Metaglossia: The Translation World

"For half a century, Edwin and Willa Muir's translations were how the Anglophone world read Kafka. A prize-winning study of his translators barely registers their contribution.

The Penguin Modern Classics edition of Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis. 

Kafkaesque: Ten Great Writers Translate the Twentieth Century, Maïa Hruska, translated by Sam Taylor, William Collins, £16.99

In 1995, a zanily inventive Scottish film won the Oscar for best live-action short. Two decades before his stint as the 12th incarnation of Doctor Who, Peter Capaldi wrote and directedFranz Kafka’s It’s a Wonderful Life. Richard E Grant, as the tormented author in his Prague garret, struggles in the face of endless interruptions to decide the kind of metamorphosis to inflict on his hapless hero, Gregor Samsa. A banana? A kangaroo? The arrival of a (misdirected) joke-shop costume, and a squashed cockroach, show him that it has to be a giant ‘insect’.

The joke works because everybody knows that Kafka – modern prophet of alienation and victimisation, invoked even when unread – converted poor Gregor into a big bug. That ‘insect’, however, owes its existence to two other Scots – except that neither exactly fitted that description. Willa and Edwin Muir – Willa born in Angus to parents from Shetland, Edwin a proud ‘Orkneyman’ who called himself a ‘good Scandinavian’ – published their translation of Kafka’s Metamorphosis (Die Verwandlung) in 1933. The couple’s pioneering advocacy of Kafka’s works began with The Castle in 1929. It would continue until an edition of In the Penal Colony, with other stories, in 1948.

Thirty years of literary wandering, from 1919 to 1950, took the Muirs to new-born Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy and several short-term British homes. They wrote (fiction, poetry and criticism as well as translations), taught and – in Edwin’s case – held senior British Council posts in Edinburgh, Prague and Rome. In addition to translations – not only from Kafka, but such landmark modern German novels as Hermann Broch’s The Sleepwalkers – Edwin built up a body of visionary, myth-inspired verse. Seamus Heaney would later praise his poetry for its unique ‘stand-off with modernity’, and rank it with the great ‘tragic ironists’ of postwar Europe. Willa wrote formally ambitious satirical novels (Imagined Corners, Mrs Ritchie) and, a stalwart if eccentric feminist, saw her treatise Women: an Inquiry published by Leonard and Virginia Woolf’s Hogarth Press in 1925.

The pair sometimes regretted becoming a ‘translation factory’, first of all to pay their modest expats’ bills. Edwin’s 1954 Autobiography laments that the craft ‘began as a resource and hardened into a necessity’. Willa, a prize-winning classicist at the University of St Andrews, was the finer linguist of the two. She had spells of resentment at the assumption that she had served as a sort of technical assistant to her creative husband, and at the ‘whole current of patriarchal society’ that made her invisible. ‘Edwin only helped,’ one journal entry complains in 1953, although other accounts testify to a process of complete equality. They reportedly tore books in half, tossed a coin to pick a portion, and later revised each other’s labours.

However they split the job, the results proved solid and durable. The Muirs gave Kafka a distinctive voice in English for half a century: fluent, formal, enigmatic and mesmeric. They worked from the – now-amended – texts that Kafka’s friend Max Brod edited, after he had declined to honour the author’s dying request in 1924 to destroy all unpublished manuscripts. In the 1980s, a team led by the Oxford scholar (and friend of Kafka’s niece, Marianne Steiner) Malcolm Pasley began to issue revised editions. Only then did a fresh wave of English translations start to supplant the Muirs’. But it was Willa and Edwin who ventriloquised the writer that I (and countless other readers) first encountered; who chose, for example, a ‘gigantic insect’ for Kafka’s sinister ungeheueres Ungeziefer. Does the creepily non-specific ‘monstrous vermin’, or something similar, do a better job? The Muirs’ successors think so. They seldom hold back in denunciations of the work of the impecunious, vagabond not-quite Scots, as too ‘faulty, too domesticated, too in sync with Max Brod’s Messianic vision of the texts… and too lacking in humour’ (a summary verdict from Michelle Woods’s valuable 2014 study Kafka Translated).

According to their detractors, the Muirs conveyed to the Anglosphere a Kafka who sounded too smooth, too sombre and too saintly. Still, their achievement deserves loud hosannas. Almost by chance, they ran across the uncanny, disorienting and inexhaustibly strange works that would help define the culture of the century, and fought against stiff odds to make them common coinage in every Anglophone domain. In 1936, in a letter to Stephen Spender while translating The Trial, Edwin writes that Kafka’s ‘fascination is simply endless’, and that ‘a feeling of greatness comes to me in every sentence’.

He and Willa transmitted that greatness to several literary generations. They did so in the teeth of penury, insecurity and prejudice. In the early 1940s, the self-taught Orkney smallholder’s child tried to find a teaching role at St Andrews. Although TS Eliot and John Buchan submitted testimonials, the professor of English swatted Muir away as ‘a crofter’s son who has never been to university’. So he stamped ration books in Dundee instead. Now tenured academics with hefty grants can bask in the celebrity of Kafka and pass judgment on the near-penniless strivers who first made him known.

At least Kafka’s English translators from the post-Pasley era grapple with the Muirs, if only to usurp them. Breon Mitchell, for example, who translated The Trial in 1998, allows that the duo managed a ‘readable and stylistically refined’ version, albeit one that smoothed over the idiosyncrasies of the German text. But that very ‘domestication’, so deplored by the Muirs’ heirs, helped inject this unsettling author into our literary bloodstream. Most readers confronted, then or now, with a literary personality as singular and baffling as Kafka’s would very happily settle for ‘readable and stylistically refined’. The Muirs – marginal itinerants uneasy with the dominant Scottish, never mind British, literary culture – did not enjoy the luxury of institutional radicalism.

Now, in a Kafka-like twist, their vilification has led to total erasure. Just published in the UK and US, in Sam Taylor’s translation from French, Kafkaesque is the prize-winning debut of the Czech-French writer Maïa Hruska. Subtitled ‘Ten great writers translate the twentieth century’, it traces Kafka’s impact on a selection of authors who directly translated, or otherwise interpreted, his work. They include Jorge Luis Borges (responsible for 18 Kafka translations into Spanish), Bruno Schulz (who, with his fiancée Józefina Szelińska, translated The Trial into Polish), Paul Celan, and even Primo Levi. The Auschwitz-surviving author of The Periodic Table embarked on an Italian Trial in 1982, commissioned by Italo Calvino. Levi, whose own death-camp experience seemed to ratify Kafka’s status as the arch-prophet of deadly bureaucratic inhumanity, found it a ‘pathogenic book’ and felt tainted by his work.

Hruska has written an engaging, often moving, work, more aphoristic personal essay than systematic study. She understands why Kafka appealed to homeless and displaced creative minds, around Europe and beyond, amid the storms of 20th-century history. And she explains that their involvement with this most unsheltered of writers formed part of a quest for an impregnable pokoj: a Czech word for private dwelling-place, or inner sanctum, which she glosses as ‘the elementary cell of the self’. Hruska (whose grandmother’s name was Ludmilla Kafka) eloquently grasps that Kafka’s early champions navigated an era of genocide, dictatorship and total war, with ‘the possibility of a theft, a crash, an expulsion, a disaster’ forever at their doors. Pretty often – as with Schulz, murdered by a German officer in 1942 – that possibility smashed through into actuality.

Yet, in a rather Kafkaesque act of obliteration, the Muirs appear nowhere in the body of this work (they do merit three citations in the bibliography). It’s not as if Hruska, as a Francophone, chooses to ignore English translations. She has a section on Eugene Jolas, the avant-garde Franco-American editor who translated a few stories, and shows how Jewish academic exiles made Kafka ‘a mainstay of Ivy League curricula’ in postwar America. She says not a word, though, about the ubiquitous English versions – the Muirs’ – that originally embedded his fiction in Anglophone literature courses everywhere.

Neither does Hruska dismiss ‘flawed’ translations, nor treat Kafka’s foreign reception as a story of progress towards glitch-free comprehension. Quite the contrary: she respects early versions as artefacts of their age and makers, and – channelling Borges – finds that: ‘Each translation leaves behind a space for the next one, as if the Tower of Babel was being built as it collapsed.’ Outsiders translating the ultimate outsider, the Muirs would slot neatly into the thesis and the mood of Kafkaesque. Hruska applauds, for instance, the work of Alexandre Vialatte: a charmingly irreverent Auvergnat maverick who brought Kafka into French as a labour of love. After Vialatte’s death in 1971, he suffered the indignity of having his translations publicly, pompously ‘corrected’ in the canonical Pléiade edition. ‘Perhaps’, as Hruska puts it, ‘the most important thing was to bring this unknown, uneducated nobody from the Auvergne down a peg or two.’

Since the Muirs faced a parallel devaluation, it’s sad that this account of literary occlusion and forgetting should itself rub out their memory. More approachable, less analytic, than Woods’s Kafka Translated, Hruska’s book may become the go-to volume for lay readers who want to know how Kafka made his way from the far fringes of German-speaking Jewish culture in late-Habsburg Bohemia into the universal currency of literature. Regrettably, it effaces one crucial stage of that journey, and the writers who enabled it.

In later life, Willa Muir feared just such erasure. ‘Edwin’s poems will live,’ she confided to her diary – ‘But of himself only a legend. Of me, only a very distorted legend.’ Not entirely: Faber does keep Edwin’s poetry in print, while Canongate has a portmanteau anthology (Imagined Selves) of her fiction and essays. Yet their Kafka translations still circulate, still introduce newcomers to a spirit and a style that, once read, will stay with them forever. Often scorned, now ignored, the pair have not quite yet endured the fate of Gregor as Metamorphosis ends, reduced to a dry husk to be swept out with the trash. ‘You don’t need to bother about how to get rid of the thing next door,’ their charlady tells the Samsas (in the Muirs’, still supremely involving, translation): ‘It’s been seen to already.’"
https://engelsbergideas.com/reviews/the-forgotten-scots-who-gave-kafka-his-voice/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"A tale of two ‘contexts’: ideological differences in the translations of UN political speeches by human interpreters and by ChatGPT4o

This study interrogates the ideological disparities between ChatGPT4o and human interpreters in rendering Chinese political speeches delivered at the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) from 2008 to 2023. Drawing on van Dijk’s socio-cognitive Context Model, it examines how ‘context’ is operationalised regarding (1) role-relation engagement through deictic pronouns, (2) the modulation of agency via modal verbs, and (3) the treatment of culturally embedded metaphors, which carry significant ideological implications. With corpus-assisted critical discourse analysis and qualitative interpretation, the study illuminates that human interpreters, informed by sociopolitical cognisance and cognitive adaptability, actively mediate discourse to align with the speakers’ ideological positioning through discursive amplification. Conversely, ChatGPT4o, limited by its token-based algorithmic architecture, tends toward literal translations in parallel with its diluting key ideological markers. These divergences underscore the epistemologically grounded differences between human cognition and algorithmic processing, pointing to the sensitivity of human interpreters in ideologically laden contexts alongside the opacity of large language models."

Published: 09 June 2026
Fei Gao & Binhua Wang
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (2026)

We are providing an unedited version of this manuscript to give early access to its findings. Before final publication, the manuscript will undergo further editing. Please note there may be errors present which affect the content, and all legal disclaimers apply
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-026-07877-7
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Rylo raises $85M to expand AI communication tools for deaf and hard-of-hearing users

The company, formerly known as Nagish, said the funding will support its expansion from phone-call captioning into a broader AI-powered communication platform.

 

The financing includes growth funding from General Catalyst’s Customer Value Fund, along with a new investment by Canaan and participation from existing investors Vertex Ventures and Contour. 

 

The company said the round brings its total financing to more than $100 million.

 

WHAT IT DOES 

 

Founded in 2021 as Nagish, Rylo offers an FCC-certified platform that provides real-time captioning and text-to-speech capabilities for phone calls and in-person communication. 

 

The company said its Rylo Phone app will continue to offer those core features while it develops additional AI-powered tools for workplace accessibility, network improvements, speaker characteristics, sentiment analysis and real-time fraud detection.

 

The rebrand reflects the company’s planned expansion beyond phone call captioning into a broader communication platform for deaf and hard-of-hearing users, Rylo said in a statement, also noting the name Rylo combines the concepts of "relay" and "rely."

 

MARKET SNAPSHOT

 

In 2024, Rylo announced $16 million in funding, including an $11 million Series A and $5 million in seed funding. 

 

Rylo acquired Sign.mt in 2025, a company focused on real-time sign language translation. That acquisition helped lead to Rylo Sign, an AI-powered sign language platform designed to support translation between signed and spoken languages.

 

About 15% of American adults, or 37.5 million people ages 18 and older, report some trouble hearing, according to the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.

 

Digital health and technology companies have been building communication and hearing tools for several years. 

 

In Fall of 2024, Apple received FDA clearance for over-the-counter hearing aid software for AirPods Pro headphones that uses machine learning to adjust sounds to users’ hearing needs.

 

The hearing technology market has also seen AI-enabled product development. Soundwave Hearing received FDA 510(k) clearance in 2023 for self-fitting over-the-counter hearing aids that use mobile technology and AI calibration capabilities. 

