeria’s cultural and linguistic nuances. Thank you to our partners the Nigerian National Information Technology Development Agency, National Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics and data.org for joining us on this exciting journey.”" #metaglossia_mundus
"Learn how vision language models (VLMs) combine machine vision and semantic processing techniques to discern objects in images. What are vision language models (VLMs)? Vision language models (VLMs) combine machine vision and semantic processing techniques to make sense of the relationship within and between objects in images. In practice, this means combining various visual machine learning (ML) algorithms with transformer-based large language models (LLMs). Current VLMs include OpenAI's GPT-4, Google Gemini and the open-source LLaVA. VLMs, sometimes called large vision language models (LVLMs), are among the earliest multimodal AI techniques used to train models across various modalities such as text, images, audio and other data formats. The multimodal distinction is primarily made against early single-modality transformer-based LLMs like OpenAI's GPT series, Google Gemini and Meta's open-source Llama, but is also relevant to most other ML techniques. For decades, machine vision models have been used for simple counting, classification and categorization tasks in areas like quality control, facial recognition and estimating damages for insurance claims. VLMs help connect these techniques to people's questions about images. VLMs promise to help automate, simplify and democratize various business, scientific, medical, artistic and consumer use cases. Common applications include answering questions, writing captions about images and generating new images based on prompts. Early work focused on photographic and artistic images owing to an abundance of pictures and captions readily available for training. However, VLMs also show promise in interpreting other kinds of graphical data such as electrocardiogram (ECG) graphs, machine performance data, org charts, business process models and virtually any other data type that experts can label. Brief history of VLMs The history of VLMs is rooted in developments in machine vision and LLMs and the relatively recent integration of these disciplines. Machine vision research dates to the early 1970s when researchers began exploring various ways to extract edges, label lines, identify objects or classify conditions. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, researchers investigated how scale space -- a way of representing images at different levels of detail -- could help align views of things across various scales. This led to the development of algorithms that could connect multiple levels of abstraction. For example, this might help join up imagery of cells, organs and body parts in medicine. Similar relationships exist across business processes, biology, physics and the built environment. Later, researchers started developing feature-based methods that helped characterize defects based on images of products passing down an assembly line. However, this was an expensive and manual process. Innovations in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their training process helped automate much of this type of work. On the language side, early work in the early 1960s focused on improving various techniques to analyze and automate logic and the semantic relationships between words. Innovations in recurrent neural networks (RNNs) helped automate much of the training and development of linguistic algorithms in the mid-1980s. However, these struggled with long sentences or long sequences. Later innovations, such as long short-term memory, a special type of RNN, extended these limits. The next wave of innovation came with the development of generative AI (GenAI) algorithms in the 2010s that addressed various ways to represent reality in intermediate forms that could be adjusted to create new content or discern subtle patterns. Diffusion models were good at physics and image problems that involved adding and removing noise. Generative adversarial networks (GANs) were good at creating realistic images by setting up a competition between generating and discriminating algorithms. Variational autoencoders found better ways to represent probability distributions best suited for sequential data. The big breakthrough was the introduction of the transformer model by a team of Google researchers in 2017. This let a new generation of algorithms simultaneously consider the relationship between multiple elements in longer sentences, paragraphs and, later on, books. More importantly, it opened the gates for automating the training of algorithms that could learn the connections between semantic elements that reflect how humans interpret the world and the raw sights, sounds and text we are presented with. It took another four years for multimodal algorithms to take hold in the research community, as not many computer scientists were thinking about capturing the world in terms of noise, neural networks or probability fields. In 2021, OpenAI introduced its foundation model known as Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP), which suggested how LLM innovations might be combined with other processing techniques. Stability AI – in conjunction with researchers from Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich and Runway AI -- introduced Stable Diffusion in 2022, combining LLMs and diffusion models to generate creative imagery. Since then, various other research and commercial projects have explored how transformer models could be combined with GenAI techniques and traditional ML approaches to connect visual and language domains. Why are VLMs important? Traditional ML and AI models focused on one task. They could often be trained to perform well on simple visual tasks such as recognizing characters in printed documents, identifying faulty products or recognizing faces. However, they frequently struggled with the larger context. VLMs help bridge the gap between visual representations and how humans are used to thinking about the world. This is where the scale space concept comes into play. Humans are experts at jumping across different levels of abstraction. We see a small pattern and can quickly understand how it might connect to the larger context in which this image forms a part. LVMs represent an important aspect of automating some of this process. For example, when we see a car with a dent sitting in the middle of the road and an ambulance nearby, we instantly know that a crash probably occurred even though we did not see it. We start to imagine stories about how it could have happened, look for evidence that supports our hypothesis and think about how we might avoid a similar fate. Sometimes, people write stories about these experiences that can help train an LLM. A VLM can help connect the dots between stories humans write about car crashes and ambulances with images of them. For example, when humans look at an image of a person holding a ball with their arm raised and a nearby dog looking up, we know they are playing fetch. We also write many stories involving humans, balls and dogs. VLMs trained on these stories and images of people holding circular shapes connect the dots among balls, humans, dogs and the game fetch to discern a similar interpretation. They can also help interpret many other things that people often describe about images in captions to connect what might be apparent in an image within a larger context. Analytics tools can commonly transform raw data into various charts, graphs and maps to help see patterns and interpret the meaning of data. VLMs can take advantage of this significant analytics and presentation infrastructure to automate aspects of interpreting these graphics. They can also connect the visual patterns to the way experts might talk about the data to help democratize and simplify the understanding of complex data streams through a conversational interface. How VLMs work: Core concepts Various preprocessing and intermediate training steps are commonly involved before joining visual and language elements in training the LVM. This requires more work than training LLMs, which can start with a large text collection. Vision Transformers (ViTs) are sometimes used in this preprocessing step to learn the relationships between visual elements but not the words that describe them. VLMs use ViTs and other preprocessing techniques to connect visual elements such as lines, shapes and objects to linguistic elements. This lets them make sense of, generate and translate between visual and textual data. The following three elements are essential in a LVM: - Machine vision. Translates raw pixels into representations of the lines, shapes and forms of objects in visual imagery, such as determining if an image has a cat or a dog.
- LLMs. Connects the dots between concepts expressed across many different contexts such as all the ways we might interact with dogs versus cats.
- Fusing aspects. Automates the process of labeling parts of an image and connecting them to words in an LLM, such as describing a dog as sitting, eating, chasing squirrels or walking with its owner.
Training and evaluation of VLMs VLMs need a lot of data to learn about the world, starting with pairs of images and text descriptions. Popular open-source data sets for various VLM tasks include LAION-5B, Public MultiModel Dataset, Visual Question Answering and ImageNet. Finding data for novel tasks can be tricky, and data scientists need to be cautious about bias, particularly when there is an imbalance of samples that relate to the real world. This can be critical when enterprise developers seek data for a particular use case that can vary across different contexts. For example, there are many images, captions and stories about rabbits on the Internet. But these might vary by geography. In the U.S., the stories might be about pets and the Easter Bunny, while in Australia, they might be about wild rabbits as pests and the endangered Easter Bilby. A similar problem could show up in the way different business units or types of experts talk about images. A VLM trained on only one set of stories and captions might struggle when used across various regions, business units, disciplines or teams. It's also important to incorporate different image descriptions within the training data. For example, one description might label the animals in the image, another might mention a ball and raised arm, while a third description might include the game fetch. More nuanced descriptions might talk about the types of grass, clouds in the sky, the outfit a person is wearing or the brand of leash used on the dog. The challenge is curating a selection of training data that might discuss these various image aspects. The training process also needs to help distinguish between similar looking but different things. For example, a pug has a cat-like face, but humans can quickly identify a picture of it as a dog. Models therefore need to be trained on many images of dogs and cats with unusual shapes, sizes and forms. There are many approaches to training a VLM once a team has curated a relevant data set. The process sometimes starts with a pretraining step that maps visual data to text descriptions, which is later fused to an existing LLM. In other cases, the VLM is trained directly on paired images and text data, which can require more time and computing resources but might deliver better results. In both approaches, the base model is adjusted through an iterative process of answering questions or writing captions. Based on how well the model performs, the strength of the connections within the answers -- known as neural weights -- are adjusted to reduce mistakes. These can sometimes be combined to enhance accuracy, improve performance or reduce model size. The following are a few popular examples: - Contrastive learning. Models like CLIP learn to discern similarities and differences between pairs of images like dogs and cats and then apply text labels to similar images fed into an LLM. The open-source LLaVA uses CLIP as part of a pretraining step, which is then connected to a version of the Llama LLM.
- PrefixLM. Models like SimVLM and VirTex directly train a transformer across sections of an image and a sentence stub (the prefix) that is good at predicting the next set of words in an appropriate caption.
- Multi-modal fusing with cross attention. Models like VisualGPT, VC-GPT and Flamingo fuse visual elements to the attention mechanism in an existing LLM.
- Masked-Language Modeling and Image-Text Matching. Models like BridgeTower, FLAVA, LXMERT and VisualBERT combine algorithms that predict masked words with other algorithms that associate images and captions.
- Knowledge distillation. Models like ViLD distill a larger teacher model with high accuracy into a more compact student model with fewer parameters that runs faster and cheaper but retains similar performance.
Evaluating the performance of a VLM is a highly subjective process that can vary across individuals, their expertise and task type. Researchers have developed a variety of metrics that can help automate and standardize the evaluation of VLM performance across different kinds of tasks. Popular metrics include the following: - Bilingual Evaluation Understudy. BLEU compares the number of words in a machine translation to a human-curated reference translation.
- Consensus-based Image Description Evaluation. CIDEr compares machine descriptions to a reference description curated by a consensus of human evaluators.
- Metric for Evaluation of Translation with Explicit Ordering. METEOR measures the precision, order, recall, and human quality assessments of descriptions or translations.
- Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation. ROUGE compares the quality of a VLM-generated description to human summaries.
VLM applications Some of the many applications of VLMs include the following: - Captioning images. Automatically creates descriptions of images, aiding efforts to index and search through a large library of imagery.
- Visual question answering. Helps uncover insights in images for users with different levels of expertise to improve understanding and analysis.
- Visual summarization. Writes a brief summary about visual information in an org chart, medical image or equipment repair process.
- Image text retrieval. Lets users find images of things that relate to their query, such as finding a product using a different set of words than its official product description.
