Web components are basically small encapsuled units inside of a website or web application(like for example the HTML5 video element). They include their own styling(CSS) and their own behaviour(JS). And this is the main advantage of them. Imagine little pieces inside of your web app, that are not influenced by the global stylesheet and whose children are not affected by any written JavaScript function. This way you end up with a box of bricks and the only thing to do is putting them together easily. Additionally you can use them whereever you want, because they include everything they need to look awesome and to behave awesome. Sounds really like a dream to me. :)
I started looking around and decided to use polymer.js (written by the Google guys) to play around with the principle of web components. Unfortunately they are rarely supported these days and this library gives me the opportunity to use this technique already today by providing needed polyfills.
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Jan Hesse