 

Voiceitt launched an app designed to help people with non-standard speech communicate with others and use voice-command devices. The company raised $10 million in Series A funding in 2020 to support its speech-recognition technology for people with speech and motor disabilities.

 

Google unveiled Live Transcribe and Sound Amplifier in 2019, with one app designed to transcribe speech to text and the other designed to amplify certain sounds and reduce background noise.

 

A 2018 roundup of voice applications in healthcare included Ava, VocaliD and Voiceitt among companies using voice technology to support people with speech or hearing difficulties."

 

By Eve Bender | June 12, 2026 | 4:00 PM

https://www.mobihealthnews.com/news/rylo-raises-85m-expand-ai-communication-tools-deaf-and-hard-hearing-users

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

We should express due appreciation for the pontiff’s profound effort to understand AI, and we should also welcome and encourage the unique power of language—its ability to bridge gaps, to encapsulate and disseminate experience, to inspire and encourage expression.

"The very first story in the Judeo-Christian tradition about humans forging supernatural beings can be found in Tractate Sanhedrin of the Babylonian Talmud.

 

The tale dates to the third century, and it records an ill-fated effort by a leading rabbinic figure to create an artificial man. The Hebrew letters composing the three words (רָבָא בְּרָא גַּבְרָא) are interchanged, anagrammed, in a virtuosic manipulation of language, as if to underline the uniquely human ability to employ words in all their nuance.

 

But Rava’s creature itself proved incapable of speech, and the story ends when Rabbi Zeira, Rava’s mentor, consigns the anthropoid to the dustbin. Without the power of language, the Talmud tells us, artificial entities are, at best, worthless and, at worst, dangerous.

 

This story swirled through my head earlier this week as I read Magnifica Humanitas, the thoughtful, constructive, and eloquent encyclical recently issued by Pope Leo XIV. As neither a Christian nor an expert in church doctrine, I’m unqualified to weigh in on Leo’s application of Catholic principles to contemporary debates over AI. But as someone who has researched and written about how ancient Jewish sources inform our understanding of this groundbreaking technology, I was struck by how the encyclical presented an incomplete perspective on how traditional conceptions of the power of language can and should influence our thinking about AI.

 

The pope contrasted two biblical constructs: the Tower of Babel and the Wall of Nehemiah. In the former story, situated in Genesis following the flood, humanity sets forth to build a tower ascending to the heavens. The builders were able to coordinate only because “everyone on earth spoke the same language and the same words.” Regarding this uniformity and what it allows humanity to do as a rebellion, God confounds their language into a babble—pun very much intended—and the project collapses.

 

By contrast, as Leo recounts beautifully, in the Book of Nehemiah, set in the sixth century B.C., the eponymous prophet collects the remnant of Jews who survived the Babylonians’ destruction of the Holy Temple and coordinates their reconstruction of Jerusalem—a joyous occasion of renewal of God’s covenant.

 

On one hand, the encyclical laments the hubris and arrogance of the tower builders. On the other hand, the pontiff heaped praise upon Nehemiah and his followers, noting how “the narrative shows how the city is reborn, not through the initiative of one man, but through the shared responsibility of all: men, women, priests, artisans, heads of households and young people all play a part.”

 

This sharply drawn binary represents a useful and poignant scaffolding for building an understanding of how tools can be made and used for good and for ill. It forms the backbone of the encyclical’s analysis of AI, and it figures to become a cornerstone of a practical and ethical understanding of technology and its limitations.

 

But precisely because of the importance of this paradigm, I humbly suggest that the encyclical neglects a key element of the Babel story: the appropriate role of language in society and in AI models.

 

Biblical sources distinguish humans from animals through the power of speech, and ancient, medieval, and early modern Jewish authorities amplify this message. Rava’s creature could not communicate and was therefore less than human.

 

Centuries later, Rava’s spiritual descendant, Rabbi Eleazar of medieval Germany, described how to animate a humanoid from a lump of clay. The would-be creator must sequentially read aloud Hebrew letters and word fragments to the clay in a manner eerily reminiscent of how today’s AI models undergo training. Rabbi Eleazar also prohibited individuals from creating these anthropoids on their own for their own private benefit, instead insisting that the act be performed in collaboration with others.

 

And, perhaps most famously, Rabbi Yehuda Loew of 16th-century Prague summoned a golem from the Vltava River. He did this by chanting a mystical rendition of the Genesis story, one that employed Hebrew letters whose kabbalistic numerical value totaled 310, equal to the value of the word yesh, or “existence.” The golem sought to defend the persecuted Jewish community confined to the ghetto in Prague.

 

These legendary feats of linguistic brilliance created superhuman creatures designed to protect and nurture the community—something of the essence of the beneficent type of AI that Pope Leo seeks to foster.

 

And that verbal beneficence indeed has parallels in today’s technology. As Yuval Levin observed in The New Atlantis, we call these products “large language models” for a reason. “AI has essentially broken all language barriers,” Levin argues, “not only between human languages but, more importantly, between human language and computing language.”

 

Yet, per Magnifica Humanitas, this linguistic breakthrough enriches human experience and should be welcomed. Leo quite correctly urges us to eschew “the pretense that a single language — even a digital one — can translate everything, including the mystery of the person, into data and performance” and instead to embrace a “plurality of voices and visions.” But far from constituting a single, uniform language, LLMs expand and enhance our understanding of the spoken and written word across an extraordinarily wide variety of templates. In this way, perhaps, AI made and used well combines the best of the Babel and Nehemiah stories: It both adopts and fosters the multiplicity of language and experience.

 

Put differently, today’s AI models do not flatten or steamroll language but, instead, improve our ability to understand the world and, more importantly, one another. Yes, some versions of ChatGPT and Claude tend to use similar vocabularies and sentence and paragraph structures. And it’s true that modern technology generally threatens certain endangered languages. 

 

But real-time translation, instant transcription, advanced cultural research, and similar offerings of LLMs preserve the robustness of a multiplicity of linguistic and cultural forms while dramatically improving access to them across geographies and other barriers. As Levin puts it, contemporary AI software “allows people and computers to communicate with each other in our own natural language without needing to translate between that language and various forms of computing scripts.” 

 

In this sense, LLMs are the anti-Babel: They respect and amplify the diversity of linguistic and cultural experiences; they embrace the nuances of the spoken and written word; and they render uniformity obsolete. For this reason, we should express due appreciation for the pontiff’s profound effort to understand AI, and we should also welcome and encourage the unique power of language—its ability to bridge gaps, to encapsulate and disseminate experience, to inspire and encourage expression. This is what large language models facilitate, and it’s precisely what makes humanity magnificent."

by Michael M. Rosen

Nonresident Senior Fellow

June 07, 2026

https://www.aei.org/op-eds/what-the-popes-encyclical-misses-about-language/

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

"...Linguistic diversity varies widely across Southeast Asia, but no country comes close to Indonesia. According to Ethnologue (2026), Indonesia is home to more than 700 living languages, far surpassing the Philippines (184), Malaysia (132), Myanmar (131), Vietnam (111), Laos (86), Thailand (79), Cambodia (31), Singapore (25), Timor-Leste (22), and Brunei Darussalam (17). These numbers underscore Indonesia's remarkable position not only as the most linguistically diverse country in ASEAN, but also as one of the most linguistically diverse nations in the world. 🌏

The number reveal just how exceptional Indonesia’s linguistic landscape is. The country alone possesses nearly four times as many languages as the Philippines, highlighting a level of diversity unmatched in the region.

🔍 Why It’s on Our Radar
In an increasingly connected world, local languages are disappearing at an alarming rate ⚠️. While globalization has made communication easier than ever, it has also placed pressure on smaller languages as younger generations shift toward national and international languages 🌍.

Indonesia’s linguistic diversity is more than a statistic. Each language carries stories, traditions, oral histories, and local wisdom that have been passed down through generations. When a language disappears, an irreplaceable piece of cultural heritage disappears with it.

💔 What Could Be Lost?
The disappearance of a language means more than losing words 💬. It means losing songs, folklore, customs, traditional knowledge, and unique perspectives 🎶📖 that may exist nowhere else in the world.

Across Indonesia, some indigenous languages are spoken by only a small number of people. Without efforts to preserve and pass them on, future generations may inherit fewer voices and fewer stories than those who came before them..."
Vila Marescotti, and Elias Widhi
Jun 14, 2026
https://www.thesoutheastasiadesk.com/p/one-nation-hundreds-of-languages
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Some of Robert Munsch's work to be translated into four Yukon First Nations languages

20 Robert Munsch titles are being translated into Indigenous languages

Caption: For generations of Canadian kids, Robert Munsch stories have been a bedtime staple. Now, some of those beloved books are getting a Yukon twist. The Yukon Native Language Centre is translating 20 Munsch titles into Indigenous languages — including several stories with Yukon connections. Take a look.

Robert Munsch is one of Canada’s most celebrated authors. His books have been translated into 22 Indigenous languages and dialects, according to Scholastic Canada.
Soon, that will become 26 Indigenous languages and dialects.
That’s because 20 of Munsch’s books are now being translated into four languages spoken in the Yukon. Those languages are Kaska, Tlingit, Southern Tutchone, and Northern Tutchone.
The project is being led by the Yukon Native Language Centre (YNLC), who received $294,000 from the Yukon government for the initiative.
“He was really willing and open to help First Nations and Indigenous groups have access to his books and translate them,” Kelsey Jaggard, YNLC’s manager of language training programs, said of Munsch. “Not a lot of publishers or authors are as open to that.”

Jaggard says the participants for each language group had their own method of translating the books.
“For Tlingit, Kèyishí Bessie Cooley came in and, on the spot, translated all the books and just read through them … and we videotaped her,” said Jaggard. “Those went to transcribers, and a lot of the transcribers are learning the language also.”
YNLC partnered with four Yukon First Nations on the project, one for each language.
The Carcross/Tagish First Nation (C/TFN) assisted with the transcriptions of Cooley’s on-the-fly readthroughs. But the language itself has fallen on tough times in the community.
Deborah Baerg, C/TFN’s cultural projects and language coordinator, says three elders who were fluent speakers have passed away in the last eight years.
“We don’t have any more fluent speakers left,” Baerg said.
Image | Deborah Baerg

Caption: (TJ Dhir/CBC)

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The wider use of Tlingit, which is also spoken in parts of British Columbia and Alaska, is suffering as well. The language was included on the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s list of languages in danger in 2010.
Statistics Canada found that as of the 2021 census, there are only 120 Tlingit speakers in the country — a drop of 52.9 per cent from the 2016 census.
The Munsch project is just one way C/TFN is taking steps to reverse the trend.
Carcross is also set to host a Tlingit language camp from July 20-24, with X̱ʼunei Lance Twitchell and G̱uneiwtí Marsha Hotch from Alaska serving as the instructors.
They’re also working on a Tlingit language app to help learners.
Baerg believes it’s important for Tlingit people to learn the language.
“When you’re speaking your language, it’s an identity,” she said. “I think most people feel like something is missing in their life if they don’t have their language and culture in their life.”
LISTEN | Kelsey Jaggard explains the Munsch project:
Media Audio | Midday Cafe :

Caption: The project is being run by the Yukon Native Language Centre. CBC's TJ Dhir speaks with Kelsey Jaggard, the manager of language training programs.

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The transcribed Munsch books are currently in the final stage of editing and are set to be delivered to communities in the fall, according to Jaggard.
“We’re hoping to put them into the daycare and then also into the school here,” said Baerg.
Baerg says kids will stand to benefit.
“Lots of young people, they’re on the internet and they’re losing so much because they’re not actually involved in their language,” she said. “I think it’s a big loss to the future generation for the children here because they won’t have that language and culture around them and they won’t know who they are.”
Jaggard agrees, saying you can’t separate language and culture.
“All Indigenous languages, and the Yukon First Nation languages, carry the worldview of the people,” she says. “A lot of people are learning language separate from culture and culture separate from language. But when they’re together, it really improves learners’ health, it improves their identity and knowing who they are.”"
https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/9.7232646
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"7 reasons to read the Odyssey
The new Catalan translation, by Pau Sabaté, claims the strength and validity of the classic, which tells the adventures of Odysseus and the longed-for return to Ithaca

This is how the new Catalan version of Homer's Odyssey begins, one of the foundational epic poems in the history of literature, translated by Pau Sabaté and just published by Bernat Metge Universal, a label from Abacus. The classic tells the journey of the heroic and cunning Odysseus (or Ulysses, depending on the version), after the Trojan War – an episode dealt with in the Iliad, Homer's other literary monument–, with the aim of reaching the island of Ithaca, reuniting with his wife and son, Penelope and Telemachus, and reclaiming his throne. It is one of the books "most known and influential, subject to countless readings, rewrites and interpretations," comments the editor in the preface of the volume, Roger Aluja. Why does it continue to amaze readers and motivate new adaptations, such as the one that filmmaker Christopher Nolan is about to premiere, almost three thousand years after its conception?