- Image generation. Helps someone create a new image in a particular style based on a text prompt.
- Image annotation. Highlights sections of an image with colors and labels to indicate areas relating to a query.
A rapidly evolving field VLMs, like LLMs, are prone to hallucination, so guardrails are required with high-stakes decisions. A VLM might tell a trained radiologist where to look in a radiological image but it should not be trusted to make a diagnosis independently. Similarly, a VLM might help frame important questions about the business, but subject matter experts need to be consulted before rushing to any major decision. Conversely, creative hallucinations might be considered a feature for an artist experimenting with new imagery ideas. Additionally, VLMs generate their results based on the complex relationships captured in the weight of billions of features. This can make it difficult to decipher how they arrived at a particular decision or adjust them when mistakes are made. Ongoing research is also looking at how to combine different metrics that can improve performance across multiple types of tasks. For example, a newer Attribution, Relation and Order benchmark measure visual reasoning skills better than traditional metrics developed for machine translation. More work is also required to develop better metrics for various use cases in medicine, industrial automation, warehouse management and robotics. Despite the many challenges, VLMs represent an exciting opportunity to apply GenAI techniques to visual information. Researchers, vendors and enterprise data scientists will continue to find ways to improve their performance, apply them to existing business workflows, and improve the user experience for employees and customers. This was last updated in April 2024" #metaglossia_mundus
"Political science in Africa has a relatively recent history. Political scientists began to take notice of the continent in the early 1950s, a period that coincided with the rise of nationalism and spirited calls for independence from colonial powers. As Africa buzzed with the excitement of newfound freedom, political scientists became increasingly optimistic about Africa’s political future. However, this optimism often overshadowed any consideration of the challenges that could arise post-independence. Post-independence, African societies became the new frontier for political scientists. Yet, as they set their gaze upon this vast and diverse continent, they did so through a lens crafted far from the shores of Africa. Their conceptual toolkit, honed through years of study in the halls of American and European academia, seemed a natural fit. Terms like ‘social contract theory,’ ‘classical liberalism,’ and ‘modernization theory’ were the tools of their trade, borrowed from a landscape where popularly elected governments had long held sway. For these scholars, the familiarity bred by generations of analysing Western political institutions lent an air of universality to their scholarship. It was as if these concepts were as applicable in the heart of Africa as they were in the capitals of Europe or North America, where they were forged. Therefore, armed with these terminologies, such scholars ventured into the African political scene, seeking to apply Euro-centric concepts wholesale to African socio-political and linguistic contexts, scarcely pausing to consider the nuances and intricacies that might require adaptation. As a result, these imported concepts and theories lacked organic connection to African realities. After all, how can ideas forged in the crucible of Western political thought truly resonate in a vastly different cultural and socio-political landscape? In their quest for universal Truths with a capital ‘T’, Western political scientists risk overlooking the unique political concerns and aspirations of African countries. By tethering themselves so tightly to Western frameworks and theories, they inadvertently limit their ability to develop truly inclusive and comprehensive understandings of politics in all its diverse forms. WESTERN THEORIES AS TOOLS OF POWER AND EXCLUSION Additionally, social contract theory posits that individuals surrender certain rights to form a society governed by common laws. In the Hobbesian version of the social contract specifically, Thomas Hobbes asserts that human beings are, by nature, self-interested, albeit rational. According to Hobbes, if society did not exist, human beings would live in the state of nature. Moreover, because human beings are self-interested and resources in the state of nature are limited, life in the state of nature would be ‘nasty, brutish, and short’ as each individual would be in constant fear of losing their life to another individual in the fight for those scarce resources. In African political and philosophical thought, however, the social contract theory does not resonate. Notions of self-interest and individualism that underpin the social contract theory are alien to the African communitarian structure. As scholars of African political thought have argued, the state of nature never existed within the African communitarian structure. Philosophy scholar, Munamato Chemhuru, pokes a hole in the Hobbesian and Lockean conceptions of the state of nature by asserting that there was no time in the recorded history of humanity when human beings have been in a state of nature and social contract. Both are, at best, figments of Locke’s and Hobbes’ imaginations. Communitarian existence, however, is a socio-political reality that has been the fabric binding African communities together for eons. This is not to imply that individuals in African contexts must lose their uniqueness to blend with the community. In African communitarian thought, each human being still maintains their will, identity, and liberty. As Ghanaian philosopher, Kwame Gyekye, noted in the book, African Cultural Values: An Introduction, ‘The clan is like a cluster of trees which, when seen from afar, appear huddled together, but which would be seen to stand “individually” when closely approached.’ In addition, modernization theory, which gained traction in the mid-20th century, framed development as a linear progression from traditional to modern societies. At the heart of all variations of modernization theory is the implicit or explicit insinuation that there is a distinction between third-world or backward societies and modern societies. Rooted in Cold War ideologies, this theory perpetuated Western hegemony over many countries, particularly in Africa. The development of modernization theory coincided with the establishment of critical global development institutions, including the World Bank. Unsurprisingly, modernization ideas, including the link between economic development and industrial growth, free market economics, and globalization, informed the establishment of these global institutions and continue to influence their relationship with so-called ‘underdeveloped’ countries significantly. However, African scholars claim that modernization theory is nothing short of a concept designed to continue the oppressive imperialism and extractive domination of poorer countries by the hegemonic West, especially the United States. Modernization frameworks of development continue to fail poorer countries because they are not designed for the advancement of those countries but as socio-economic Trojan horses for the West’s continued pillage of the Global South. The promise of modernization and development sold to African countries by powerful nations of the West and their agents (especially multinational conglomerates) have only left nationals of poor countries poorer. In many cases, the wealth gotten from under the feet of these people, especially in the form of natural resource extraction, hardly touches their hands. Ultimately, modernization theory is an instrument of power developed by the West and spread through its agents of soft imperialism—multinational corporations and Bretton Wood institutions—to perpetuate Western interests and continue the pattern of exploitation established in the colonial era. Additionally, social contract theory posits that individuals surrender certain rights to form a society governed by common laws. In the Hobbesian version of the social contract specifically, Thomas Hobbes asserts that human beings are, by nature, self-interested, albeit rational. According to Hobbes, if society did not exist, human beings would live in the state of nature. Moreover, because human beings are self-interested and resources in the state of nature are limited, life in the state of nature would be ‘nasty, brutish, and short’ as each individual would be in constant fear of losing their life to another individual in the fight for those scarce resources. In African political and philosophical thought, however, the social contract theory does not resonate. Notions of self-interest and individualism that underpin the social contract theory are alien to the African communitarian structure. As scholars of African political thought have argued, the state of nature never existed within the African communitarian structure. Philosophy scholar, Munamato Chemhuru, pokes a hole in the Hobbesian and Lockean conceptions of the state of nature by asserting that there was no time in the recorded history of humanity when human beings have been in a state of nature and social contract. Both are, at best, figments of Locke’s and Hobbes’ imaginations. Communitarian existence, however, is a socio-political reality that has been the fabric binding African communities together for eons. This is not to imply that individuals in African contexts must lose their uniqueness to blend with the community. In African communitarian thought, each human being still maintains their will, identity, and liberty. As Ghanaian philosopher, Kwame Gyekye, noted in the book, African Cultural Values: An Introduction, ‘The clan is like a cluster of trees which, when seen from afar, appear huddled together, but which would be seen to stand “individually” when closely approached.’ In addition, modernization theory, which gained traction in the mid-20th century, framed development as a linear progression from traditional to modern societies. At the heart of all variations of modernization theory is the implicit or explicit insinuation that there is a distinction between third-world or backward societies and modern societies. Rooted in Cold War ideologies, this theory perpetuated Western hegemony over many countries, particularly in Africa. The development of modernization theory coincided with the establishment of critical global development institutions, including the World Bank. Unsurprisingly, modernization ideas, including the link between economic development and industrial growth, free market economics, and globalization, informed the establishment of these global institutions and continue to influence their relationship with so-called ‘underdeveloped’ countries significantly. However, African scholars claim that modernization theory is nothing short of a concept designed to continue the oppressive imperialism and extractive domination of poorer countries by the hegemonic West, especially the United States. Modernization frameworks of development continue to fail poorer countries because they are not designed for the advancement of those countries but as socio-economic Trojan horses for the West’s continued pillage of the Global South. The promise of modernization and development sold to African countries by powerful nations of the West and their agents (especially multinational conglomerates) have only left nationals of poor countries poorer. In many cases, the wealth gotten from under the feet of these people, especially in the form of natural resource extraction, hardly touches their hands. Ultimately, modernization theory is an instrument of power developed by the West and spread through its agents of soft imperialism—multinational corporations and Bretton Wood institutions—to perpetuate Western interests and continue the pattern of exploitation established in the colonial era. INSTITUTIONAL GATEKEEPING AND THE MARGINALIZATION OF INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE Besides, political scientists face difficulties when applying political theories to the African context because political science was birthed with a ready-made theory, namely the historical tradition of Western political philosophy—this tethers the field deeply to a Western orientation. In addition, most political science departments offering a course in political theory invariably focus on European classical philosophies and political ideas from Aristotle, Plato, Locke, and Hobbes. As a result, political theory confines itself to a narrow set of issues—Plato’s thoughts on the ideal type of polity, Aristotle’s conception of citizenship, and Hobbes’ idea of the ‘state of nature’. Laser-focused on Euro-Western political ideas and philosophies, Western political scientists isolate themselves from the rest of the world, which prevents them from developing theories that