Immunology and Biotherapies

Immunotherapies for cancer are demonstrating increasing success. These agents can amplify existent antitumour immunity or induce durable antitumour immune responses in a wide array of cancers. The spectrum of immunotherapeutics is broad, spanning monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives, tumour vaccines, and adoptive therapies using T cells and natural killer cells.

Only a small number of immunotherapies have been tested in paediatric cancers, but impressive antitumour effects have already been observed. Mononclonal antibodies targeting GD2 that induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity improve survival in high-risk neuroblastoma. Bi-specific monoclonal antibodies that simultaneously target CD19 and activate T cells can induce remission in acute B-cell lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) and adoptive immunotherapy using T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors targeting CD19 induce impressive responses in B-ALL. Efforts are underway to generate and test new immunotherapies in a wider array of paediatric cancers. Major challenges include a need to identify immunotherapy targets on the most lethal childhood cancers, to expand availability of technology-intense platforms, such as adoptive cell therapy, to optimize management of novel toxicities associated with this new class of cancer therapies and to determine how best to incorporate these therapies into standard treatment paradigms.

Via Krishan Maggon

TIL Technology 

In the early stages of cancer, special immune cells known as tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) migrate to the tumor and launch an attack.  However, this effect is usually short-lived because cancer adapts to evade immune detection and suppress immune response. Lion’s TIL technology is designed to overcome the immunosuppressive effects of cancer, while leveraging and enhancing the power of TILs to treat, and potentially cure, all solid tumors.

Our TIL technology has demonstrated robust efficacy in Phase 2 clinical trials, indicating objective response rates of 49% in Stage 4 metastatic melanoma.  Based on an adoptive cell therapy regimen developed by Steven A. Rosenberg, MD, chief of surgery at National Cancer Institute (NCI), it is currently in use as a physician-sponsored investigational treatment for Stage IV metastatic melanoma at NCI, MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer & Research Institute.

Via Krishan Maggon

Engineered T cell CAR therapy

 

A revolution is taking place in the field of adoptive immunotherapy, where T cells armed with a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) are being used to fight cancerous cells. Genome engineering is at the heart of this revolution. This groundbreaking technology relies mainly on the use of engineered nucleases and makes it possible to modify the genome of the T cell to give it new properties. Specifically, the engineered T cell can be transformed into an allogeneic product, or it can resist existing cancer treatments or even overcome checkpoint inhibition. Genome engineering is regarded as one of the most important breakthroughs of recent years, and is about to revolutionize immunotherapy. 

Decades of research have shown that it is possible to improve the ability of T cells to fight diseases by genome engineering. For example, T cells can be engineered by adding a new gene (called a chimeric antigen receptor or CAR) that will boost their ability to recognize and destroy cancer cells. Another possibility for T cells is to inactivate an existing gene that damages the immune response.

The possibilities provided by T cell genome engineering are endless. Very sophisticated strategies can be designed at will to open the door for a new era of treatments in indications such as infectious diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancer.

 

Chimeric Antigen Receptors (CARs) are artificial molecules that, when present at the surface of immune effector cells, will enable them to recognize a desired protein (antigen) and trigger the killing of cells harboring this antigen at their surface (target cells).

These receptors are becoming one of the most promising approaches to fight cancer, through the development of adoptive cell transfer therapies. Indeed, immune cells (most usually T-lymphocytes) can be engineered to express a CAR able to recognize proteins present at the surface of cancer cells. Upon cell-to-cell contact between effector and targeted cells, antigen recognition will activate the effectors, giving them the signal to attack their targets, and leading ultimately to the killing of cancer cells.

CARs are constructed by assembling domains from different proteins, each of which enables the chimeric molecule to carry out specific functions. The most common CAR architecture comprises an extracellular domain containing a region that recognizes the targeted antigen and a spacer region that links it to the transmembrane domain (the part of the protein that spans the cellular membrane). This is then followed by an intracellular domain, responsible for transmitting an activation signal to the cell upon antigen recognition, causing the CAR-engineered cell to attack the tumor cell.

The target-binding moiety is usually derived from an antibody, while the intracellular portion can include, besides the domain leading to cell activation and cytotoxic response, one or more domains from co-stimulatory receptor proteins that could enhance the proliferative capacity and survival of the “therapeutic” cells.

Cellectis is currently developing a collection of CARs targeting antigens present on cells from various types of cancer, as well as a proprietary multi-chain architecture of these artificial receptors, aiming to further increase the efficacy of adoptive cell therapies in the future.

CELLECTIS’ UCART19 RECEIVES ADVANCED-THERAPY MEDICINAL PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION FROM EMAJune 23, 2014

 

READ MORE READ THE PRESS RELEASEPFIZER AND CELLECTIS ENTER INTO GLOBAL STRATEGIC CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY COLLABORATIONJune 18, 2014 

Via Krishan Maggon

Via Krishan Maggon