1.
A foundational and enigmatic text
"Homer is the great child poet. The world is born and Homer sings it. He is the bird of that dawn". These words by Victor Weber in the first chapter of his essay William Shakespeare (1864) serve to illustrate the foundational element of the Odyssey. Composed and recited orally since the 9th century BC and fixed in writing during the 8th century BC, it is one of the first epic poems in the Western literary canon. Divided into 24 cantos and comprising more than 12,000 hexameters, it has been praised by writers as diverse as Dante Alighieri, Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce –who offered a very personal reinterpretation in Ulysses–, Mercè Rodoreda, Jorge Luis Borges, and Margaret Atwood. "Whether the Odyssey is Homer's work or not adds a mist of mystery that seems secondary to me. What is important is that we have two great poems attributed to this name", comments Roger Aluja.

In the essay The Scar of Ulysses, included in Mimesis (1946) and recently recovered by Acantilado in Spanish, Erich Auerbach (1892-1957) praised "the joy of sensory existence that becomes present" when reading the Odyssey: "We don't care to know if it's a legend, if it's all lies – he adds–. Homer doesn't need to insist on the historical truth of his narrative, his reality is solid enough. Homer seduces us, traps us in the reality he describes, and that's enough for him. In that real world, which exists in itself, and to which we as readers have been brought as if by magic, there is nothing else. The Homeric poems hide nothing, they contain no teaching or secret second meaning".

Cargando
2.
Resonates in the past of any reader
Classics can be fascinating on a personal level – and end up in the "unforgettable" books drawer – or blend into the collective unconscious, as Italo Calvino recalled in Why Read the Classics (1981; in Catalan at Edicions 62). Youthful readings are so important, for Calvino, that he recommends rereading them at least once in a lifetime. “As we grow older, we change and our encounter with texts is totally different,” he writes: every rereading of a classic is, in reality, a reading as initiatory and surprising as the first.The love for Pau Sabaté and Roger Aluja's Odyssey

began in adolescence and has been transforming. "The first time I read it, I was 15 years old – Sabaté recalls. We had the second translation by Carles Riba at home [published between 1947 and 1948]. It amazed me. When you overcome the barrier of the splendid language it uses, it becomes very seductive and interesting." Homer influenced Sabaté in his decision to study Greek and, later, classical philology at the University of Barcelona (UB). In 2019, he inaugurated the lavish Bernat Metge Universal collection with his translation of the Iliad, and six years later he repeats with the Odyssey. His editor, Roger Aluja, was also captivated by the same book as Sabaté when he was in high school. "My research project consisted of comparing various versions of the sixth canto – he explains. Riba's, which was the first I read, but also the one in prose by Joan Alberich [La Magrana, 1998], and a couple or three in Spanish." When he was studying classical philology at the UB, Aluja coincided in the classroom with the Hellenist Jaume Pòrtulas: "He is one of the foremost specialists in the world in Homeric poetry. Professor Pòrtulas ended up directing my doctoral thesis, which is an aesthetic commentary on the eleventh canto of the Odyssey".

Pau Sabaté and Roger Aluja, translator and editor of Homer's 'Odyssey', during the interview at Casa Abacus, on Peu de la Creu street in Barcelona.XAVIER BERTRAL
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3.
It goes beyond being an adventure book
"TheOdyssey" is a book of travels, without travels –assures Dolors Miquel in the epilogue of the new edition of the Bernat Metge Universal–. A tale that a shepherd or a peasant would tell by a fire or on a summer evening. Or someone from distant lands. It would seem that the author is telling us that the only great and possible journey is that of the logos, that the most penetrating Odyssey of all is that of the imagination."

It is Odysseus himself who, transformed within the work into an aede –a term that designated Greek rhapsode poets–, is in charge of narrating his adventures, among which are the deception of the cyclops Polyphemus, the song of the Sirens –who have the head of a woman and the body of a bird–, the sacrifice of the Sun's cows, and his relationships with Nausicaa, Circe, and Calypso. "Although Calypso offers him immortality if he stays with her on the island where she lives, Odysseus prefers to return to Ithaca to reunite with Penelope and his son Telemachus –says Sabaté–. At first glance, the most striking and attractive part of the Odyssey is the adventures, but the cantos that take place in Ithaca are fundamental. For the adult reader, perhaps they are even more interesting." In relation to highlighting the adventures in the epic poem, Carles Riba considered it, in the prologue to his second translation, an attempt to bring the classic "to the marketplace," and added: "To snatch the Odyssey" from the monopoly of more or less learned Hellenists, all right; but as much as delivering it to the insensitivity and banality of mere novel devourers [...] it is difficult to resign oneself to it".

4.
Allows rediscovering a different hero
Odysseus represents "a type of heroism different from that of Achilles, the great protagonist of the Iliad", says Aluja. He shares with Achilles skill on the battlefield, but unlike him, "he does not give up other war tactics, such as ambushes, camouflage, or the use of the bow, which for warriors of strength is the weapon of cowards".

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"Odysseus is a master of dissimulation and deception", comments Sabaté. The fact that he is a man "of great cunning" –according to Riba–, "of a thousand faces" –in the translation by Joan F. Mira in 2011 for Proa– or "very versatile" –in Sabaté's version– allows him to overcome all obstacles, human and divine, during the ten years that separate him from the end of the Trojan War and his arrival in Ithaca. "When he wakes up on the beach of Ithaca, Athena [or Athena], his protector, transforms him into a miserable beggar, so that he remains unnoticed by everyone, friends and enemies alike –writes Jaume Pòrtulas in the prologue to the latest reissue of the Odyssey translated by Carles Riba in the Bernat Metge Essencial in 2019–. Finally, already at home and among his own, the man who had been [...] No one will manage to recover, thanks to a series of measured and successive recognitions, the different facets of his personal and social self. He thus returns to the fullness of himself. We could say that he rebuilds himself: he rebuilds himself as the father of Telemachus, as the husband of Penelope, as the son of Laertes, and also as the king of Ithaca".

Detail of Odysseus's route map that leads him from Troy to Ithaca, included in the Proa edition of the book.Proa
5.
The excellence of Catalan translations
There are three versions of the Odyssey by Carles Riba: between the first, published by Editorial Catalana in 1919, and the last, by Alpha – from the Col·lecció Bernat Metge – in 1953, more than three decades passed. "The mark it has left on contemporary Catalan literature has been important, although perhaps more in the realm of poets, translators, and other writers than for the average reader," admits Jaume Pòrtulas. When Joan F. Mira published his Odyssey in 2011 with Proa, he aimed "not to embellish the text, nor to try to improve it, nor to pretend to make it more poetic and more elevated". Like Riba and Sabaté, but unlike Joan Alberich's version, he translated it in verse. "Translating Homer in prose is entirely respectable, but it can never be read, perceived, or felt like a translation in verse – Mira argued at the time –. Never, in any way. And translating Homer in verse means, if it is materially possible (in some languages it certainly is not), reproducing the hexameters of the original".

Cargando
Pau Sabaté has wanted to follow "Riba's path": "I have tried to capture the passion for genuineness. Riba is sometimes even colloquial. He also has the aspiration to be very literal, to convey the strangeness of the original Greek text, which sometimes seems like an incantation. I have tried not to emphasize this point". The translator has avoided "modernizing the language of the Odyssey to the extreme". The reader interested in a sound prose version – made from the English adaptation by Samuel Butler, author of Erewhon, in 1900 – can turn to the recent edition by Blackie Books, which features the translation by Xavier Pàmies.

6.
A poem full of women that announces patriarchy
As Dolors Miquel points out in her epilogue, the Dolors Miquel points out in her epilogue, the Odyssey opens and closes with the goddess Athena. Throughout the poem, women have "a more relevant role than in the Iliad", says Aluja. "Although Calypso wants to keep Odysseus on the island, she eventually lets him go, and it is Circe who explains all the obstacles he must overcome to reach Ithaca — she adds—. Penelope awaits him there, who has managed to postpone the decision to choose a suitor with the cunning of undoing at night what she weaves during the day. Until the work is finished, she will not remarry." Miquel explains that beneath this female presence beats "the beginning of a phallocentric truth obsessed with hiding what is mysterious, what is feminine, uterine and unique". She recalls that Greek thought, appealing to the philosopher and psychoanalyst Luce Irigaray, transmits a "world that man has constructed to supplant adhesion to the maternal world, to assert himself against the mother, against participation in her world". In the Odyssey

7.
It will allow you to go down to hell and come back
In addition to proposing a journey through various Greek islands and allowing the reader to learn about their fauna, the Odyssey is a poem rich in mentions of trees and plants. "The names of animals and plants are always a thorny issue when translating ancient literature –comments Pau Sabaté–. The flora and fauna of the eastern Mediterranean, even if not radically different from ours, do not entirely correspond to that of the western shores either. A second problem is that the temporal distance and the limited nature of the sources have made certain denominations confusing." Wracking his brains, Sabaté has reached the conclusion that the "double thicket" under which Ulysses shelters on the island of the Phaeacians is formed by a part of olive tree and another that, instead of being broom or wild olive, must be oleaster. "A wild olive and an olive tree growing together do not quite make a "}double thicket" –he adds–. The usual cultivation technique for olive trees was to graft them onto oleasters to make them fruit faster.

Cargando
One of the riskiest adventures posed by the epic poem is the journey to Hades, the name by which hell was known in ancient Greece. "Odysseus goes there twice. The first time is explained in the eleventh canto, and among the most memorable passages is the reunion with Achilles, the hero of the Iliad", recalls the translator. Achilles laments having had to pay the price of death to achieve glory among the living: "Do not try to console me about death, Odysseus, do not comfort me! / I would much rather earn a day's wage on earth / by hiring myself out to a man without inheritance or much to live on / than be the king of all the dead, of those who have finished." Odysseus learns his lesson and ends up returning home."
Jordi Nopca
12/06/2026
https://en.ara.cat/culture/7-reasons-to-read-the-odyssey_130_5767086.amp.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Ukraine Drops Russian, Adds Hebrew and Yiddish to Language Protection
Jun 14, 2026, 10:39 AM

Ukraine Removed Russian from European Protection — but Added Hebrew and Yiddish: What Law No. 4699-IX Means. Image created using AI

Ukraine Removed Russian from European Protection — but Added Hebrew and Yiddish: What Law No. 4699-IX Means
On June 12, 2026, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky signed Law No. 4699-IX, a document that changes how Ukraine applies the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.

At first glance, this may look like another internal Ukrainian language debate. But it is much more than that.

Ukraine has removed the Russian language from the list of languages protected under the European Charter. At the same time, Ukraine has preserved and expanded protection for the languages of national communities and indigenous peoples — including Hebrew and Yiddish.

That detail matters. Especially for Israeli readers.

Because this law is not only about what Ukraine is removing. It is also about what Ukraine is choosing to protect.

According to the updated list, Ukraine continues to apply the Charter to 18 languages: Belarusian, Bulgarian, Gagauz, Crimean Tatar, Modern Greek, German, Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Hungarian, Czech, Hebrew, Urum, Rumeika, Romani, Krymchak, Karaim and Yiddish.

This means that Ukraine is not abandoning linguistic diversity. On the contrary, it is keeping the European mechanism of protection for national communities and indigenous peoples, while removing Russian as the language of the state that is waging war against Ukraine.

The so-called “Moldovan language” is also removed from the separate list, because in the updated legal logic, the language remains Romanian. At the same time, the list was not simply reduced. It was expanded to include several languages, among them Czech, Crimean Tatar, Krymchak, Karaim, Yiddish and Hebrew.

That is the core of the story.

Ukraine is not saying: “Only one language may exist.”
Ukraine is saying: “The tools created to protect vulnerable languages must not be used to preserve the privileges of the aggressor state’s language.”

What Zelensky signed
The signed law is Law No. 4699-IX. It followed the adoption by the Verkhovna Rada of bill No. 14120 on December 3, 2025. The bill was supported by 264 members of parliament.

The law was connected to Ukraine’s updated official translation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, prepared by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in January 2024. After that, Ukraine had to bring its legislation into line with the corrected legal wording.

The political meaning, however, is broader.

Speaker of the Verkhovna Rada Ruslan Stefanchuk explained the decision directly:

“The language of the aggressor state cannot use protection instruments created to support the languages of indigenous peoples and national communities.”

He also called the decision a matter of “dignity, justice and linguistic security of Ukraine.”

Those words should not be dismissed as rhetoric. Since 2014, and especially since the full-scale invasion of February 24, 2022, Russia has repeatedly used the argument of “protecting Russian speakers” as a political weapon. It was used to justify pressure, occupation, interference and war.

In that context, language is not only culture. It becomes part of a security architecture.

What the European Charter is — and what it is not
The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages is a Council of Europe document. It was opened for signature in Strasbourg on November 5, 1992, and entered into force on March 1, 1998. In Council of Europe documents, it is known as ETS No. 148.

The Charter was created to protect languages that are historically used in European states but are in a weaker position than the state language. Its goal is to help preserve linguistic and cultural heritage where certain languages may gradually disappear from education, public life, media, local administration and culture.

In simple terms, the Charter does not automatically protect every language spoken by people in a country. It protects regional or minority languages that need support.

Each state determines which languages it applies the Charter to. The Charter itself does not force Ukraine to protect Russian. Ukraine, like other countries, defines the list of languages that receive selected protection measures.