capture and address the unique political concerns of African countries. Moreover, the fact that most academic articles in political science are written in English attests to the fact that indigenous political thoughts and political ideas from non-Western countries essentially have no space in political science. Primarily, global research communities hardly place a premium on publications in local languages. In addition, journals that publish in local languages are not indexed by significant publishing indices, making them inconspicuous in the global academic arena. Relatedly, in terms of methods, theories, and themes, academic gatekeepers—publishers, journal editors, and reviewers—often favour familiar research modes. It is, therefore, more accessible for political science researchers trained in the Euro-centric research traditions to get published. Additionally, imperial tendencies are visible in the publication of academic journals. Academic articles written in English by scholars from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic countries and/or top-ranked institutions get published more. The spectre of race relations is another obstacle barring Western theories from proffering critical insights on African politics. This comes as no surprise, given that racism is entrenched in the field of political science. Susan Rahman, Prateek Sunder, and Dahmitra Jackson argued in their paper A People’s History of Structural Racism in Academia that, Structural Racism is ingrained in the field by both the ‘founding scholars’ of political science and the actions that the field is used to excuse… Adam Smith writes about the necessary political and economic structure of nations to succeed. His ideal nations, or the wealthy nations of Europe, were described as ‘civilized’ with people who are ‘industrious’, leading to the success of the country. On the other hand, Smith describes ‘savage’ nations with people who are ‘miserably poor’, alluding to nations outside of Europe (Cannan (Ed.), 2019)… It is clear that both Adam Smith and John Locke, two of the most regarded figures in political science, were racist, and their racist ideas are ingrained in the field of political science and in American Politics. Michael Lofchie, in his article Political Theory and African Politics, asserts that there is a fear that any study of Africa’s political landscape might inadvertently lend credence to notions of African incapacity for self-governance, perpetuating harmful narratives that have plagued the continent for centuries: ‘There is a concealed but very real fear that political research which is critical of independent African states might, somehow, lend credence to the premise of Black inferiority, or to that of an African incapacity for self-government.’ Given their apprehensions about race, these scholars navigate treacherous waters as they seek to engage with Africa’s political realities. " #metaglossia_mundus
"La littérature haoussa La langue haoussa, parlée en Afrique de l'Ouest par plus de 50 millions de locuteurs, possède une littérature multiforme, témoin de la complexité d'une société héritière d'une tradition féodale séculaire, qui n'échappe pas à la réalité économique, sociale et politique moderne. Littérature tant orale qu'écrite. En effet, les Haoussa, par le biais de l'Islam, ont eu accès à l'écrit dès le 14ème siècle. Les premiers textes conservés de versification arabe écrite par des haoussa datent du 17ème siècle. Les premiers poèmes composés en haoussa, écrits en alphabet arabe adapté à la notation des langues africaines (ajami) datent du début du 19ème siècle. On peut dater de cette époque une tradition de chroniques versifiées composées en haoussa et notées également en ajami. A cette tradition s'est ajoutée dans les années 30, à la suite de la colonisation britannique, une production en alphabet roman (pièces de théâtre, contes, nouvelles, romans, poésie). Cette double production écrite subit l'influence et influence à son tour, une tradition orale renouvelée. Ainsi, les chroniques, contes, proverbes, louanges de la tradition orale, ont-ils pu influencer les productions écrites, mais celles-ci fournissent aujourd'hui des sujets aux productions orales des media modernes (radio, télé et vidéo). En conclusion, on souligne la vivacité d'une littérature haoussa qui va de la poésie savante , surtout religieuse, aux petits romans populaires sentimentaux. Ce qui caractérise l'ensemble de cette production, coutre le grand nombre de titres, c'est le profond courant didactique qui la traverse. Enfin, fait qui vaut d'être souligné, se sont développés à partir de cette production une activité et un enseignement universitaire de critique littéraire, donnant lieu à des publications tant en anglais qu'en haoussa ." #metaglossia_mundus
Partager vers les réseauxAprès près d’un mois de compétition, la première édition du concours d’orthographe, couplée au concours #metaglossia_mundus
Mardi 30 avril 2024 "Les lieux-dits en langue bretonne sont-ils menacés ? C’est le sentiment d’une association bretonne qui pointe le formatage des adresses postales, rapporte l’AFP. Koun Breizh a demandé à l’Unesco d’inscrire, en extrême urgence », la « toponymie bretonne sur la liste du patrimoine immatériel nécessitant une sauvegarde urgente ».Pour ses membres, l’adressage imposé par la loi conduit de manière silencieuse à la débretonnisation de nombreux lieux-dits. Simplification ou disparition La loi 3DS pour différenciation, décentralisation et déconcentration » a été adoptée en février 2022. Son article 169 encourage la simplification des échanges de données, selon l’AFP qui reprend le site data.gouv.fr. Les communes transmettront également les noms de lieux-dits, ce qui concourt à un renforcement de la qualité des adresses et respecte la toponymie locale ». L’association dénonce néanmoins la disparition de lieux-dits au moment de la saisie dans la Base adresse locale gérée par La Poste ».En cause, les règles du logiciel qui privilégient les noms de rue et prennent le pas sur une toponymie ancestrale en langue bretonne ». Koun Breizh dénonce une perte inestimable et « l’aboutissement de la politique de francisation de la Bretagne. Le Breton est « gravement menacé » Avec un peu plus de 200 000 locuteurs actifs, dont près de 80 % de plus de 60 ans, la langue bretonne est considérée comme gravement menacée par l’Unesco, rappelle l’AFP. Chaque année, elle perdrait un peu plus de locuteurs, au risque de perdre son statut de langue vivante. La population vieillissante n’est pas remplacée par des jeunes locuteurs, trop peu nombreux. Moins de 10 000 bretonnants sont âgés de 15 à 40 ans, soit 0,87 % de la population de la Bretagne historique, selon les calculs d’Erwan Le Pipec, maître de conférences en breton à l’Université de Bretagne occidentale, repris par l’AFP. « On l’entend de moins en moins » La création, en 1977, du réseau Diwan qui promeut un enseignement immersif en breton et les filières bilingues à l’école primaire en 1982 ne sont pas parvenues à inverser la tendance. Les près de 20 000 élèves scolarisés en breton ne représentent encore que 3,5 % des effectifs de l’académie de Rennes en 2024. Une situation paradoxale, estime Erwan Le Pipecn, qui ajoute : « C’est une langue qu’on affiche de plus en plus, alors qu’on l’entend de moins en moins ». Le chercheur en sociolinguistique prévoit qu’il ne restera que de 50 000 à 60 000 locuteurs en 2040." #metaglossia_mundus
"Scientists Uncover Powerful Link Between Dietary Choices And Brain Health A healthy, balanced diet is linked to superior brain health, better cognitive function and improved mental well-being, according to a newly published study A healthy, balanced diet is associated with superior brain health, better cognitive function and improved mental well-being, according to a new study. This study used a variety of methodologies to better understand how our food preferences influence our physical health and impact our brain health. Our food choices significantly influence our health outcomes, including chronic diseases and mental health. The relationship between our diet and our brain health could potentially involve alterations in molecular biomarkers, gut microbiota, and brain structure and function. For example, high sugar and saturated fat intake have been linked to cognitive decline and psychiatric disorders. Further, unhealthy “junk” food diets have been shown to be associated with higher risks of depression and other psychiatric conditions compared to balanced diets rich in plant-based foods. On the other hand, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to be associated with better brain health and a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the various dietary patterns that are espoused, it may be somewhat surprising to learn that their associations with brain health have been relatively inconsistent due to variations in study scopes, sample sizes, and criteria for defining dietary patterns. Such disparities underscore the need for a standardized classification system and studies across diverse populations. To address this gap, an international team of scientists from University of Warwick and Fudan University utilized data-driven methods to identify dietary patterns and their associations with brain health outcomes. The researchers examined the brain health of 181,990 people from the UK Biobank, a unique biomedical database consisting of more than half a million UK participants. The average age of the participants was 70.7 years, and about 57% were female. Each participant’s dietary choices were surveyed and recorded using an online questionnaire, and the team divided those food choices into one of ten categories (for example; alcohol, fruits, or meats). A range of evaluation methods were used to collect additional data, including cognitive function tests, blood metabolic biomarkers, brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and genetics. Additionally, mental health evaluations measured anxiety levels, depressive symptoms, mental distress, psychotic experiences, self-harm, trauma, and well-being as indicators of brain health. The scientists used machine learning to help them analyze their enormous dataset. Machine learning is an artificial intelligence technique concerned with the development and the study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and can then generalize these algorithms to unseen data, thus making them capable of performing specific tasks without explicit instructions. The researchers found that study participants followed one of four distinct dietary patterns: - starch-free or low-starch pattern (18.09%)
- vegetarian/plant-based pattern (5.54%)
- high protein and low fiber pattern (19.39%), or
- balanced pattern (56.98%)
According to the data, study participants who followed the balanced dietary pattern had the fewest mental health issues and the highest scores for cognitive functions along with better overall mental well-being. They also had higher amounts of grey matter in the brain, which is connected to intelligence, when compared to people who ate a less diverse diet. The scientists think that genetic factors may also contribute to the association between dietary choices and brain health, indicating that well-being could be the result of genetic predispositions and lifestyle choices. Interestingly (to me, at least), the study also emphasized the necessity of making small, incremental dietary changes, especially for people who typically eat highly palatable but nutritionally deficient “junk” foods. By slowly reducing sugar and fat intake over time, individuals may find themselves naturally gravitating towards healthier food choices. The study’s senior author, statistician Jianfeng Feng, a professor at the Department of Computer Science University of Warwick and a professor of science and technology for brain-inspired intelligence and computer science at Fudan University, emphasized the importance of establishing healthy food preferences early in life. “Developing a healthy balanced diet from an early age is crucial for healthy growth,” Professor Feng said in a statement. “To foster the development of a healthy balanced diet, both families and schools should offer a diverse range of nutritious meals and cultivate an environment that supports their physical and mental health.” Professor Feng’s work focuses on developing new mathematical, statistical and computational theories and methods to meet the challenges raised in neuroscience and mental health. But not everyone can access, or afford, a healthy, varied diet. “Since dietary choices can be influenced by socioeconomic status, it’s crucial to ensure that this does not hinder individuals from adopting a healthy balanced dietary profile,” Professor Feng agreed, adding that public policy should have a role in promoting accessible and affordable healthy eating options. “Implementing affordable nutritious food policies is essential for governments to empower the general public to make informed and healthier dietary choices, thereby promoting overall public health.” “Our findings underscore the associations between dietary patterns and brain health, urging for concerted efforts in promoting nutritional awareness and fostering healthier eating habits across diverse populations,” added study co-author, mathematician and neuroscientist Wei Cheng, a Professor of Neuroscience at Fudan University. The study is limited by its use of “food liking surveys” — at least some study participants may report what they think the researchers are looking for instead of their actual food choices. This issue can be addressed by monitoring actual food consumption, but it could make such a study extremely expensive and time consuming. Other weaknesses to this study are a potential selection bias in the UK Biobank sample, potential oversimplification of mental health assessment measures, and an incomplete consideration of key dietary components like tryptophan and omega-3/6 fatty acids. Nevertheless, this study is a good start to establishing that dietary patterns amongst older people may significantly impact their mental health, cognitive functions, and brain imaging. This study indicates that further research is necessary to explore the long-term associations between dietary patterns and brain health across various age groups, especially during adolescence and middle age. Source: Ruohan Zhang, Bei Zhang, Chun Shen, Barbara J. Sahakian, Zeyu Li, Wei Zhang, Yujie Zhao, Yuzhu Li, Jianfeng Feng & Wei Cheng (2024). Associations of dietary patterns with brain health from behavioral, neuroimaging, biochemical and genetic analyses, Nature Mental Health | doi:10.1038/s44220-024-00226-0" #metaglossia_mundus