That distinction is essential.

The new Ukrainian law does not ban people from speaking Russian. It does not make Russian illegal. It does not erase Russian-speaking citizens from Ukrainian society.

It does something different: it removes Russian from a special European protection mechanism designed for vulnerable regional and minority languages.

Why Hebrew and Yiddish matter here
For Israeli readers, the inclusion of Hebrew and Yiddish is not a minor detail.

It shows that Ukraine is not acting against minority languages as such. Ukraine is not rejecting the European model of protecting cultural and linguistic communities. It is doing the opposite: it is clarifying which languages deserve protection under that framework.

Hebrew carries a unique meaning for Israel and the Jewish people. It is not merely a language of communication. It is a language of memory, return, sovereignty and national revival.

Yiddish also carries a deep Jewish historical memory — especially in Eastern Europe, including the territory of today’s Ukraine. For generations, Yiddish was the language of Jewish homes, schools, newspapers, literature, humor, pain and survival. It was one of the living languages of Jewish civilization before the Holocaust destroyed much of that world.

The fact that Hebrew and Yiddish are included in Ukraine’s updated list matters symbolically. It means that Ukraine recognizes Jewish linguistic heritage as part of the broader historical and cultural mosaic of the country.

This is especially important because Ukraine is often discussed abroad only through the lens of war. But Ukraine is also a country of many communities, memories and languages: Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar, Jewish, Polish, Hungarian, Romanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Roma and others.

Law No. 4699-IX is therefore not only a law about Russian. It is also a law about who Ukraine sees as part of its protected cultural space.

What the law does not do
This part must be repeated because Russian propaganda will almost certainly try to distort the story.

The law does not ban Russian speech.

It does not prohibit private conversations in Russian.

It does not create punishment for speaking Russian at home, in the street, in private life or in personal communication.

It does not mean that Russian-speaking citizens disappear from Ukrainian society.

It means that Russian no longer receives the special status of a language protected under the European Charter in Ukraine.

There is a major difference between the rights of individuals and the privileges of a language used by an aggressor state as a political instrument.

Ukraine is preserving individual rights. But it is ending a special European legal privilege for Russian.

Why Russian became a security issue
For many outside observers, language policy may seem like an abstract cultural dispute. In Ukraine, it is not abstract.

Russia has long used language as a geopolitical instrument. The phrase “defense of Russian speakers” was used for years to question Ukrainian sovereignty and to portray Ukraine as a supposedly artificial or hostile state. It became part of the ideological preparation for aggression.

This is why the Russian language question in Ukraine cannot be reduced to grammar, schools or street signs. It is connected to propaganda, identity, media influence and the idea of the so-called “Russian world.”

The Ukrainian state is now drawing a line.

People have the right to their private language. But the Ukrainian state is not obliged to support Russian as if it were a vulnerable minority language threatened with disappearance.

Russian was never weak in Ukraine in the way that many minority languages are weak. For decades, Russian had strong positions in cities, media, culture, business and public life. To present it as a powerless minority language is historically misleading.

Why this matters for Israel
Israel is a multilingual country. Hebrew, Arabic, Russian, English, French, Ukrainian, Amharic and many other languages are heard here every day.

But Israel also understands that language is not only a practical tool. It can be identity. It can be memory. It can be sovereignty. It can be security.

Hebrew’s revival was one of the great national acts of Jewish history. It turned an ancient language of prayer, memory and scholarship into the living language of a modern state. That experience makes Israelis especially capable of understanding why a nation at war cares about its linguistic space.

Ukraine’s decision should therefore not be read as a rejection of diversity. It should be read as an attempt to separate genuine minority protection from the political infrastructure of an aggressor state.

For Jewish readers, the inclusion of Hebrew and Yiddish makes the point even clearer: Ukraine is not closing the door to national communities. It is preserving a European framework for them.

The door is closed to a different category — the language of a state that uses culture, media and language as part of its pressure against Ukraine.

The political formula
The formula behind Law No. 4699-IX is simple:

The rights of people remain. The privileges of the aggressor state’s language do not.

This is the distinction Russia will try to erase.

Moscow will likely present the law as “discrimination” or as proof that Ukraine is violating European standards. But Ukraine is not leaving the European framework. It is clarifying how that framework applies during a war of aggression.

The Charter protects regional and minority languages. It was not created to preserve the political privileges of a language used by a state that denies Ukraine’s sovereignty.

That is the legal and moral argument.

A Ukrainian decision with a Jewish dimension
The addition of Hebrew and Yiddish gives this law a wider meaning.

For Ukrainians, it is part of decolonization and national security.

For Europeans, it is a test of whether minority protection can be defended without allowing the aggressor to abuse that language.

For Israelis and Jews, it is also a reminder that Ukraine’s cultural map includes Jewish memory — not as a footnote, but as part of the country’s protected heritage.

NAnews — Israel News sees this law not as a ban on language, but as a political and legal statement: Ukraine is no longer ready to let the myth of the “Russian world” use European mechanisms, Ukrainian law and minority protection as instruments of influence.

The real question is not whether people may speak Russian. They may.

The real question is whether the Ukrainian state must continue granting special European protection to the language of the state that invaded it.

With Law No. 4699-IX, Ukraine has answered: no.

About the AuthorAleksandr Lutsenko is a commentator bridging Israeli and Ukrainian public discourse. He writes on shared history, Jewish life in Ukraine, Ukrainian integration in Israel, and the intersection of memory, identity, and security"
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/ukraine-drops-russian-adds-hebrew-and-yiddish-to-language-protection/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

This isn’t about whether you invest in translation at all. It’s about whether your decisions assume a single market or multiple from the outset.

76% of consumers prefer products with information in their native language, and 40% won’t buy if the information is not in their native language

"There’s a quiet assumption embedded in how most companies operate: English is almost always seen as the starting point. I see it play out almost daily in conversations with leadership teams. It shows up in how product specs are written, how campaigns are planned, and how expansion is sequenced.

On the surface, this feels efficient. In practice, it constrains growth in ways that are easy to miss until it’s too late...

How to design for multiple languages
For leaders, this isn’t about whether you invest in translation at all. It’s about whether your decisions assume a single market or multiple from the outset. That distinction shows up in several ways:

First, assume from the outset that your product and messaging will exist in multiple languages, and build systems that reflect that reality. This reduces rework and forces clarity earlier in the process.

Second, localize the idea, not just the words. If something doesn’t resonate in another market, it’s rarely because the translation is off. More often, the underlying premise needs to be adapted. The companies that grow effectively give teams permission to rethink, not just translate.

Third, move language upstream. The earlier language considerations are integrated into product and marketing workflows, the fewer bottlenecks you create later. Treat language as a core input, not a final step.

Finally, be explicit about who you’re designing for. If the customer you picture in decision-making only exists in one language, you’re likely leaving growth on the table. Expanding globally isn’t just about reaching more people; it’s about understanding them on their own terms.

The companies that get this right rarely talk about translation as a standalone function. They talk about markets, customers, and growth. Language is simply embedded in how they operate. The assumption that English should come first has persisted because it’s invisible. It feels neutral and efficient. But in my experience, it’s one of the most limiting defaults a company can carry into its growth strategy and one of the easiest to overlook."
BY Brian Murphy
14.06.2026
https://lnkd.in/d97fDhVi
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"In 2026, Russian will rank 11th in terms of prevalence worldwide. It is used as a primary language in daily life by 210 million people.

 

According to the Ethnologue website, English is the most widely spoken language in the world, with 1.5 billion speakers. Mandarin, or Simplified Chinese, ranks second with 1.2 billion speakers. 

 

Hindi ranks third with 611.2 million speakers. The top 10 also includes Spanish (561.3 million), Standard Arabic (334.9 million), French (333.5 million), Bengali (274.4 million), Portuguese (269.4 million), Indonesian (254.8 million), and Urdu (246 million). 

 

Standard German ranks 12th (133 million), Japanese 13th (126 million), Nigerian Pidgin 14th (121 million), and Egyptian Arabic 15th (118 million). Six of the top 15 languages in the ranking are predominantly spoken in Asia, including Chinese (Mandarin dialect), Hindi, Bengali, Indonesian, Urdu, and Japanese. 

 

Collectively, these languages reflect the massive populations of China, India, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Japan. 

 

Ukrainian ranks 58th. It is spoken by 30.8 million people. Romanian ranks 68th. It is considered the native language of 23.2 million people worldwide."

 

14 June 2026 Igor Fomin

Source: logos-press.md https://logos-pres.md/en/news/the-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world-in-2026/

https://logos-pres.md/en/news/the-most-spoken-languages-in-the-world-in-2026/

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

"Is language — at least Chinese — fundamentally visual? I spent a few days turning this over in my brain, and finally decided to find out with the way I know how: train some language models and see what really happens.

The Experiment: Pixels In, Tokens Out
Every language model has to deal with tokenization first. The basic idea is: computers don’t understand text, so we assign each word or character an ID, that is, a number. For example, the character 你 becomes 100, 好 becomes 3, etc. From there, the LLM learns everything from scratch.

In this sense, when you reduce characters such as 山 (mountain) and 水 (water) to simple integers, you throw away their shapes. And Chinese characters have beautiful shapes — stroke configurations, radical components, spatial layouts that carry real information. Another example: 打 (hit), 拍 (pat), and 拉 (pull) all share the radical 扌 (hand). You reduce them to IDs 423, 1089, and 2341, and that relationship is gone.

So instead of token IDs, I rendered each character as a grayscale image and fed it to a language model. The model’s job was to predict the next character.

You Don’t Need Great Eyesight
If you’ve ever taken off your glasses to read, you know that blurry text is still readable. The same principle happens here.

Take a look at these 8×8 pixel versions of 人工智能 (hold your screen at arm’s length):

Each character is 64 pixels. And the model, trained on inputs at this resolution, performs just as well as one trained on 80×80 images.

Indeed, we tested image resolutions from 4×4 all the way to 80×80, and found that: Going from 8×8 to 80×80 — 100 times more pixels — buys essentially nothing.

The cropping results are even more striking and exciting. With 50% of each character removed, accuracy drops by less than 2%. The model doesn’t need the whole clear picture. It turns out that it needs just enough structure to know which radical family a character belongs to.

(A note on methodology: in the examples above, I’ve placed full and cropped versions side by side so you can compare. In the actual experiments, each training condition is completely independent — the model trained on cropped characters has never seen a complete one.)

The Hot-Start Effect
So, is the visual model better than the text-based one?

Not in the end. Both converge to essentially identical final accuracy. But the journey looks very different, especially the beginning.

After seeing only 0.4% of training steps, the visual model is already twice as accurate as the text-based baseline.

This is what we call the hot-start effect. The visual model arrives at training already knowing something useful: that 打, 拍, and 拉 look similar, and probably behave similarly. The text-based model starts with random embeddings and has to figure this out from scratch.

If you look at the embedding space at initialization — before any training — you can see this directly:

You can see that characters sharing the same radical cluster together at the very early training stage. Cosine similarity for radical-sharing pairs: ~0.27 for visual embeddings, ~0.002 for random token embeddings.

Why the Race Ends in a Tie
Here’s the key thing: the visual prior encodes visual similarity, but not linguistic co-occurrence. However, next-character prediction ultimately depends on the latter.

Yes, 打, 拍, and 拉 all share 扌 and look similar. But in actual text, they can appear in very different contexts — 打击犯罪 (combat crime), 拍摄照片 (take photos), 拉动经济 (stimulate the economy), etc. Once the text-based model has seen enough data to learn these patterns, the visual priors start no longer matters.

In other words, visual inputs warm-starts the optimization. But, well, it doesn’t change the information ceiling.

This always reminds me of Ted Chiang’s story Story of Your Life (the basis for the film Arrival). In the story, written and spoken language are two independent systems. But they ultimately serve the same purpose: communication. Two paths, same destination.

Where This Actually Matters
Despite of the same destination, there are real situations where it matters:

Low-resource settings. When you don’t have much training data, the visual head start translates into a real practical advantage. In our experiments, with just 10K samples, visual models already outperform a fully trained text baseline on downstream Chinese benchmarks (C-eval).

Damaged historical texts. This is another exciting one. A visual can help check classical Chinese manuscripts, damaged books, and handwritten documents where strokes are missing or faded.

What About Compute?

Good news: almost no overhead. The simplified visual encoder I used actually has fewer parameters than the text baseline (12.6M vs. 19.0M). Memory overhead: +1.3%. So we argue that the visual prior is nearly free.

The Short Answer
Is Chinese language visual of its nature? The answer seems to be: at the start, yes. By the end, it doesn’t matter.

Visual structure gives models a hot start. It is similar to that human reader makes when they see 扌 and immediately know they’re in the territory of hand-related actions. But the deeper patterns of language have to be learned from data. Both representations learn them equally well.

The paper is on arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.09566";
https://towardsdatascience.com/is-language-visual-an-experiment-with-chinese-characters-2/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"‘At the 2026 World Cup draw, FIFA Peace Prize recipient and U.S. President Donald Trump announced that the game should really be called “football.”