"GetNews - TGAM - GetNews - Fri Apr 26, 3:34PM CDT Typely is an AI-powered content assistant app, aiding users with proofreading, writing recommendations, and grammar checks. Typely is proud to announce that its app has generated over 30+ million emails for more than 3 million active users. Typely, a revolutionary AI email writer app was launched to eliminate one of the major pain points most business owners face – sluggish communication. Equipped with advanced AI-powered proofreading and writing recommendations, as well as real-time grammar checks, Typely is hailed as the gateway to streamlined business communication among numerous satisfied users. Recent studies indicate that many professionals find writing concise, impactful emails challenging. Typely addresses this by eliminating common pain points such as slow response times and cumbersome email management. As an iOS-exclusive app, Typely integrates with the advanced GPT-4 technology from OpenAI, offering instant and accurate email crafting capabilities. Companies large and small have experienced notable growth thanks to improved communication efficiency Typely offers. SMEs enjoy nearly automated prospecting and onboarding processes while larger corporations benefit from streamlined interactions across various operational levels and branches. With its beginner-friendly interface, Typely ensures that even the least tech-savvy users can start efficiently managing their emails right out of the box. Beyond traditional text-only email assistants, Typely introduces an innovative voice command feature, allowing for effective multitasking and saving users hours each week. Recent studies indicate that many business professionals waste too much time manually checking every letter in outbound emails. Typely tackles this issue by continuously scanning relevant content for grammatical mistakes, providing assistance whenever an issue would occur. One of Typely app’s most prized features is the real-time grammar checking function. This function continuously scans the user’s emails for errors, significantly cutting down the time spent on manual proofreading. Moreover, the app offers contextual writing recommendations, understanding complex sentence constructions to ensure clarity and professionalism in every message. Due to its integration with ChatGPT-4, this application is capable of understanding the meaning behind even more complex sentences. This app is widely used by professionals, especially in emerging fields of modern technology who want to ensure convoluted text messages and emails are easily digestible for an average reader. Typely has marked a crucial milestone when it officially eclipsed 3 million active users. Professionals in all categories and industries, as well as students, consumers, and countless individuals requiring email writing assistance praised the efficiency of this app. “For several months, I’ve been using Typely, and it has completely transformed my email management,” says Samantha Reed, a verified user. “It has made it easier to navigate my inbox and significantly reduced the time I spend on emails, boosting my productivity.” With a robust user base and continual updates, Typely is committed to evolving further. The team at Typely invites users interested in learning how this revolutionary AI-powered email assistant works and how it can enhance business communication to visit the company’s official website. Media Contact Company Name: Typely Contact Person: Jennifer Smith Email:Send EmailCountry: United States Website:https://apps.apple.com/us/app/typely-ai-email-writer/id6450997696" #metaglossia_mundus
"“El libro arranca con esa curiosidad del periodista que siempre se hace preguntas y es el escritor el que las contesta” A Coruña 26 ABR 2024 6:00 Antonio Iturbe (Zaragoza, 1967) es de los que se fija en esas “personas pequeñas que hacen cosas minúsculas pero que son las que terminan moviendo el engranaje del mundo”. Una de ellas la mostró en La bibliotecaria de Auschwitz y ahora publica otra en Música en la oscuridad. Presentó ayer este libro junto a Javier Pintor en la Fundación Luís Seoane..." #metaglossia_mundus
"The FBI’s 2014 list of internet acronyms and shorthand will have you LWP (laughing with passion). PMIGBOM, as everyone always says. (“Put mind in gear before opening mouth.”) Ah, the classic initialism for the classic phrase 'Pardon me, you must have mistaken me for someone who gives a damn.' / (Edited from) Wong Yu Liang/Moment/Getty Images Internet slang has a tendency to fall out of fashion almost faster than the general population can even learn what it means. But sometimes it was never really in fashion in the first place. Case in point: The FBI internet slang dictionary of 2014. That year, after filing a Freedom of Information Act request, MuckRock user Jason Smathers obtained and posted an 83-page “list of shorthand and acronyms used on Twitter and other social media venues such as instant messages, Facebook, and MySpace,” per the report, that the FBI’s Directorate of Intelligence had compiled. It featured some 2800 terms, which the FBI said its employees “should find useful in your work or for keeping up with your children and/or grandchildren.” The media’s response was as merciless as it was gleeful. The Washington Post called the glossary “hilariously, frighteningly out of touch,” while Intelligencer highlighted 31 “insanely irrelevant” entries. From Boston.com: “FBI Releases List of What They Think is Internet Slang.” To the FBI’s credit, they really did go all in on the research; there is, for example, every variation of LOL you can possibly think of. The list also includes countless terms that were and still are common—and that FBI agents who weren’t spending much free time on social media might not have been familiar with in 2014—from ICYMI (“in case you missed it”) to TIL (“today I learned”). But the fact that their researchers decided to be so comprehensive worked against them, too—as there are many, many terms that any self-respecting, chronically online person can’t help but laugh at, either because they’re wildly esoteric, oddly defined, or just plain funny to see in an official FBI document. Pop culture abbreviations come up from time to time—e.g. POTO for “Phantom of the Opera”—but it appears that the FBI may not have always realized when it was dealing with one. OLLG’s definition, “one less lonely girl,” isn’t capitalized, suggesting that someone wasn’t familiar with the Justin Bieber song “One Less Lonely Girl” and just thought it was a phrase people often said. Same goes for PLL, identified as “pretty little liars.” TARDIS, meanwhile, is simply “time and relative demensions [sic] in space,” as if that would help anyone who doesn’t already know what a TARDIS is. There’s also the occasional abbreviation that isn’t specific to the internet, like UTI (“urinary track [sic] infection”). Not to mention all the initialisms that are so lengthy it would take more energy and focus to type out each letter than all the words in full—e.g. BTDTGTTSAWIO (“Been there, done that, got the T-shirt and wore it out”) and IITYWTMWYBMAD (“If I tell you what this means will you buy me a drink?”). Overall, the dictionary has the general air of an “Is your child texting about” meme. And when your child is apparently sometimes texting about ICBINB (“I can’t believe it’s not butter,” lowercase), it’s hard not to BAGL (“bust a gut laughing”). Or, at the very least, C&G (“chuckle and grin”). So while we applaud the FBI’s effort and recognize the value of the dictionary, we shan’t resist the urge to dunk on it. Here are 100 of our favorite terms. Term Meaning ALOTBSOL Always look on the bright side of life ANFAWFOS And now for a word from our sponsor AUP Another useless post/acceptable use policy AYSOS Are you stupid or something? BAGL Bust a gut laughing BBAM Be back after meal BBB Bugging beyond belief BFFLTDDUP Best friends for life till death do us part BFUT Best friends until tomorrow BH Be happy/bloody hell/big head BIC Believe it, comrade BOGSAT Bunch of guys sitting around talking BSOFN Big smile on face now BTDTGTTSAWIO Been there, done that, got the T-shirt and wore it out BTWITIAILWU By the way I think I am in love with you BWTHDIK But what the heck do I know C&G Chuckle and grin CRBT Crying really big tears DCOI Don’t count on it DEAR Drop everything and read DITD Down in the dumps DLTBBB Don’t let the bed bugs bite DMAF Don’t make a fuss DMIID Don’t mind if I do DPYN Don’t pick your nose DULM Do you love me? DYHWIH Do you hear what I hear? E2EG Ear to ear grin FMTYEWTK Far more than you ever wanted to know FNB Football and beer FTASB Faster than a speeding bullet GAC Guilty as charged/get a clue GAMMD Go ahead, make my day GFAK Go fly a kite GIWIST Gee, I wish I’d said that GTHBA Good time had by all GTRM Going to read mail HAN Alone (Han Solo) HHIS Hanging head in shame HTC Hit the cell HUB Head up butt IAB I am bored IAL I ain’t laughing/I actually laughed ICBINB I can’t believe it’s not butter IHA I hate acronyms IITYWTMWYBMAD If I tell you what this means will you buy me a drink? INRS It’s not rocket science ITIGBS I think I’m going to be sick ITTET In these tough economic times JAPAN Just always pray at night KD Kraft dinner KISS Keep it simple stupid LLTA Lots and lots of thunderous applause LMGTFY Let me Google that for you LWP Laughing with passion MAS Mildly amused smirk NADT Not a darn thing NALOPKT Not a lot of people know that NTTAWWT Not that there’s anything wrong with that OFOC Overwhelming feelings of concern OGIM Oh God, it’s Monday OLLG One less lonely girl OMGZ Alternative OMG PANS Pretty awesome new stuff PDBAZ Please don’t be a zombie PEEPS or PEEPZ People PLL Pretty little liar PMIGBOM Put mind in gear before opening mouth PMYMHMMFSWGAD Pardon me, you must have mistaken me for someone who gives a damn POTC Pirates of the Carribean [sic] POTO Phantom of the Opera POTS Parents over the shoulder/plain old telephone system PU That stinks SHCOON Shoot hot coffee out of nose ST00F Stuff SWY Sowwy (sorry) TAGL There’s a good lad TARDIS Time and relative demensions [sic] in space TCFS Too cool for school TFM2KAU2FO That’s for me to know and you to find out TIF That is funny TINALO This is not a legal opinion TITT Throw in the towel TLND True love never dies TMSIDK Tell me something I don’t know TMTOWTDI There’s more than one way to do it TPS Totally pointless stuff TTFW Too tacky for words UTI Urinary track [sic] infection W00T Hurrah WDALYIC Who died and left you in charge? WEML Whatever, major loser WSA Wow, strong arms WTFT What the French toast? (polite WTF) WWBD What would Batman do? WYLABOCTGWTR Would you like a bowl of cream to go with that remark? WYSITWIRL What you see is totally worthless in real life! YHGASP You have got a serious problem YSS You suck severely YWU Yo, waz up? " #metaglossia_mundus