“There’s no question about it. We have to come up with another name for the NFL. It really doesn’t make any sense,” said Trump, an apparently new convert to the round-ball game.

He isn’t alone. The word “soccer” is, in some parts of the world, shunned by some fans.

Indeed, as a scholar of the sport who teaches a course called Soccer and Global Politics, I am bombarded with comments that the word “soccer” does not make any sense, and that people who use that term obviously know nothing about the beautiful game.

To me, this disparagement of the word “soccer” is not only petty and tiresome – it is also incorrect. It ignores the roots of the sport and the development of the language of the game.

Rather than making the word taboo, the football ecosystem should embrace it. To understand why, let’s go back to the beginning.

Associated to ‘assoc’ and then ‘soccer’
The game has been around in various forms for centuries, but it began to be codified in the mid-19th century.

“Association Football” was coined in 1863 to distinguish the game from rugby football, which, somewhat ironically, is played largely with the ball in hand.

British university students created their own slang at the time by abbreviating words and adding “-er” to them. Thus, “rugby” became “rugger” and “association football” was shortened to “assoc” and slanged to “soccer.”

And this term “soccer” was freely and proudly used in the British press and in public for nearly a century, until the 1980s.

In countries with other established codes of football – American football, Australian rules football and Gaelic football in Ireland – “soccer” became the dominant term. But British fans began abandoning the word in the 1980s, largely as a response to the embrace of the term in the States. And now, in the U.K. especially – but also among fans in the U.S. and Canada who present as “true” fans of the game – there are attempts to shame those who use the very term that the British invented and proudly used.

And that’s a pity. After all, using the word “soccer” has benefits. The British press continues to use “soccer” and “football” interchangeably to avoid repetitive writing. The shorter word is useful for tabloid editors when creating tight headlines. And using both words does not reveal that a person is ignorant but rather cosmopolitan.

The widespread use of “soccer” in Britain is still evident in the ongoing success of authoritative magazine World Soccer, founded in London in 1960; the TV show “Soccer AM,” which ran every Saturday from 1994 to 2023; the annual British charity match Soccer Aid; and Sky Sports’ “Soccer Saturday.” All document the enduring legacy of the term in Britain, despite the naysayers.

A shared vernacular
The beautiful game is also a universal one with a language shared by some 4 billion people.

Language evolves, and fans today equally understand “football,” “soccer,” “calcio,” “futebol” or “fútbol.”

Embracing all the variations of the beautiful game enriches the conversation. It illustrates the sport’s globalization and universal language, a shared vernacular that cuts across identities.

And besides, nobody wants the war that would ensue if American football fans were forced to find another name!"
https://theconversation.com/soccer-is-a-fine-term-for-the-beautiful-game-dont-let-any-football-snob-or-president-tell-you-otherwise-this-world-cup-280779
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Réagissant à la parution de l’ouvrage « premier lexique bancaire et financier Français-Pulaar », Seybatou Aw, président de la compagnie de réassurance Aveni Ré estime que « nos langues africaines portent en elles la capacité d’exprimer le monde d’hier comme celui de demain ».  Voici sa lettre intégrale adressée à Alassane Ba, l’auteur de l’ouvrage.
Cher Alassane,

À la lecture du beau témoignage de notre aîné Mamadou Oumakala, une profonde émotion m’a envahi. Ses mots ont ravivé en moi les souvenirs d’une époque qui a façonné notre génération, celle des solidarités naturelles et des amitiés sincères forgées dans les épreuves de la vie villageoise.

J’y ai retrouvé avec émotion le souvenir de mon grand ami, feu Farba Abdoulel Ba, ton frère, avec qui j’ai entretenu des relations fraternelles exceptionnelles. Son évocation m’a également rappelé d’autres amis, compagnons de jeunesse aujourd’hui disparus : Sall Elibana, Amadou Mobel et tant d’autres qui ont marqué notre parcours et dont la mémoire demeure vivante dans nos cœurs. À travers eux, c’est tout un pan de notre histoire commune qui ressurgit : celle des enfants du Fouta élevés dans la simplicité, l’effort, la dignité et le respect des valeurs héritées de nos parents.

Ton ouvrage s’inscrit précisément dans cette continuité entre mémoire et modernité. En entreprenant de traduire et d’adapter au pulaar les concepts les plus élaborés de la banque, de la finance et de l’économie contemporaine, tu accomplis bien davantage qu’un travail lexicographique. Tu contribues à démontrer qu’aucune langue africaine n’est condamnée à demeurer à la périphérie du savoir moderne. Tu rappelles avec force que nos langues portent en elles la capacité d’exprimer le monde d’hier comme celui de demain.

Ce lexique constitue à mes yeux une œuvre de transmission. Il relie les générations, rapproche les héritages culturels des exigences de la modernité et offre aux futurs chercheurs, enseignants, étudiants et professionnels un outil précieux pour penser le développement dans leur propre langue.

Les peuples qui avancent sont ceux qui savent préserver leurs racines tout en embrassant l’avenir. En donnant à la finance moderne des mots pulaar, tu ne fais pas seulement œuvre d’érudition ; tu participes à la construction d’une souveraineté intellectuelle et culturelle dont l’Afrique a profondément besoin.

Je te félicite pour cette contribution remarquable. Elle honore non seulement la communauté pulaarophone, mais également tous ceux qui croient que le développement durable passe aussi par la valorisation de nos langues, de notre mémoire et de notre patrimoine immatériel.

Avec toute mon amitié fraternelle et mon admiration.

Seybatou AW"
https://www.financialafrik.com/2026/06/12/seybatou-aw-aucune-langue-africaine-nest-condamnee-a-demeurer-a-la-peripherie-du-savoir-moderne/
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

Connaissez-vous (vraiment) le genre des mots ?
"QUIZ - «Espace», «tentacule», «hémisphère»... Le genre grammatical donne toujours du fil à retordre. Saurez-vous correctement appliquer le masculin et le féminin ?

La langue française réserve bien des embûches à ceux qui croient la maîtriser. Parmi ses caprices les plus redoutables figure le genre grammatical, qui ne cesse de prendre le chou aux Français de 7 à 77 ans.

Tout petits déjà, on nous apprend que certains mots sont masculins, d’autres féminins… voire les deux selon les cas, car la langue française n’aime pas les règles sans exception. Pourquoi une oasis et non pas un oasis ? Pourquoi un pétale échappe-t-il à la féminité qu’on lui prête volontiers ? Le français hérité du latin a brouillé les pistes, francisé, emprunté, et semé le doute jusque dans les dictionnaires. Le Larousse, Le Robert ou le Dictionnaire de l’Académie française ne donne d’ailleurs pas toujours le même genre à certains de nos mots. Même les locuteurs aguerris trébuchent sur des vocables en apparence très simples, mais bien plus traître qu’ils n’y paraissent.

Connaissez-vous le genre d’«épître», renvoyant à une lettre écrite par un auteur ancien ? Le mot «alvéole» est-il masculin, féminin, ou les deux ? Avec Le Figaro, testez vos connaissances sur le genre grammatical des mots. Obtiendrez-vous 10/10 ?"
https://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/quiz-francais/connaissez-vous-vraiment-le-genre-des-mots-20260613
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"La langue d'un État agresseur ne peut pas bénéficier d'instruments de protection": Volodymyr Zelensky retire au russe son statut de langue protégée en Ukraine

 

Alors que le russe reste la langue principale d'une partie de la population en Ukraine, Volodymyr Zelensky a signé une loi lui retirant son statut de langue protégée dans le pays.

 

Le président Volodymyr Zelensky a signé vendredi 12 juin une loi retirant au russe son statut de langue protégée en Ukraine, où elle reste la langue principale d'une partie de la population malgré un recul depuis l'invasion russe.

 

"Le président de l'Ukraine a signé la loi (...) une décision importante pour protéger l'espace linguistique ukrainien et remplir nos obligations européennes", a déclaré sur Facebook le président du Parlement Rouslan Stefantchouk.

 

"La langue d'un État agresseur ne peut pas bénéficier d'instruments de protection conçus pour soutenir les langues des peuples autochtones et des communautés nationales", a-t-il affirmé, invoquant "la justice et la sécurité linguistique de l'Ukraine"."

BFM

J.D. avec AFP

https://www.bfmtv.com/international/europe/ukraine/la-langue-d-un-etat-agresseur-ne-peut-pas-beneficier-d-instruments-de-protection-volodymyr-zelensky-retire-au-russe-son-statut-de-langue-protegee-en-ukraine_AN-202606130132.html

#metaglossia 

#metaglossia_mundus 

"La France et l'Italie s'opposent à ce que l'anglais soit la seule langue utilisée dans les couloirs de l'Union européenne

La France et l'Italie s'opposent à ce que l'anglais soit la seule langue utilisée lors des discussions entre les pays de l'Union européenne, institution qui prône le multilinguisme puisqu'elle compte 24 langues officielles.
Dans quelle langue les pays européens doivent-ils discuter pour trouver des accords commerciaux? Pour accélérer les discussions, l'utilisation de l'anglais est plébiscitée par plusieurs pays. "Si l’on examine n’importe quelle évaluation des pertes financières engendrées par la longueur de ce processus, je pense que, surtout dans le contexte mondial actuel, c’est quelque chose que nous ne pouvons plus nous permettre", estime par exemple le commissaire européen au Commerce Maroš Šefčovič, dans des propos relayés par le Financial Times.

Selon lui, il existe "un large consensus" en ce sens dans les rangs de l'Union européenne.

L'UE prône le multilinguisme avec 24 langues officielles
Large consensus peut-être, mais pas unanimité. Puisque selon le journal économique, la France et l'Italie s'opposent à l'utilisation totale de l'anglais dans les négociations.

"C’est une question de Constitution française. La France ne peut être liée par un texte qui n’est pas rédigé en français, ni s’y engager", souligne un responsable français auprès de nos confrères.
Alors que dit le règlement de l'Union européenne? L'institution met en avant sur son site "le multilinguisme" comme "l'un de ses principes fondateurs", se targuant de compter 24 langues officielles. Même après le Brexit, l'anglais est resté une des langues de l'institution puisqu'il est parlé à Malte et en Irlande.

"Le multilinguisme est inscrit dans la charte des droits fondamentaux de l’UE: tout citoyen de l’UE a le droit de communiquer avec les institutions européennes dans l’une des 24 langues officielles de l’UE, et les institutions sont tenues de lui répondre dans la même langue. Les actes juridiques et leurs synthèses sont disponibles dans toutes les langues officielles de l’UE", est-il indiqué. Au Parlement européen, les élus "ont le droit de s'exprimer dans n'importe quelle langue officielle de l'UE".

Alors les 27 risquent-ils d'abandonner le multilinguisme au profit de l'efficacité de la langue anglaise qui est la plus maîtrisée à travers le continent? Un porte-parole de l'UE se défend estimant qu'une seule langue peut être utilisée lors des discussions sans que "cela ne préjuge de la traduction intégrale de l'accord dans les 24 langues officielles""
Matthieu Heyman
13.06.2026
https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/economie-social/union-europeenne/c-est-une-question-de-constitution-la-france-et-l-italie-s-opposent-a-ce-que-l-anglais-soit-la-seule-langue-utilisee-dans-les-couloirs-de-l-union-europeenne_AN-202606130211.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

Federal protections promise a fair trial in a language you understand, but for millions who speak lesser-known languages, courts can’t keep that promise.

In northern Oregon, just before dawn in October 2025, Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers arrested and shackled two farmworkers on their way to work. The man and woman were Guatemalan citizens who spoke no English and very little Spanish. They spoke Mam, an Indigenous Mayan language.

 

Despite the man trying to tell an ICE officer as much, he was not provided with an interpreter, according to his sworn declaration. Suspected of being in the country illegally, they were detained in an immigration processing center and signed papers they did not understand. They were released later with ankle monitors and placed under an intensive supervision program requiring frequent check-ins at an ICE office in Portland.

 

Their experience points to a problem that reaches far beyond Oregon.

 

The civil liberties guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution broadly apply to everyone in the U.S., regardless of immigration status. Courts have held that the right to an interpreter is protected by the Sixth Amendment, which guarantees the right to a fair trial – including understanding court proceedings and communicating with counsel. It’s also protected by the Fifth and 14th amendments, which state that no person can be deprived of “life, liberty, or property, without due process.”

 

But in a multilingual society, these rights collide with how little most Americans, including law enforcement and court professionals, are taught about language itself. Speakers of minority languages, or languages that are not commonly used in schools, courts or government, are often disadvantaged by this lack of linguistic awareness. This can even affect nonstandard English speakers or people who speak a variety of English that differs from the mainstream varieties privileged in courts and schools.

 

Imagine an English speaker detained abroad and forced to navigate a criminal trial in a language they do not understand. Most people would recognize that as fundamentally unfair, but speakers of minority languages often face this reality in U.S. courtrooms.

 

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These failures are poised to multiply. Early in his second term, President Donald Trump issued an executive order designating English as the official U.S. language and rescinding a 2000 executive order that directed federal agencies to provide language access – despite the fact that around 25 million people in the U.S. have limited English proficiency.