"Lancaster University’s online programmes in Corpus linguistics, Language Testing and TESOL: Quality, affordability and flexibility PARTNER CONTENT 26 APR 2024 Lancaster University‘s Department of Linguistics and English Language is a global leader in its field. Ranked third in the QS World University Rankings by Subject 2024: Linguistics and consistently placed within the top three in the UK (Complete University Guide 2024), the department offers innovative online programmes in Corpus Linguistics, Language Testing, TESOL with Corpus Linguistics and TESOL with Language Testing. These online programmes cater to busy lives, allowing you to pursue your academic goals without having to move country or pausing your life and career. All lectures and seminars are asynchronous, meaning you can schedule your learning around your commitments. As you can complete the programmes from anywhere, this makes them ideal for working professionals. Just ask Anastasios Asimakopoulos. He completed an MA in Corpus Linguistics while working full-time in higher education. “I completed the modules with relative ease, thanks to the highly flexible approach of the programme,” he says. “Materials were published two weeks in advance, allowing me to speed up when possible. The assignment briefs and submission deadlines were published from the start of the module and this contributed to managing my time effectively.” The programmes are customisable to your personal interests and career aspirations. You can pursue a full master’s degree in Corpus Linguistics, with the option to specialise in corpus-based discourse analysis or Language Teaching in your second year. Alternatively, you can begin with a TESOL programme and later specialise in either Corpus Linguistics or Language Testing. Coursework, assessments, and even dissertation topics can be personalised to your professional experiences and research interests as well. Regardless of subject or format, you’ll learn from dedicated faculty members, who are leading figures in the field. They provide individual supervision, ensuring you receive tailored guidance throughout your dissertation project. These are authors of widely used textbooks and research articles. Examples include Brezina & Gablasova’s “A Frequency Dictionary of British English” (2024) and Harding’s “Pronunciation Assessment: An Intelligibility-Based Approach” (2024). In a week, students receive theoretical input through short video lectures and assigned readings. This is followed by practical exercises designed to develop transferable analytical skills, online discussions, and comprehensive feedback from tutors who are experts in their respective fields. “I found the recorded lectures a gentle and engaging introduction to the units and the readings very informative and relevant to the tasks,” Asimakopoulos says. “The guides and answer keys were clear and encouraged participants to engage with the concepts on a practical level.” Although the programmes are virtual, you are never left to navigate your studies alone. A dedicated support system ensures every student has everything they need to succeed. Full technical and academic support is available, with a Director of Studies offering individual consultations on academic progress, a programme coordinator to handle day-to-day concerns, and individual tutors readily available to answer specific course-related questions. This comprehensive support system contributes to a seamless learning experience — something Asimakopoulos experienced firsthand. “I felt well supported by Lancaster University during my studies,” he says. “When I had to relocate for a new job post, the school was very understanding of my personal situation and allowed me to put my dissertation module on hold for six months while I familiarised myself with my new duties and responsibilities.” It helps that the programmes have vibrant online communities. You can connect with other students, share experiences, and even participate in online research groups. Asimakopoulos found the forums a great place to interact with his classmates, as he could read and respond to each other’s weekly posts. Employers value the qualifications and skills gained through Lancaster’s linguistics programmes. The department’s reputation translates into qualifications that signal academic excellence and the development of practical transferable skills. “I acted as a moderator on the Corpus Linguistics MOOC on Future Learn, being involved in corpus collection projects, or acting as a mentor on the programme ‘Mentoring Social Science Researchers in Corpus Methods and Critical Discourse Analysis’ organised by Dr. Luke Collins (Lancaster University) and Dr. Kathryn Spicksley (Keele University),” Asimakopoulos says. Many alumni credit these programmes as a crucial step in advancing their careers, with some even finding themselves in leadership positions within their fields and receiving awards. Among them are Juliana Bahia, 2022 Caroline Clapham IELTS Masters Award recipient and Radosveta Valkova, 2022 Language Cert Postgraduate Research Award recipient. Asimakopoulos obtained a Distinction and speaks highly of the quality of his MA. “At no point did I feel that Lancaster University was delivering less in terms of academic rigour and support,” he says. “If anything, the programme was evidently well thought-out and delivered with great care and the tutors were present and engaging on the forum and via email.”" #metaglossia_mundus
"Have you ever considered studying abroad or becoming a foreign exchange student? I am excited that I may get to experience this special privilege, but one thing that scares me is sticking out like a sore thumb. By Maysie Krause | LTVN Reporter/Anchor Have you ever considered studying abroad or becoming a foreign exchange student? I am excited that I may get to experience this special privilege, but one thing that scares me is sticking out like a sore thumb. If you share this fear, maybe you’ve been nervous because of the cultural and language barrier, but adaptability is the best way to overcome this fear. It’s that simple. We all have values that are ingrained in us that we think are right. But through adaptability, we can recognize the sense of naivety we have about our own ways. In my life, I’ve had experiences with people from different places that have allowed me to practice adaptability. Through my experience and that of my father, I’ve learned that when you first make it your intention to develop a friendship with someone, it can break that barrier. In my case, my first roommate and one of my best friends at Baylor is an international student from Beijing. When I moved in, I had no clue what she would be like; I just saw her name posted on my door. One thing I did to welcome her was leave a note on my dry-erase board. She still remembers that. Next, I said, “It’s OK if we have awkward silences, because it won’t make me uncomfortable.” Looking back, I realize it was a laugh-worthy thing to say, but it truly made a difference for me. Next, she made meals and invited me to have hot pot dinners. It was truly so kind and generous of her. She shared her culture with me, and we connected by doing fun things together and showing each other new aspects of our cultures. I am truly fortunate to have known someone like her, because I learned about her motivations for coming here. It’s not a surprise that in Chinese culture, people do things very differently than in the U.S. However, I couldn’t be more proud to see how she has carried the unique strength of adaptability with her. She has taken full advantage of the opportunities she is presented with and performed beyond excellently. It has not always been easy to cohabit with someone, but we are there to empower each other. It’s truly been one of the best things that has happened to me — to know someone I look up to in this way and someone who looks up to me too. In the case of my father, who moved to France as a foreign exchange student right after high school, he learned the most from his experience by connecting with his host family around the dinner table. But it didn’t start there. Throughout high school, his family hosted a student from France, and they are still friends today. My father has returned to France six times, each visit honoring the friendship he made through hosting a foreign exchange student. Reflecting on his journey, I discovered that his experience was not easy. For example, the French make their own mayonnaise and don’t like it when we ask for a lot of ice in our drinks. There are a million other little differences. If you ask them at a restaurant, they might be annoyed because they take food very seriously, with four-course meals. Despite the ways our cultural differences may be set, my father and his friend have remained best friends. They have celebrated each other’s weddings and visited each other multiple times, even last year. My friend and I plan to stick together too. So wherever you go, whatever you do, enjoy where you are, especially if you are not only meeting someone from abroad but are also a fish out of water yourself. Don’t be afraid to interact with the locals and learn to speak their language. Respecting their culture means going with the flow. Rather than expecting or insisting on what you want, adapt and learn from those around you, because the truth is, we are more similar than we think." #metaglossia_mundus
""Classicist Emily Wilson spoke on the dimensions of translating ancient texts at the lecture “Re-translating Homer: Why and How.” Classicist Emily Wilson illuminated the intricacies of translation in her lecture “Re-translating Homer: Why and How” held Thursday. The event delved into the challenges and significance of reinterpreting ancient texts for modern audiences. The lecture was divided into four main topics: defining translation, explaining Wilson’s background and priorities in translation, demonstrating a case study and answering the question of why Homer is still relevant today. Julia Marvin, the chair of the department of the program of liberal studies, introduced the talk. “The past is a foreign country,” Marvin said. “They do things differently there, and the past is never dead. It’s not even past.” Wilson’s extensive background in classical studies at the University of Pennsylvania, coupled with her authorship of acclaimed translations of the “Odyssey” and the “Iliad,” position her as a leading figure in the field. Denis Robichaud, introducing Wilson, highlighted her numerous accolades, including prestigious fellowships and awards such as the MacArthur Fellows Program and the Guggenheim Fellowship. The lecture began with a dramatic recitation of the opening of the “Iliad” in its original Greek form, offering attendees a glimpse into the ancient oral tradition. Wilson then transitioned to reading her own translation while still capturing the essence and cadence of the original in English. “Translation always speaks to the way that language is about society and culture,” Wilson said. Wilson underscored the significance of context and idiomatic expressions. She also stressed the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of both languages involved in the translation process. Additionally, Wilson highlighted the complexity of translation, noting that it extends beyond mere dictionary definitions and syntactical analysis. “It’s not just about looking at words in a dictionary,” Wilson said. “It’s not just about a whole cluster of syntactical things. It’s about understanding.” Wilson delved into the nuanced considerations inherent in literary translation. She described it as a form of writing and challenged the misconception that fluently recovering the original text is sufficient. “Literary translation is a form of writing,” Wilson said. “I think people sometimes imagine that there has to be just one half of being able to recover the original fluently.” Transitioning to the creative aspect of translation, Wilson emphasized the task of recreating a text. “To me, reading is only half or less than half because, for me, the hardest part about translation is not as you understand the original, but figuring out how can we create it entirely from scratch in a totally different language and culture,” Wilson said. Wilson reflected on the approach to translation discussions, advocating for openness. “We have a very open approach to discussion of translation with a whole bunch of I think quite misleading, and simply sadistic binaries in our minds,” Wilson said. In her description of the binaries, Wilson elaborated on the tension between domesticating and foreignizing translations, archaic versus modern language and poetic versus literal. She argued a translator should be responsible about their particular choices which will inevitably emphasize some aspects over others. Further, Wilson emphasized difference in translations is not always about mistakes. “I think we can sometimes, very commonly, have this idea that a translation is either poetic or literary, or else it’s the literal translation,” Wilson said. “And that binary very often carries with it the idea that the ‘literal’ is the truthful one, and the ’poetic’ is the gussied-up, fancy one, which of course, is all lies.” Wilson underscored the plurality of interpretative practices in translation, likening it to the varied interpretations of other art forms. Her priorities in translation include semantic meaning, sound, specificity of style, emotional effects and pacing, aiming for originality in each work of interpretation. In discussing her priorities in translation, Wilson highlighted the frequent narrow focus of media headlines surrounding her translations of the “Odyssey” and the “Iliad.” Despite headlines focusing on her gender, with her being the first female translator of the “Odyssey,” or the perceived “modernity” of her translations, Wilson emphasized her focus on maintaining the integrity of the original texts while infusing them with a new voice. She additionally highlighted the complexities of language and the necessity for compromise in the translation process. “With any sentence and any human utterance, there are all kinds of things going on beyond the dictionary definitions of individual words,” Wilson said. “I think it’s more useful for translators to think in terms of how to be responsible about multiple different truths in the original rather than think, ‘I will choose either to be modern or to be archaic.’ Of course, you’re always going to be trying for some version of both.” Wilson shed light on the fact that a plurality of interpretative practices could exist in the world of translation. “Language is a so-called complex system of communication, which operates on multiple different levels with multiple things going on with that text,” she said. “Then it might well be that there are multiple truths, not all of which are going to be told with every translation.” Wilson furthered her point with comparison to other art forms. Wilson stated that multiple performances on the same piece of music could be excellent in the same way that self-portraits could offer different things to see. Wilson emphasized the importance of translation within humanities education and its role in bridging two worlds: the ancient and the contemporary. She expressed her dedication to making classical texts accessible to a broader audience beyond the classics department, emphasizing the significance of engaging with these texts in the present moment. “Translation is about writing for people outside of [the] classics department and not just studying how Homer is received in each century but being a part of how he is received in this one,” Wilson said. Wilson’s priorities in translation extend beyond mere semantic meaning. She emphasized the importance of sound, specificity of style and emotional effects in conveying the richness of the original text. Moreover, Wilson highlighted the need for new translations of ancient texts. In each of her translations, Wilson strives to capture the distinct voice of the text and characters. She advocated for originality in interpretation of a text, believing in the power of “making it new” with each translation. “We need new translations of ancient texts because scholarship on these texts reveals new insights,” Wilson said. “Cultures change, and we ask new questions of old texts. And language changes and other translations can start to seem dated in ways that weren’t necessarily true for an ancient reader of the original.” Wilson concluded by explaining the significance of studying ancient texts. She pointed out themes in the Iliad with particular contemporary resonance, such as partisanship, technology’s influence on society, celebrity culture, inequalities and the glorification of violence." #metaglossia_mundus
"Background Migration is increasing globally, and societies are becoming more diverse and multi-ethnic. Medical school curricula should prepare students to provide high-quality care to all individuals in the communities they serve. Previous research from North America and Asia has assessed the effectiveness of medical cultural competency training, and student preparedness for delivery of cross-cultural care. However, student preparedness has not been explored in the European context. The aim of this study was to investigate how prepared final-year medical students in the Republic of Ireland (ROI) feel to provide care to patients from other countries, cultures, and ethnicities. In addition, this study aims to explore students’ experiences and perceptions of cross-cultural care. Methods Final-year medical students attending all six medical schools within the ROI were invited to participate in this study. A modified version of the Harvard Cross-Cultural Care Survey (CCCS) was used to assess their preparedness, skill, training/education, and attitudes. The data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0, and Fisher’s Exact Test was employed to compare differences within self-identified ethnicity groups and gender. Results Whilst most respondents felt prepared to care for patients in general (80.5%), many felt unprepared to care for specific ethnic patient cohorts, including patients from a minority ethnic background (50.7%) and the Irish Traveller Community (46.8%). Only 20.8% of final-year students felt they had received training in cross-cultural care during their time in medical school. Most respondents agreed that they should be assessed specifically on skills in cultural competence whilst in medical school (83.2%). Conclusions A large proportion of final-year medical students surveyed in Ireland feel inadequately prepared to care for ethnically diverse patients. Similarly, they report feeling unskilled in core areas of cross-cultural care, and a majority agree that they should be assessed on aspects of cultural competency. This study explores shortcomings in cultural competency training and confidence amongst Irish medical students. These findings have implications for future research and curricular change, with opportunities for the development of relevant educational initiatives in Irish medical schools..." #metaglossia_mundus
"Les services d’interprétation de la Chambre des communes sont suspendus jusqu’à nouvel ordre en raison d’un problème qui représente un danger de blessure pour les interprètes. Cette décision a été rendue jeudi après une enquête effectuée en vertu du Code canadien du travail, a appris La Presse. La Chambre des communes promet que la reprise des travaux parlementaires lundi ne sera pas compromise. Chambre des communes L’interprétation simultanée suspendue à cause des chocs acoustiques (Ottawa) Les services d’interprétation de la Chambre des communes sont suspendus jusqu’à nouvel ordre en raison d’un problème qui représente un danger de blessure pour les interprètes. Cette décision a été rendue jeudi après une enquête effectuée en vertu du Code canadien du travail, a appris La Presse. La Chambre des communes promet que la reprise des travaux parlementaires lundi ne sera pas compromise. « Le fait d’être exposé à un effet Larsen [retour de son] lors de l’utilisation d’un casque d’écoute constitue un danger pouvant causer des blessures graves. L’exposition répétée à l’effet Larsen peut créer des atteintes permanentes sur la santé auditive des interprètes », écrit l’agente de santé et sécurité Marie-Ève Bergeron Denis dans sa lettre d’instruction au Bureau de la traduction. Elle interdit donc le travail d’interprétation des débats parlementaires et des comités jusqu’à ce que le problème soit réglé. La situation a évolué rapidement et la Chambre des communes travaillait déjà vendredi à implanter des mesures de mitigation afin d’éviter de perturber la reprise des travaux parlementaires lundi, a indiqué son porte-parole Mathieu Gravel. On a évoqué en réunion le remplacement de l’ensemble des oreillettes dans les salles de comité en indiquant l’endroit précis où elles doivent être déposées pour éviter tout effet Larsen. L’interprétation simultanée dans les deux langues officielles est au cœur du fonctionnement du Parlement. « Un examen de ces mesures a eu lieu aujourd’hui et l’enquêtrice s’est dite satisfaite des mesures additionnelles qui ont été mises en place, a précisé par courriel M. Gravel. Le service d’interprétation que fournit le Bureau de la traduction à la Chambre des communes n’est donc pas interrompu pour la reprise des travaux lundi. » L’Association canadienne des employés professionnels, qui représente les interprètes permanents, a accueilli la décision du Programme du travail avec satisfaction. Son président, Nathan Prier, n’était pas disponible pour une entrevue au moment où nous écrivions ces lignes. C’est la première fois que la dangerosité de l’effet Larsen est confirmée. Une décision précédente rendue en 2023 avait plutôt mis l’accent sur le type de microphone utilisé. La Presse avait fait état il y a un an des problèmes auditifs vécus par les interprètes depuis la migration des travaux parlementaires en ligne durant la pandémie. La situation perdure avec l’adoption du mode hybride, qui permet aux élus et aux témoins de participer aux débats ou aux réunions à distance. Des interprètes ont continué de subir des chocs acoustiques causés par un effet Larsen. Des mesures ont déjà été mises en place par la Chambre des communes pour éviter les chocs acoustiques, notamment l’utilisation par les participants de casques d’écoute munis de microphones conformes à la norme ISO 20109, préalablement approuvés par le Bureau de la traduction. Des incidents ont tout de même continué de se produire. C’est d’ailleurs après qu’un interprète du Bureau de la traduction a subi un tel choc à la mi-avril qu’une nouvelle enquête a été lancée par le Programme du travail. Les travaux de la Chambre des communes doivent reprendre lundi. Les députés ont passé la dernière semaine en circonscription." #metaglossia_mundus
"Linguistic diversity has defined America since the beginning. APRIL 29, 2024 2:31 PM EDT Nobody knows how many languages Americans speak. The most exhaustive tally by the Census Bureau a decade ago found more than 350, but the actual number is likely to be several times that. A recent linguist-run survey has found 700 languages and counting in New York alone, making it the most linguistically diverse city on record. That means around 10 percent of the world’s languages are represented in America’s largest city, including not only all major national languages but hundreds of indigenous, minority, and primarily oral languages. Today many are highly endangered, even as their speakers are arriving. The city’s story may seem unique given its continuous record as an immigration gateway—from the founding of New Amsterdam as a multilingual port exactly 400 years ago next month to Ellis Island to the arrival of over 180,000 migrants in the last two years. But this is not just a New York story, it’s a deeply American one. Linguistic diversity has defined America since the beginning. Hundreds of Native languages are connected to this land, of which dozens are still spoken today and dozens of others are now being revived against extraordinary odds given histories of colonization, genocide, and displacement. The U.S. has never had an official language. Although English is the undisputed lingua franca and in no danger of ceding that position, multilingualism is fundamental, as in most of the world. Half of all New Yorkers speak a language other than English at home, and the same is true in Los Angeles, Miami, and San Jose. And while Spanish is now clearly the nation’s second language, hundreds of others from Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Asia-Pacific are widely spoken in communities across the U.S. In a country that reflects the world, there are no “truly foreign languages” that “nobody speaks,” as Donald Trump put it recently in a cryptic attack on immigration that he is clearly road testing for the campaign trail. Though their full linguistic richness remains uncharted, cities like Chicago, Atlanta, and Houston are starting to approach New York levels of diversity. In city after city, Indigenous languages are holding on against the pervasive pressure to shift to larger languages: Zapotec in LA, Yucatec Maya in San Francisco, Mam (a Mayan language of Guatemala) in Oakland. Hmong and Somali are an integral part of the Twin Cities, just as Amharic is in D.C. and Cape Verdean Creole is in Boston—to name just a few examples. t’s especially significant that many states and towns not known for their linguistic diversity are now vital hubs for endangered language communities: Speakers of Maay Maay from Somalia in Lewiston (Maine), Karen in Utica (New York), Marshallese in Springdale (Arkansas), K’iche’ in New Bedford (Massachusetts), Rhade and other Montagnard languages of Vietnam in Greensboro (North Carolina), and Tai Dam in central Iowa. These groups and many others constitute an unsung but expanding and very American archipelago of refuge, for many have come one way or another fleeing political and economic hardship. The arrival of once rural and remote languages into American towns and cities can bring bracing challenges, not just in terms of the provision of government services and civic life but because of differing conceptual worlds and communicative practices. But there are also tremendous opportunities, putting the country on the front line of efforts to document, maintain, and revitalize many of the world’s thousands of languages that are in danger of disappearing and taking with them vast reserves of knowledge and culture. The key role played by immigrants and refugees in reviving struggling towns and cities is increasingly recognized, but the importance of language is still consistently underestimated. As has been the case for centuries, those desperate enough to risk everything for a new life in America are more likely to be members of persecuted or marginalized ethnolinguistic or religious minorities, marked by distinctive languages which have much deeper roots than contemporary nation-states. Today they are Maya, Bantu, and Hazara as much as they are Guatemalan, Somali, or Afghan—and we need to understand those core identities. So far official data only captures a fraction of this diversity, which remains inaudible and invisible to the Census Bureau, let alone politicians and policymakers and most speakers of larger languages. Of New York City’s 700-plus languages, ten now receive explicit government recognition (requiring city agencies to translate common documents, for instance). Other recent progress is promising but patchy, from the Census Bureau updating its language coding system for better data collection to new city- and state-level language access bills (most recently in New Jersey). Yet now more than ever, “Ellis Island” is everywhere in America, bringing an unprecedented depth of human and cultural diversity. Now is the time to tune in to the hundreds of Indigenous and endangered languages spoken not only in major cities but right next door. The fate of both the languages and those who speak them increasingly rests on their survival and development in American diaspora, but there is currently very little in the way of linguistic support beyond the local efforts of individuals. Yet by serving as a haven for smaller groups from around the world seeking refuge and opportunity and by making space for their languages, our nation not only redeems some of its founding promise but becomes something more than a nation—a microcosm of our endangered and extraordinary planet, in all its languages. Adapted from Perlin’s new book Language City: The Fight to Preserve Endangered Mother Tongues in New Yor" #metaglossia_mundus