 

At the same time, the Trump administration has sharply expanded an immigration crackdown that targets Latino communities. In immigration enforcement, heavily reduced training may be leaving ICE officers with limited understanding of constitutional protections, sweeping growing numbers of Indigenous-language speakers into a legal system unequipped to communicate with them.

 

As a linguist, translator and courtroom interpreter for the Ch'ol language – a Mayan language spoken by roughly a quarter of a million people – I see firsthand the ways in which the court system is unprepared.

 

Minority and Indigenous languages

More than 30 Mayan languages are spoken today by roughly 7 million people; they’re not dialects of Spanish but members of a separate linguistic family and have their own vocabulary, grammar and sound systems, as distinct from one another as the languages spoken across Europe. A speaker of Ch'ol would not be able to understand Mam, as is the case for thousands of other minority or Indigenous languages worldwide.

 

Since 2015 I have worked in southern Mexico with speakers of Ch’ol, and since 2023 I have been an expert witness and court interpreter. I have twice worked with defendants suspected of having learning disabilities, when, in reality, they had just been provided interpretation in the wrong language.

 

Consequences in the courtroom

A lack of awareness about language diversity and linguistic needs can have serious consequences in the courtroom. In the 1980s, a speaker of a Mixtec language was wrongfully convicted of murder after a trial conducted through a Spanish interpreter, a language he barely spoke. Four decades later this problem persists: In Texas in 2022, a man who spoke the Northern Tepehuan language was convicted of possession of marijuana with intent to distribute and sentenced to 24 months in prison despite not understanding his court proceedings.

 

Data on linguistic diversity is more available in Los Angeles and New York City, two cities with large Indigenous populations. But in other areas of the country, court systems are unprepared for diverse linguistic needs. Even the 2020 census, which researchers and Indigenous-rights advocates say undercounts these communities, recorded more than 1.3 million people identifying as Latin American Indian. Still, in court files and immigration records, Indigenous-language speakers are typically logged as Hispanic or Spanish-speaking, erasing the distinction that determines whether someone gets an interpreter they can understand.

 

Although neither ICE nor Customs and Border Protection tracks Indigenous immigrants or the languages they speak, reporting at the border suggests as many as 1 in 5 people in immigration detention are Indigenous.

 

By one estimate, speakers of Indigenous languages represent between 10% and 44% of new arrivals at the U.S.-Mexico border, but without the right language services, misunderstanding and bias can push asylum-seekers to abandon valid claims and return to dangerous situations or otherwise jeopardize their chances of gaining entry.

 

Indigenous language–speakers are denied asylum in the U.S. more often than speakers of more commonly spoken languages. In one instance, when a woman was asked to describe a domestic abuse injury to a judge, one interpreter used the word “heel”; another, later, used “ankle.” In Mam, “heel” and “ankle” are the same word, but the inconsistency led the judge to think the asylum-seeker was changing her story. The judge ordered her removed.

 

A broader impact

The failure to respect language and dialect diversity threatens the fairness of the legal system for immigrants and citizens alike, as linguistic discrimination can extend to varieties of English as well.

 

Court reporters are required to transcribe at a minimum of 95% accuracy, but that measure does not evaluate their ability to transcribe nonstandard English. In one study, researchers tested more than two dozen Philadelphia court reporters and found that when it came to African American English, their transcriptions were less than 60% accurate, sentence by sentence. AAE is a group of varieties of English spoken by many Black communities in the U.S. with their own rule-governed syntax, lexicon and phonology that make them distinct from mainstream American English. Inaccurate transcription, the study explained, can lead to errors that “change the official record of who performed what actions under which circumstances, with potentially dramatic legal repercussions.”

 

In 2012, George Zimmerman killed unarmed Black teenager Trayvon Martin and was charged with second-degree murder. Rachel Jeantel was on the phone with Martin before his death and, so, was a key witness for the prosecution. She testified for nearly six hours – including about the start of the encounter and who confronted whom, a question central to Zimmerman’s self-defense claim – but jurors found her testimony not credible and ended up disregarding it. One said it was hard to understand. Zimmerman would eventually be acquitted.

 

Rachel Jeantel, a key witness in George Zimmerman’s trial, testifies in Florida in 2013. AP Photo/Orlando Sentinel, Jacob Langston

It is difficult to show how many people are affected by linguistic discrimination. Unlike people whose proficiency in English is low, AAE speakers are not counted as a distinct linguistic group, so the scale of the harm is undocumented. Nevertheless, one study showed that witnesses with foreign-accented English are viewed as less credible, and studies in both the U.K. and the U.S. found that speakers of nonstandard varieties of English are perceived to be guiltier.

 

In cases involving stigmatized varieties of speech, expert witnesses could help jurors understand linguistic diversity and separate how someone speaks from whether they are credible. Expert witnesses could also help jurors understand what linguistic discrimination is and explain that biases against someone’s language are often masked biases against their race, gender or socioeconomic background.

 

‘The last bastion of overt social discrimination’

The case against the two Mam-speaking farmworkers in Oregon was challenged in court, and in January 2026 a federal judge found the agents’ actions to be “reckless and erroneous.” The judge ordered ICE to remove their ankle monitors and end the supervision program imposed on them. Neither was convicted of a crime.

 

Despite the ruling in the farmworkers’ favor, though, their case reflects a broader problem: Although the right to an interpreter is constitutionally protected, that right means little when courts and officers are unaware of linguistic needs. Education for law enforcement and court officials on linguistic diversity, early language identification and increased funding for interpretation services are all essential before the courts can deliver on the rights the Constitution guarantees.

 

As sociolinguist James Milroy argued in a 1998 essay about linguistic discrimination in education, unless societies become more educated about linguistic diversity, “the last bastion of overt social discrimination will continue to be a person’s use of language.”

Carol Rose Little

Assistant Professor of Linguistics, University of Oklahoma

https://theconversation.com/the-constitution-promises-an-interpreter-for-fair-trials-us-courts-often-cant-deliver-283540

"AI language translation equipment
Officers are using upgraded body cameras that instantly auto-detect and translate 56 languages to eliminate interpreter wait times and speed up police report transcription.

RENTON, Wash. - As FIFA World Cup fans and international tourists flood into the region, the Renton Police Department deployed new technology — including automated drone trackers and AI-powered body cameras — to handle the influx of global visitors.

...Renton officers have been outfitted with upgraded body-worn cameras capable of translating 56 different languages instantly.

"We have a very diverse community here in Renton, and it’s incredibly important for us to be able to support everyone in the community, not just people who can speak English," said Denis Moynihan, Renton PD’s north sector Patrol Operations Commander.

Officers began training with the AI-powered translation software in February and have since been utilizing it on an almost daily basis. When an officer encounters a language barrier, they can manually activate the AI translation tool.

"We hold down a button, and we can either identify a language that we know somebody is speaking or we can allow the device to auto-detect, and then it will begin translation," explained Moynihan.

What they're saying:
Officials said the tool prevents confusion, eliminates waiting times for a live interpreter to arrive on scene, and helps de-escalate tense situations. Officials added that the software automatically transcribes the whole conversation, allowing officers to write faster, more accurate police reports.

"This is a huge pathway to helping people when they have problems or need our assistance," Moynihan said. "We have different people in this community that we need to be able to serve."

The rollout of the new drone-tracking trailer and translation software did not happen overnight. The equipment and upgraded software were part of a contract extension with safety technology vendor Axon Enterprise Inc.

The Renton City Council approved the contract extension back in 2025.

Renton Police are reminding all drone hobbyists to check current FAA flight restrictions before taking off. The temporary flight restrictions in Renton will be enforced through July 21."
By Franque Thompson
FOX 13 Seattle
Renton
Published June 11, 2026
https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/renton-drone-tracker-ai-translators
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Date limite de soumission des résumés : 30 septembre 2026
Retour aux auteurs sur intention de publication : 1er novembre 2026
Remise des articles longs (30000 à 50000 signes) : 30 mars 2027
Publication du numéro prévue : janvier 2028
Écrire fait partie intrinsèque du quotidien des chercheuses et chercheurs en Sciences de l’information et de la communication (SIC), mais « ce dénominateur commun masque à l'évidence une grande diversité quant aux pratiques d'écriture » (Le Bart et Mazel, 2021, p. 7). L’écriture intervient à différentes étapes de la production des connaissances. Elle comprend d’abord des « écritures intermédiaires » (Achard, 1994), qui permettent de structurer la pensée et le raisonnement, de confronter des données, participant à l’évolution conceptuelle des connaissances (Berthelot, 2003). Elle participe également à la production des traces de l’enquête, à travers des formes diverses - visuelles, graphiques, sonores, filmiques ou encore performatives - mobilisées dans les processus d’observation, d’analyse et de restitution. Enfin, l’écriture scientifique ne se limite pas à la publication académique entendue comme un ensemble de connaissances certifiées par et entre pairs : elle engage aussi des stratégies de médiation, de circulation et de valorisation des savoirs auprès de publics variés (Jeanneret, 1994). Le terme d’« écriture » est ici entendu dans une acception large, qui dépasse la seule dimension langagière ou textuelle du « langage scientifique », pour mettre l’accent sur les dimensions subjectives, matérielles, médiatiques, relationnelles et situées de la production des savoirs, en intégrant les formats, les dispositifs et les pratiques qui rendent possible leur élaboration et leur circulation.

L’écriture scientifique est devenue un objet de recherche à part entière en SHS depuis les années 1970, dans un contexte où les chercheur·se·s, entre autres les sociologues, anthropologues, historien·ne·s, linguistes, rendent simultanément compte du contexte social et du contenu scientifique, en s’interrogeant sur les modes d’élaboration du savoir scientifique (Lefebvre, 2006). Ils et elles questionnent alors les conditions nécessaires au développement scientifique ou encore les relations qu’entretiennent les sciences et la société. En SIC, les années 1990 sont marquées par les premières études critiques sur les « écrits d’écran » interrogeant l’écriture et ses « nouveaux » formats numériques (Jeanneret et Souchier, 1999 ; Souchier et al., 2019). L’écriture scientifique n’est dès lors plus envisagée comme un simple support de diffusion des connaissances ; elle devient un « dispositif » de production des savoirs, où le sens et la forme ne sont plus dissociables et où se jouent également des rapports de pouvoir liés aux normes d’écriture, aux conditions de légitimité et aux modalités d’énonciation scientifique (Foucault, 1971). D’autres travaux ont mis en évidence la multiplication des pratiques collectives centrées sur le document numérique (Zacklad, 2007 ; Zacklad et al., 2007), y compris pour la production des écrits scientifiques. Au prisme de la notion de « document », ces écrits sont aussi envisagés comme un ensemble de fragments issus d’annotations et de transactions entre des chercheur·se·s impliqué·es, « mettant en jeu leur "self" et des connaissances liées à la production d’une "œuvre" […] » (Zacklad, 2007, p. 2). Ces dynamiques prolongent la conception de l’écriture comme dispositif de production des savoirs, en soulignant sa dimension distribuée et collaborative.

Dans leur ouvrage, Le Bart et Mazel (2021) font l’hypothèse d’une standardisation des pratiques d’écriture en SHS fondée sur la quête d’un idéal positiviste de neutralité, emprunté des sciences dures, qui plaideraient pour faire du langage un instrument aussi neutre que possible. Il s’agirait ainsi de rechercher une « écriture froide, désencombrée d’affects et de subjectivité, pour dire, avec les outils d’objectivation par exemple statistique, la réalité vraie du monde social » (Le Bart et Mazel, 2021, p. 10). Or, bien que le « savoir écrire » hérité d’une tradition scolastique semble faire partie intrinsèque des « compétences » exigées pour l’exercice du métier de checheur·se en SIC, on observe des pratiques d’écritures plurielles au sein de la discipline.

Ces écritures plurielles sont parfois renvoyées au statut d’écrits « alternatifs » évoquant ainsi une prise de distance critique à l’égard des modèles académiques conventionnels. En même temps, l’« alternatif » peut aussi renvoyer aux diverses injonctions composant les appels à projets actuels, visant à donner à voir la recherche en train de se faire (Renaud, 2025). Ces injonctions s’appuient souvent sur une « culture des livrables » directement associée aux logiques de financement de la recherche par projet ou des commandes scientifiques, se conformant parfois à des formats associés à des logiques marchandes (comme ceux promus par des réseaux socio-numériques ou par d’autres acteurs économiques) ou encore à des méthodes de travail managériales. Ces écritures sont aussi pensées dans leurs dimensions « créatives » ou « expérimentales » impliquant la dimension sensible de celle ou de celui qui écrit. Elles tendent également à investir des espaces de visibilité élargis. Alors même que la corporalité, les affects, les sensations sont convoquées dans ces pratiques d’écriture, demeure la question de la généralisation des constats et de la démontrabilité des résultats scientifiques. Elles font ainsi apparaître des tensions fortes entre scientificité, expressivité et reconnaissance disciplinaire.