"Revealed: The 'new' French words in 2024 Emma Pearson - emma.pearson@thelocal.com Published: 29 Apr, 2024 CET.Updated: Mon 29 Apr 2024 16:00 CET After high-profile environmental campaigns, the word 'mégabassines' has now entered the French dictionary. The French dictionary Larousse has unveiled its latest list of the 'new' words that will be included in the next edition - from flat-earthers to zero waste, via fast-fashion and Beyoncé. As language constantly evolves so do dictionaries and compilers around the world regularly evaluate and judge the newest additions to the langue - with those judged to be durable words or phrases included in the latest edition of a dictionary. The compilers of France's Larousse dictionary have revealed that 150 new words will be added to the latest edition, which is due to be published on May 22nd. As you would expect there are several tech terms, but other new words include those related to conspiracy theories or wacky beliefs, while there is also a flurry of environmental terms. Some celebrities have also been given the ultimate accolade of being included in the dictionary. Here's a look at some of the French language's new additions - most of these have been in use for several years or longer, but words only get added once they are widely understood and used, and are judged to be durable additions to the language. Ideas Some of the words denote new ideas or concepts, or new words to speak about existing concepts, and several of these relate to 'culture war' type discourses, to which France is not immune. Masculinisme - masculinism or the believe that men are suffering due to the emancipation of women. Platisme - flat-earth belief or the belief that the planet earth is a flat disc, rather than a sphere. From the French plat (flat) - a person who believes in this theory is une platiste. If you want to talk more generally about someone who believes in conspiracy theories you can use the French word complotiste (from complot = plot). Afrodescendants - a person of African descent. In this context, the word usually means of relatively recent descent - ie within a few generations - since if you go back far enough in the history of time, archaeologists are pretty sure that the first human settlements were in Africa. It's interesting that the word is a new addition to the French dictionary since similar concepts have long existed in other languages, but this may be to do with the official 'colour blind' policy of the French state which has no official recognition of dual identities such as African-American. Empouvoirement - this is a direct translation of the English word 'empowering' - French does have its own words to suggest a group or individual gaining more power, including autonomisation or émancipation. Environment As environmental issues race up the political agenda and fears about the climate crisis become more important to everyday life, a number of words relating to environment, climate or climate-related actions have been added to the dictionary. Mégabassine - if you've been to the south-west France département of Deux-Sevrès recently you will almost certainly have seen signs and banners about mégabassines. These are huge underground water storage projects - the mégabassine project in Saint-Soline became particularly controversial with several violent clashes between police and protesters but mégabassine projects have been planned or completed in several areas of France. The signs "mégabassines non merci" are a common sight and refer not just specifically to the Saint-Soline project but a wider anxiety about who will control the precious resource that is water as the earth heats up and droughts become more common. You will sometimes also see simply 'bassines' used in the same context. Agrotoxique - potentially toxic chemicals used in agriculture. Although this might seem like a niche word really only of use to people who work within the agriculture sector, it too has entered the mainstream as debates rage about balancing the needs of the planet with the needs of agriculture - and whether consumers are prepared to pay more for food that is grown without chemicals. Ecogeste - a gesture or action taken for environmental reasons eg; going vegan, swapping your car for a bike or turning down your radiators - actions that the government wants to encourage more individuals to take. Although the English word 'gesture' carries a slight sense of something that is performative or not truly effective, the French geste simply means an action. For example during the Covid pandemic les gestes barrières was the umbrella term for actions such as hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing. Zéro déchet - zero waste. Most commonly used for households or even entire municipalities who have managed to re-use or recycle all of their waste and therefore send nothing to landfill. Polluant éternel - forever chemicals, ie chemicals or plastics that will never disappear or biodegrade from the earth, air or watercourses. English words Although the 'guardians' of the French language the Academie française are not keen at all on English words, the Larousse compilers are working based on the words that people actually use in daily life - and as such as few English phrases have snuck in. Fast-fashion - clothing that is cheap, intended to be worn just a few times and then replaced. These garments are often made in Asia in countries that have poor records on workers' rights. The French parliament is bringing in measures to limit 'fast fashion' for environmental reasons. If you want to use a French term for 'fast fashion' you could say 'la mode ultra rapide'. Skatepark - skateboarding in French is 'faire du skateboard' so it's perhaps not very surprising that the English word for the sports venue is now in the dictionary. Celebrities Larousse also includes around 40 celebrities - people whom it has judged have an enduring, high-profile fame in France. And if you have ever wondered about how famous you will need to be make it into the French dictionary, here are some of this year's new entries; American singer Beyoncé, Australian actress Cate Blanchett, Canadian singer Mylène Farmer, Belgian actress Virginie Efira and Iranian Nobel prize-winner Narges Mohammadi - plus of course some French celebs including actor Omar Sy, footballer Antoine Grizemann and rugby player Antoine Dupont." #metaglossia_mundus
"A night nurse in the casualty department at Rennes CHU hospital has built a simple medical translation website which allows French-speaking staff to communicate with patients in 200 countries’ languages. 'Medical terms can be complicated, even when people speak our language well' Emergency workers use the website to help them provide the right emergency care Kemal Taner/Shutterstock PUBLISHED Monday 29 April 2024 - 15:18 LAST UPDATED Monday 29 April 2024 - 15:31 A night nurse from a casualty department in northern France has built a simple medical translation website to help French-speaking staff to communicate with patients in different languages Marion Verdaguer, 43, taught herself how to build a website, and worked on the project during her time off from Rennes CHU hospital. “I saw a number of occasions where staff in the casualty unit were not able to communicate with foreign patients and make a diagnosis,” she told The Connexion. “Medical terms can be complicated, even when people speak our language well.” The OuiKer site can be accessed from a computer, tablet or smartphone and uses a map of the world on the front page to direct patients to the language pages. Other links give pdf files with common questions on childcare, X-rays, administration and anaesthesia as well as a Microsoft Bing automatic translator. Not only is it a vital source of information for English-speakers with limited French, but it also helps more advanced speakers with medical terminology, which can be difficult to get right, particularly in tense situations. Ms Verdaguer said there was normally someone available in the unit who could translate for patients speaking English, German or Spanish but this was rarely the case with other languages. She said: “I have used it myself while at work, and have convinced my colleagues to do so too. They find it reassuring to know that their questions will be understood and that patients can answer them by gesturing. “It is also good for the patients at what is often a stressful time.” She started work on the first version of the website in 2016. Known as TraLELHo, (traduction pour les étrangers à l'hôpital - translation for foreigners in hospital) she drew on support from volunteers in the online community, most of whom were medical professionals. Starting on the front page world map, users select a region or continent then click a country flag for a page with typical casualty unit queries in French and a translation in the country’s most widely-spoken language. In 2021, she published a new version of the site, OuiKer which she hopes will continue to grow. It is not aimed to help people perfect their French, rather to help them know what the nurse, doctor or administrator is asking. The questions cover the circumstances of their arrival at the casualty unit, pain, brain functions, breathing, circulation, illness, digestive problems and medical history. In total it features translations in 101 languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, Surinamese Dutch and Djibouti Arabic. Ms Verdaguer’s work was recognised by regional and medical authorities when she was awarded the Droits des usagers de la santé label that rewards initiatives making a significant contribution to healthcare. She said “The site is out there, and I am delighted if people find a use for it.” Using the site is free but people can donate via PayPal. Readers are also asked to help support the website by volunteering to find and correct errors or add new languages to the service." #metaglossia_mundus
"Columnist's note: Today's guest columnist, Ruanni Tupas, is one of the most important Filipino linguists of contemporary times. He is known internationally for his work on critical sociolinguistics, multilingualism and language education, especially unequal Englishes. He was someone I used to only read in books when I was a student and someone whom I will always look up to in our profession. – A.M. Borlongan Columnist's note: Today's guest columnist, Ruanni Tupas, is one of the most important Filipino linguists of contemporary times. He is known internationally for his work on critical sociolinguistics, multilingualism and language education, especially unequal Englishes. He was someone I used to only read in books when I was a student and someone whom I will always look up to in our profession. – A.M. Borlongan PHILIPPINE languages are not dialects. They are languages. I am an Aklanon. If I speak to my wife Mildred, who is from Pangasinan, in Aklanon, and she speaks back in Ilokano, granted that we do not know each other"s language, we will not be able to understand each other. This is because our languages are not mutually intelligible. Akeanon and Ilokano, in other words, are full-blown languages like English, French and German, and not mere dialects. Linguists employ the test of mutual intelligibility to find out if "languages" are indeed languages and not dialects or varieties of one language. But linguists are also the first to remind us that the test of mutual intelligibility, aside from the difficulty of determining boundaries between two languages, is not the only or final arbiter in determining whether a "language" is indeed a language or a dialect. Politics is part of the equation. In fact, politics is central to differentiating "language" from "dialect." The test of mutual intelligibility is a linguistic question. In a perfect world, this would have been sufficient in deciding whether one is a language or a dialect. But in the real world, different communities of speakers create their own "criteria" in determining whether one is a language or not. Get the latest news delivered to your inbox Sign up for The Manila Times newsletters When I deliver talks or conduct workshops for students, teachers and parents, I am always saddened but not surprised to know that the majority of participants think our Philippine languages are dialects. In other words, most participants themselves think that the Philippine languages they speak do not have a status equal to that of being called a language. I begin with the test of mutual intelligibility, reminding them that if two languages are not mutually intelligible, then they must be separate languages. Again, I am even more saddened but unsurprised to receive aggressive responses. Not only do they insist that Philippine languages are dialects. They angrily tell me that I am wrong. In most cases, they say, "My teachers taught us" that they are dialects, not languages, or "I learned it in a teaching material my school asked us to read." In other words, our schools taught us that our own languages are not worthy of being called "languages." My next move would then be to ask them why. This is where we come to terms with the "indexicality" of Philippine languages. Indexicality mainly refers to the values and meanings we attach to something, such as a language or an accent. A particular accent, for example, may be "cool" or "backward." A particular language may be "modern" or "traditional." The indexicality of a language is one reason why people love or hate it. Always instantly, they tell me that Philippine languages are dialects because they are "only" local languages. They have limited use. Notice the use of "only," as if saying that our languages are not valuable cultural possessions. "Lokal lang."And indeed, this is what they next tell me. Our languages are "only" local, thus they are "not really important." In our exchanges, things then become clear to me: many Filipinos believe that their own languages are mere dialects because they are not valuable or important. They index backwardness, being "un-modern." This explains, therefore, why many of the participants in my workshops have a "deficit" view of multilingualism. They are all multilingual, speaking at least two languages; in fact, many shift between different languages (including English and Filipino) in everyday communication. But because of their low regard for their own "local" languages, they do not teach them to their children. Worse, they take pride in the fact that they and their children struggle to speak in their own languages, including Filipino. Despite being multilingual, the standard of good communication is being able to speak in fluent English. Being multilingual is not a source of pride; being able to speak in English is. I then ask one question, which gives them time to reflect on their own biases: Do you really need to lose your own language in order to be proficient in English? Another way of asking is: Can we all be proficient in English and still be fluent in our own Philippine languages? We all acknowledge that the Philippines is a multilingual country and that we are multilingual Filipinos. But our views are not the same. Some of us have a "subtractive" view of multilingualism. This is the belief – a mistaken belief at that – that in order to learn English, we need to let go of our languages. One word comes up here all the time: "interfere." Philippine languages "interfere" with the learning of English. They confuse our children in their learning of English. Notice how "interfere" positions our languages negatively. They are undesirable. When choosing between our own languages and English, we are willing to get rid of our languages just so we can learn English. In many instances, we engage in "self-deprecation." We devalue our own languages, cultures and identities because we believe they come in the way of being "modern", "global," or "educated." ADVERTISEMENT A different view is "additive" multilingualism. What this simply means is that in learning a new language, we "add" that language to our existing linguistic repertoire. We do not throw away what we already have (our own languages). We keep them as we "add" more languages. This view does not believe that our languages interfere with the learning of English. We have a different word for it: "facilitate." Our own languages facilitate the learning of English. We also use the word "shape." Our own languages shape the way we learn English. In other words, the additive view has a fundamentally positive and constructive view of Philippine languages. They are not useless. In fact, they are helpful in the learning of English. And a lot of research in language pedagogy and second language acquisition provides evidence that additive multilingualism works. For example, learners who grew up learning and using their mother tongues are able to transfer their cognitive learning skills to learning another language, English for example. This should not really be surprising. We only need to see "beyond" the Philippines and our Filipino diasporic communities to know that children around us are fluent in their own languages yet speak additional languages as well. And these children, truth be told, are the ones who have done very well in school, for example in reading, mathematics and science. A lot of times, when I advertise my talks on social media, I read some comments (many from fellow scholars, too!) that ask, "Wala na bang iba? Paulit-ulit na lang." They, of course, refer to my topic on Philippine languages as not dialects. Don't I have other topics to discuss? They think that this is a matter that has already been long settled that. ADVERTISEMENT I disagree. As I mentioned at the start of this article, my experience is that most of those who attend my talks and workshops (and my brave guess is, most Filipinos) still think that our own languages are mere dialects. They are not as good and as important as other languages in the world such as English. Therefore, we can let go of them because what they do is only to stop us from learning English well. Philippine languages are languages. This is not just a different statement. It is a different worldview, one that values Philippine multilingualism positively and constructively. Ruanni Tupas is an associate professor of sociolinguistics in education at the Department of Culture, Communication, and Media, Institute of Education, University College London. He is also the program leader of the MA in Tesol In-Service at the department's Center for Applied Linguistics. He was previously affiliated with the University of the Philippines Diliman, the National University of Singapore, and the National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University." #metaglossia_mundus
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"Découvrez comment tirer le meilleur parti de cette fonctionnalité pour faciliter vos lectures et recherches multilingues.
Dans l’univers numérique en constante évolution, la barrière de la langue représente un défi significatif pour les professionnels et les étudiants du monde entier. Microsoft Edge, le navigateur web développé par Microsoft, offre une solution élégante à ce problème grâce à sa fonctionnalité de traduction de fichiers PDF. Cette capacité permet aux utilisateurs de surmonter les obstacles linguistiques en traduisant des documents rapidement et facilement.
Dans cet article, nous explorerons en détail comment utiliser cette fonctionnalité, en nous appuyant sur deux méthodes principales de traduction, ainsi que sur des astuces supplémentaires et des alternatives pour enrichir votre expérience de traduction.
Sommaire [Afficher]
Une introduction à la traduction de fichiers PDF
La traduction de documents est une nécessité dans de nombreux contextes professionnels et académiques, permettant une meilleure compréhension et une collaboration sans frontières. Microsoft Edge répond à ce besoin avec une fonction intégrée qui simplifie la traduction de fichiers PDF sans avoir besoin de logiciels tiers.Méthode 1 : Traduction d’une sélection de texte
Pour ceux qui ont besoin de traduire des extraits spécifiques d’un document, cette méthode est idéale. Voici les étapes à suivre :
Cette méthode est particulièrement utile pour les utilisateurs qui ne nécessitent que la traduction de sections spécifiques d’un document, permettant une économie de temps et d’effort considérable.
Méthode 2 : Traduction du document entier
Pour ceux qui ont besoin d’une compréhension globale du contenu, traduire l’ensemble du document est la solution. Les étapes sont les suivantes :
Cette approche est recommandée pour les utilisateurs nécessitant une traduction complète et cohérente du document, garantissant ainsi une compréhension exhaustive du matériel.
Conseils supplémentaires et remarques
Alternatives à Microsoft Edge
Bien que Microsoft Edge offre une solution intégrée pour la traduction de fichiers PDF, d’autres outils sont disponibles pour ceux qui cherchent des alternatives :
FAQ sur la traduction de fichiers PDF avec Microsoft Edge
Quelle est la qualité de la traduction offerte par Microsoft Edge ?
La qualité peut varier selon les langues source et cible, mais Microsoft Edge s’appuie sur Microsoft Translator pour fournir des traductions fiables et de qualité.
Peut-on ajuster la langue source et la langue cible ?
Oui, vous pouvez modifier ces paramètres à tout moment pour améliorer la précision de la traduction.
Existe-t-il des alternatives à la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge ?
Oui, des extensions de navigateur comme Google Translate et des services en ligne comme DeepL offrent des fonctionnalités de traduction alternatives.
A retenir
En conclusion, Microsoft Edge simplifie la traduction de fichiers PDF, rendant les documents accessibles à un public plus large, indépendamment des barrières linguistiques. Que vous ayez besoin de traduire une section spécifique ou l’intégralité d’un document, cette fonctionnalité est un atout précieux pour naviguer dans le paysage numérique multilingue d’aujourd’hui. N’hésitez pas à partager votre expérience avec la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge ou à discuter des alternatives que vous avez trouvées utiles.
Voici un tableau récapitulatif des méthodes de traduction de fichiers PDF avec Microsoft Edge, ainsi que des remarques importantes et des alternatives disponibles :
Critère Traduction d’une sélection de texte Traduction du document entier Remarques Alternatives Processus 1. Ouvrir le fichier PDF dans Edge.2. Sélectionner le texte à traduire.
3. Cliquer sur l’icône Traduction.
4. Choisir la langue de traduction.
5. Lire la traduction dans un panneau latéral. 1. Ouvrir le PDF dans Edge.
2. Cliquer sur « Plus d’actions » (trois points).
3. Sélectionner « Traduire le document ».
4. Choisir la langue de traduction.
5. Le document traduit s’ouvre dans un nouvel onglet. La qualité de la traduction peut varier selon la langue source et cible. Les utilisateurs peuvent ajuster ces langues à tout moment. Extensions de navigateur (Google Translate, Adobe Acrobat Pro DC), Services en ligne (DeepL, Reverso) Utilisation recommandée Pour traduire des extraits ou des sections spécifiques d’un document. Pour une compréhension complète et globale du contenu d’un document. Microsoft Edge utilise Microsoft Translator, ce qui peut affecter la précision des traductions pour certaines langues. Les alternatives peuvent offrir des options de traduction plus avancées ou de meilleure qualité pour certaines langues. Fonctionnalités supplémentaires Agrandissement du texte, recherche de termes, vocalisation des termes surlignés dans le panneau de traduction. Visionnement du document dans un nouvel onglet facilitant la lecture et la compréhension.
Ce tableau offre une vue d’ensemble des options disponibles pour la traduction de fichiers PDF dans Microsoft Edge, soulignant les différences clés entre les méthodes de traduction de texte sélectionné et de documents entiers, ainsi que des conseils pratiques et des alternatives pour les utilisateurs à la recherche d’autres solutions.
N’oubliez pas d’explorer ces options pour trouver celle qui correspond le mieux à vos besoins de traduction. Quelle méthode préférez-vous et pourquoi ? Partagez vos expériences et vos suggestions pour aider d’autres utilisateurs à naviguer dans leurs options de traduction."
#metaglossia_mundus