En outre, tandis que l’écriture scientifique collective tend à être valorisée, entendue comme une entreprise assumée d’effacement des subjectivités, « la production scientifique n’étant pas celle d’un intellectuel isolé, elle est le fait d’un collectif (unité, équipe, réseau…) » (Le Bart et Mazel, 2021, p. 12), elle interroge davantage quand il s’agit d’impliquer des acteur·trice·s académiques et non-académiques (entreprises, organisations publiques, collectifs de la société civile, artistes, citoyen·ne·s). L’écriture scientifique faite à plusieurs voix, et notamment par plusieurs catégories d’acteurs, postule un dialogue entre savoirs dits « savants », scientifiques ou académiques ; savoirs dits « experts » ou analogiques ; et savoirs « expérientiels » (Gardien, 2017 ; Amaré et Valran, 2017). Elle peut exiger une adaptation des normes, investissant d’autres genres d’écrits (narratifs, poétiques, pédagogiques), et s’inscrire dans des démarches de recherche-action, de recherche-création ou, plus largement, de sciences participatives (Bouillaguet, 2024).

Plusieurs numéros de revue récents en SIC ont interrogé ces écritures polyphoniques, autour de la « recherche-intervention » dans le champ de la communication organisationnelle (Ruelland et al., 2020 ; De La Broise et al., 2022), autour des cultures de conception et de co-design (Bonnet, 2021) ou encore des sciences participatives au prisme des SIC (Pascual Espuny et al., 2021). D’autres initiatives, telles que celles portées par le Groupe d’Études et de Recherche (GER) « Recherche et Création » de la SFSIC[1], appellent à articuler différentes postures, en associant pratiques artistiques et créatives à la production de connaissances, tout en nourrissant ces pratiques par l’heuristique de la recherche. Dans tous ces cas, il s’agit d’interroger les rôles, les responsabilités et les modalités d’engagement du/de la chercheur·se dans la production des savoirs. La dimension éthique renvoie alors autant aux modalités de collaboration, de représentation et de restitution des expériences qu’aux conditions de légitimation des savoirs produits. Ces pratiques mettent également à l’épreuve la validité des démarches théoriques et méthodologiques mobilisées, dont les implications doivent être explicitées tout au long du processus de recherche.

Enfin, il est indéniable que ces écritures plurielles s’inscrivent dans des débats et des luttes à la fois épistémiques et épistémologiques au sein des SIC. Épistémiques, car elles participent à définir la manière dont la chercheuse ou le chercheur s’engage dans la situation étudiée, vis-à-vis de son objet de recherche et de son contexte d’études. Épistémologiques, dans le sens où ces écritures interrogent les frontières des savoirs exigeant un repositionnement presque continu des communautés académiques sur ce qui relève ou non de la discipline et de ce l’on envisage comme « science ». D’autant plus qu’en tant que 71e section du Conseil national des universités (CNU), les SIC relèvent du « groupe 12 », dit « pluridisciplinaire », dans la mesure où les travaux « agence[nt] des théories et méthodes venant d’autres disciplines » dans « des analyses centrées sur des acteurs, des usages, des textes, des documents et des discours, des images, des situations et des contextes »[2]. Si l’interdisciplinarité constitue un fondement de l’identité des SIC en France, elle ne fait toutefois pas consensus comme principe unificateur des pratiques scientifiques de la discipline (Fleury et Walter, 2011). Ces débats témoignent d’une quête récurrente de légitimité des SIC au sein des SHS et, plus largement, dans leurs rapports aux autres disciplines scientifiques.

Ce dossier souhaite prolonger les discussions autour des écritures plurielles menées par des chercheuses et chercheurs en SIC. Comment expérimenter des formes d’écriture aux frontières des normes académiques ? Comment en prendre en compte le corps et les sensibilités des chercheurs·es, ou encore s’immerger dans les terrains et communautés étudiés ? De quelles manières ces tentatives d’écriture interrogent-elles l’autorité et la légitimité des chercheurs·es ? Quels enjeux dans la construction et dans la valorisation des savoirs scientifiques ? Qu’est-ce qui fait discipline ? In fine, ce dossier invite à interroger les écritures plurielles en SIC comme des pratiques situées, traversées par des tensions épistémiques et épistémologiques, par des rapports de pouvoir entre les acteurs de l’écriture, et par des formats et des temporalités hétérogènes.

Les contributions proposées sont invitées à s’inscrire dans l’un des axes suivants ou à en croiser les perspectives, ces derniers n’étant pas limitatifs.

Axe 1 : Reconfigurations des écritures scientifiques en SIC

Cet axe propose d’interroger les transformations contemporaines des normes d’écriture scientifique en SIC, dans un contexte marqué par la diversification des formats, la contrainte des dispositifs d’évaluation et l’accélération des temporalités de production du savoir. Les formes longues et stabilisées coexistent désormais avec des écritures plus courtes, fragmentées et situées - appels à projets, publications rapides, productions intermédiaires - qui reconfigurent les conditions d’élaboration et de diffusion des connaissances. Ces évolutions s’inscrivent dans un mouvement plus large de rationalisation et d’intensification du travail scientifique, participant au déploiement de dispositifs et de structures qui contribuent à la reconfiguration des pratiques d’écriture de la recherche, par exemple, des lieux de pratique de l’enquête et de l’observation comme La fabrique des écritures[3], ou bien la multiplication des résidences d’écriture[4], ou encore le soutien aux travaux de recherche-création comme à l’Université de Rennes avec un label recherche-création[5].

Dès lors, la question de la « publicisation » des savoirs apparaît centrale. Le passage de l’écrit pour soi à l’écrit destiné à des publics élargis engage une dynamique de formalisation et de distanciation vis-à-vis de l’objet scientifique (Licoppe, 1996). Il participe également à une circulation des écrits entre différents espaces - académiques, médiatiques, professionnels - contribuant à brouiller les frontières entre écriture de recherche, communication scientifique et présence du/de la chercheur·se dans la Cité. Ces dynamiques se prolongent aujourd’hui dans les environnements numériques qui participent à redéfinir les modalités d’écriture et de restitution des savoirs (Angé, 2018 ; Chabert, 2025), notamment dans le cadre de démarches de « recherche-création » (Hambefort, 2016). Ces transformations peuvent être mises en perspective avec les travaux en Humanités numériques, qui envisagent les écritures comme des environnements numériques de production et de circulation des savoirs (Doueihi, 2011), ou encore les effets qu’induisent les dispositifs numériques sur la dimension collective et éditoriale des écritures savantes (Sauret, 2020).

Que dire de ces transformations ? Peuvent-elles être lues comme l’émergence d’un nouveau paradigme des écritures de recherche ? Comment les chercheurs·es composent-ils/elles avec des injonctions parfois contradictoires entre standardisation, visibilité et expérimentation, qui redessinent les conditions de production et de circulation des savoirs ? Elles traversent à la fois les formes d’écriture dédiées à la communication scientifique et des formats plus créatifs, inscrits dans une « culture triviale » du/de la chercheur·se et rejouent les frontières entre écriture de recherche et présence publique.

Axe 2 : Poïétique des écritures numériques : formes hybrides et usages de l’IA

À partir d’une perspective critique et « poïétique » (Persillet, 2024), qui se veut centrée sur les processus de création, cet axe propose d’interroger comment les pratiques d’écriture scientifique en SIC se transforment à partir de l’articulation des dispositifs techniques, des contraintes institutionnelles et des environnements numériques. Alors que la matérialité des supports et des formats participe pleinement à la production de sens, l’écriture scientifique se reconfigure au contact de pratiques artistiques, mais aussi d’injonctions issues des industries culturelles, médiatiques et créatives (Alexis et al., 2019).

Il s’agit ainsi d’analyser les phénomènes de résistance ou d’hybridation entre écriture académique, communication médiatique et formats professionnels. Ces dynamiques s’inscrivent souvent dans une tension entre une « scientificité du calcul » dont le numérique supposément révèle « une sorte de réel ontologique immédiatement perceptible », fondée sur des logiques industrielles (Saemmer, 2015), et une « liberté créative » revendiquée fréquemment par les concepteurs·trices d’outils numériques. L’essor de l’IA générative accentue ces transformations en introduisant de nouvelles formes d’agentivité et de production. Les « machines à prédire » (Benbouzid et Cardon, 2018) reconfigurent les conditions d’écriture et participent à une redéfinition du social fondée sur les traces (Boullier, 2015), tout en soulevant des enjeux éthiques majeurs (Bertrand et Gosselin, 2020 ; Zacklad et Rouvroy, 2022).

Dans ce contexte, les contributions peuvent traiter différentes questions. Comment certains·es chercheurs·es en SIC articulent pratiques artistiques et créatives à leurs écritures scientifiques ? De quelles manières les dispositifs techniques et, en particulier, les outils d’IA générative transforment-ils les pratiques d’écriture de la recherche des chercheurs.es ? En quoi le prompt peut-il être envisagé comme une compétence communicationnelle et une forme d’agentivité créatrice (Baillargeon, 2018) ? Comment penser les articulations entre calcul algorithmique et création ? Dans quelle mesure les formats numériques redéfinissent-ils les normes de scientificité et de légitimité ? Enfin, quelles implications éthiques ces transformations engendrent-elles pour la production et la diffusion des savoirs ?

Axe 3 : Écriture, corps et affects dans la production des savoirs

Cet axe propose d’explorer la dimension incarnée et sensible des pratiques d’écriture en SIC, en considérant l’écriture comme une activité traversée par des formes d’implication personnelle (Lambert, 2007). À distance d’un idéal d’objectivité, de nombreux travaux invitent à reconnaître le rôle du corps et des émotions dans les processus de production des savoirs (Martin-Juchat, 2020). L’acte d’écrire ne relève pas seulement d’une opération cognitive, mais engage des perceptions, des sensations, des attachements et des positionnements qui participent à la construction du regard scientifique (Stassin, 2025).

Dans cette perspective, les affects, les émotions, la subjectivité, l’engagement peuvent être envisagés comme des ressources heuristiques au regard des exigences de scientificité. Les écritures réflexives, les démarches auto-ethnographiques ou encore certaines formes de recherche-création rendent visibles ces dimensions en intégrant les conditions situées de production des savoirs dans l’écriture elle-même. Les travaux récents soulignent ainsi l’importance d’écritures que l’on pourrait qualifier de « sensibles », qui articulent images, récits et expériences, et participent à une exploration des formes de connaissance au-delà des formats académiques traditionnels (Bationo-Tillon et al., 2024). De même, les pratiques hybrides d’artistes-chercheurs·es interrogent les manières de « performer » les savoirs, en mobilisant le corps comme vecteur de production et de transmission des connaissances (Boudier et Déchery, 2022).

Ces approches invitent à repenser les formes et les critères de légitimité de l’écriture scientifique, en interrogeant la place accordée à la subjectivité et à l’expérience sensible. Les contributions pourront ainsi explorer différentes questions : comment le corps et les affects interviennent-ils dans les pratiques d’écriture scientifique ? Dans quelle mesure ces dimensions sont-elles reconnues, intégrées ou au contraire marginalisées dans la discipline ? Quelles formes d’écriture permettent de rendre compte de cette dimension sensible sans renoncer aux exigences de formalisation et de démonstration ? Enfin, comment ces pratiques participent-elles à redéfinir les frontières entre écriture scientifique, écriture littéraire et écriture artistique ?

Axe 4 : Écritures participatives et co-construction des savoirs

Cet axe propose d’explorer les écritures scientifiques dites « participatives » comme dispositifs de médiation entre différents régimes de savoirs académiques et non-académiques. L’écriture y est envisagée à la fois comme un outil de traduction, de négociation et de structuration de connaissances permettant la rencontre de mondes sociaux hétérogènes. Ces pratiques interrogent la place et la légitimité des voix engagées dans la documentation des traces et dans la production des données, dans la construction des savoirs, ainsi que dans les modalités de partage de l’autorité scientifique. Elles permettent de repenser les formes de restitution et de circulation des résultats dans une perspective de co-construction (Kollman et al., 2025 ; Bats et May, 2023). Ces pratiques d’écriture invitent également à questionner les conditions éthiques de production et de circulation des écrits, notamment les modalités d’attribution de la parole, de co-énonciation et de partage de l’autorité scientifique, ainsi que les effets potentiels des choix d’écriture en termes de risques réputationnels, d’exposition ou d’invisibilisation des individus et des collectifs, selon la manière dont leurs propos et leurs pratiques sont relatés et interprétés. L’écriture devient ainsi un espace de tension entre validation scientifique et reconnaissance des savoirs situés.

Dans cette perspective, les écritures « participatives » contribuent à transformer les pratiques scientifiques en SIC, en questionnant leurs finalités, leurs méthodes et les postures des chercheurs·es (Pascual Espuny et al., 2021). Ces écritures peuvent ainsi favoriser des dynamiques d’encapacitation des publics non-académiques, s’inscrivant dans une visée entendue comme émancipatrice (Bacqué & Biewener, 2013), ou répondre davantage à des injonctions institutionnelles s’adaptant à des logiques de financement publiques ou privées. D’autres approches questionnent davantage le rôle des sciences et les hiérarchies scientifiques en prenant en compte des savoirs vernaculaires et une perspective élargie du vivant, intégrant même des entités non humaines dans les processus de production des savoirs et les récits du « faire ensemble » (Escobar, 2018 ; Martin-Juchat, 2024). En outre, la prise en compte des corpus scientifiques et patrimoniaux invite à questionner les logiques de documentarisation « participatives » (Chupin, 2016).

Plusieurs questions peuvent être formulées au sein des contributions : comment l’écriture participe-t-elle à la co-construction des savoirs entre chercheur·ses et publics non-académiques ? Quelles formes de légitimité et d’autorité scientifique émergent dans ces pratiques ? Dans quelle mesure ces pratiques favorisent-elles des démarches d’encapacitation des publics impliqués ou reproduisent-elles des logiques institutionnelles ? Enfin, quels enjeux éthiques, politiques et épistémologiques soulèvent ces formes d’écritures « participatives » ? Dans quelle mesure ces formes d’écritures « participatives » peuvent-elles être rapprochées des travaux sur la genèse documentaire et les écritures hypertextuelles (Le Deuff, 2019), qui interrogent les logiques de documentation, d’annotation et de recomposition des savoirs ?

Ce dossier invite ainsi à saisir les écritures en SIC comme des lieux d’expérimentation, de tension et de reconfiguration des pratiques scientifiques. Il s’agit d’interroger ce que ces formes plurielles font aux manières de produire, de légitimer et de partager les savoirs, ainsi qu’aux frontières de la discipline elle-même. Les contributions sont ainsi encouragées à proposer des analyses empiriques, des réflexions théoriques ou des retours d’expérience, susceptibles d’éclairer les transformations contemporaines de l’écriture scientifique, dans toute leur diversité de formes, de contextes et d’enjeux.

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Chupin L. (2016). Documentarisation participative et médiation du patrimoine scientifique numérisé. Le cas des herbiers‪. Études de communication, 46,1, p.  33-50.

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Kohlmann, É., Inaudi, A., & Coulbaut-Lazzarini, A. (2025). Enjeux de légitimité dans la médiation scientifique : Approche par les usages du livre. Les Enjeux de l’information et de la communication, 25(1), 123–137.

Lambert, F. (2007). L’écriture en recherche, Paris, Parcours(sic) éditions.

Lefebvre, M. (2006). Les écrits scientifiques en action : pluralité des écritures et enjeux mobilisés, Sciences de la société, n°   67.

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Le Deuff O. (2019). Hyperdocumentation, hyperville et hyperloin. Jusqu’où peut-on étudier l’hypertexte ?, H2PTM’19 : De l’hypertexte aux humanités numériques, Montbelliard, France. p.  47-62.

Martin-Juchat, F., (2020), L’aventure du corps. La communication corporelle, une voie vers l’émancipation, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble.

Martin-Juchat, F. (2024). Des communications organisationnelles « écoféministes » : Nouvel esprit du capitalisme ou « dynamiques transformatives » ? Communication & Organisation, (2024/2), 239–255. Presses universitaires de Bordeaux.

Pascual Espuny, C., Catellani, A., & Jalenques-Vigouroux, B. (2021). Les sciences participatives au prisme des Sciences de l'information et de la communication. Introduction. Études de communication, (56), 7–20.

Persillet, C. (2024). Poïétique, pratique et théorie : Méthodologie de la recherche en arts plastiques. Marges, (39), 21–42.

Renaud, L. (2025). La recherche en SIC face à la figuration des médias informatisés, Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, Avignon Université.

Ruelland, I., Lafortune, J.-M., & Rhéaume, J. (2020). L’intervention en milieux organisés : fondements et enjeux communicationnels. Communication et organisation, (30), 1–9.

Saemmer, A. (2015). Rhétorique du texte numérique : figures de la lecture, anticipations de pratiques. Presses de l’Enssib.

Sauret, N. (2020). De la revue au collectif : la conversation comme dispositif d’éditorialisation des communautés savantes en lettres et sciences humaines. Thèse de doctorat en Sciences de l'Information et de et de la communication à Paris 10 en cotutelle avec l’Université de Montréal.

Souchier, E., & Jeanneret, Y. (1999). Pour une poétique de l’écrit d’écran. Xoana, (6), 97–107.

Souchier, E., Candel, É., Gomez-Mejia, G., & Jeanne-Perrier, V. (2019). Le numérique comme écriture : Théories et méthodes d’analyse. Armand Colin.

Stassin, B. (2025). La place des affects dans la recherche en terrain sensible. Du « besoin informationnel » au « travail émotionnel  », Habilitation à diriger des recherches, CREM, Université de Lorraine.

Zacklad, M. (2007), Annotation : attention, association, contribution. Annotations dans les Documents pour l'Action, Hermes science publications, pp.29-46.

Zacklad, M., Bénel, A., Bringay, S., Barry-Gréboval, C., Charlet, J., et al. (2007) Processus d’annotation dans les documents pour l’action : textualité et médiation de la coopération. Roger T. Pédauque. La redocumentarisation du monde, Cépaduès, pp.149-166.

Zacklad, M., & Rouvroy, A. (2022). L’éthique située de l’IA et ses controverses. Revue française des sciences de l’information et de la communication. En ligne : https://journals.openedition.org/rfsic/13204. https://doi.org/10.4000/rfsic.13204.

[1] URL https://www.sfsic.org/sfsic-association-information-communication/groupes-detudes-et-de-recherche/ [consulté le 9 mai 2026].

[2] Voir la page du CNU sur les Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication : https://conseil-national-des-universites.fr/cnu/#/entite/entiteName/CNU/idChild/34/idNode/4471-4497  [consulté le 29 avril 2026].

[3] https://fabecritures.fr/ [consulté le 07/05/2026].

[4] Par exemple, à l’EHESS : https://www.ehess.fr/jcms/43924_JNewsArticle/fr/deux-projets-de-recherche-creation-en-residence-d-ecriture-au-campus-condorcet [consulté le 07/05/2026].

[5] https://www.univ-rennes2.fr/recherche/label-recherche-creation [consulté le 07/05/2026].

Responsable :
Revue ATIC, Lorreine Petters, Lucie Alexis
Url de référence :
https://atic.hypotheses.org/2060
Adresse :
Revue ATIC"
https://www.fabula.org/actualites/135063/proposition-de-dossier-thematique-revue-atic-ecrire-en.html
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Lancement de la traduction audio du Coran en tadjik
IQNA-Le Complexe d'Impression du Saint Coran King Fahd a récemment lancé une traduction audio des significations du Saint Coran en langue tadjike, rendant ainsi les enseignements coraniques accessibles aux auditeurs parlant tadjik à travers le monde.

Selon SPA, cette initiative s'inscrit dans le cadre des efforts continus du complexe pour utiliser les technologies modernes afin de servir le Saint Coran et faciliter l'accès à ses significations pour les musulmans de différentes langues.

Les utilisateurs peuvent désormais écouter les traductions audio en tadjik, naviguer entre les sourates et les versets, et télécharger des fichiers audio.

Cette traduction audio se distingue par des enregistrements de haute qualité, une narration claire et une transmission précise des significations des versets coraniques, contribuant ainsi à une compréhension plus profonde du Saint Coran parmi les locuteurs tadjiks.

Le CComplexe roi Fahd, basé dans la ville sainte de Médine, produit chaque année des millions de copies du Coran et publie également des traductions de ce livre sacré dans diverses langues.

Cette nouvelle ressource représente un pas important vers l'inclusivité et l'accessibilité des enseignements islamiques."
June 12, 2026
https://iqna.ir/fr/news/3495778/lancement-de-la-traduction-audio-du-coran-en-tadjik
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"How Soviet prisons spread a secret 'language of thieves' now spoken by millions

The tricks of the jail jargon Fenya were once used to bewilder guards in Stalin's Gulags. Now they are being used by Russian cyber-criminals.

When would you hide in a raspberry? Why don't you want to be a sixer? And what does it mean to go to the akademiya?

Russian often takes slang to complex levels, such as through Mat, its linguistic system for obscenities. But even a "matershchinnik" (a well-practiced master of swearing) might find the above phrases nonsensical – unless, of course, they are familiar with Fenya, the language of Russia's colossal prison system.

This language of criminals has been deployed by underworld figures for centuries to puzzle and evade. But during the 20th Century, its curious mixture of double entendre and loan words ballooned in Soviet prisons.

With German, Greek and Yiddish influences, Fenya is brimming with confusing hidden meanings. In Russian, "babki" literally means "grandmas", but in Fenya, it also means "money". "Varezhka" means a "mitten" but also a "mouth, while "khalyava", derived from the Hebrew for "milk", is a "freebie" or "giveaway".

A single word in Fenya can contain hidden codes known only to speakers of the slang. And just as it once bewildered prison camp guards, its language tricks are now being being used online, obscuring the intent of cyber-criminals and confusing authorities.

For instance, while the Russian words мусор or musor normally translate to "trash", its Fenya equivalent today means a cop who may have infiltrated the dark-web forums where cyber-attacks are organised.

With Russian cyber-crime booming, investigators must now familiarise themselves with this jargon if they want to get the drop on perpetrators. Even with advances in artificial intelligence, though, machines can struggle to pick up Fenya's constantly evolving nuances.

So how did we get here? While Fenya was muttered on the streets of Tsarist Russia for centuries, it was a series of decisions taken by the Soviet justice system that resulted in its explosion into the mainstream – and ultimately onto the internet too.

Clandestine beginnings
Broadly speaking, Fenya is a type of cryptolect – a camouflaged language often used to confuse others. Today, it has burrowed into broader Russian culture to the degree that some may be unaware of words' original ties to the underworld.

Fenya's origins are shrouded in mystery. One intriguing (though disputed) theory suggests it began with nomadic salesmen called Ofeni who travelled on foot across Russia selling religious knick-knacks. A 17th-Century church schism, the theory goes, declared their wares items heretical, so wayfaring merchants adopted their own unique modes of speech.

Fuel Russian Criminal Tattoo Archive
The king of clubs was known as "St Nicholas" in fenya, while "to hold a suit" means having authority over a community of thieves (Credit: Fuel Russian Criminal Tattoo Archive)

More is known about how Fenya spread. The vocabulary is thought to have started expanding in the 19th Century, writes Mark Galeotti, an expert in modern Russia, intelligence consultant and honorary professor at University College London, in his 2018 book The Vory: Russia's Super Mafia. It was then, he says, that street urchins and criminals started to place "fe" and "nye" sounds in the middle of words.

These particular tics, redolent of an underworld pig-Latin, were eventually dropped, writes Galeotti. But not before gangs of pickpockets and street scammers adopted Fenya. Initiations into their crews counted on a basic understanding of it. Words and phrases were documented at length in an 1863 dictionary of living Russian,which attempted to categorise Russian as it was lived and spoken.

In Fenya, hierarchies are expressed through card-game jargon, with suits and clubs symbolising bona fide thieves. Animals take on secret double-lives as objects, so speakers know that a monkey is a mirror and a fox is a folding-knife. Altogether, Fenya's vocabulary is thought to comprise between 10,000 and 27,000 words.

Among the intelligentsia of the late Tsarist period, the tantalising suggestion of a shadow criminal society fascinated literary figures and inspired so-called vagabond music – where performers sang in Fenya and romanticised slum life.

But it was the enormous social upheaval of wars and revolution to come that really cemented Fenya's rise.

Fenya's explosion
After winning the Russian civil war and creating the USSR in 1922, the Bolsheviks experimented with expanding the country's prison camps. In these forerunners to the notorious Gulag system, all sorts of people would mix with petty criminals – giving everyone from peasants to the intelligentsia a first-hand taste of Fenya.

Alamy
In Soviet Gulags, everyone from peasants to the intelligentsia mixed with petty criminals, giving them a first-hand taste of Fenya (Credit: Alamy)

When Stalin took power, millions more were incarcerated, leading the enigmatic vocabulary to spread among even more prisoners and become standardised among criminals, eventually evolving into a kind of prison-camp vocabulary with whole new terms.

"Language became a kind of communicative survival tool," says Martin Puchner, professor of English and comparative literature at Harvard University in the US, and author of The Language of Thieves: The Story of Rotwelsch and One Family's Secret History.

In the prisons, professional criminals formalised Fenya into the "vorovskoy zakon", or thieves' code, a Mafioso-style set of laws that signalled status: those familiar with its rules, and the commoners or "muzhik" (peasants) who would only ever be their marks.

Fenya and cyber-crime lingo are almost like a form of convergent evolution – Roman Sannikov
Meanwhile, Stalin attempted to crush criminality, along with anything he associated with it – like Fenya. As early as 1930, official Soviet magazines decried "thieves songs" as a dangerous affront to proletarian culture.

Popular artists reinvented themselves in more ideologically acceptable directions. The famous Soviet estrada singer Leonid Utesov – whose jaunty thieves' song From The Odessa Gaol was once a crowd-pleaser – began performing for the military instead, converting his style into what one historian called a "Soviet product cleansed of decadence".

Leaving the prisons
The days following Stalin's death in 1953 brought another twist to the tale of Fenya.

A mass amnesty of more than a million prisoners meant petty criminals left the Gulags in droves. They returned home, bringing Fenya with them. "Blatnaya pesnya" – thieves' songs – broke out in taverns across the country.

"[At this time] there was a sense that criminal culture was a folk culture, suppressed by the official party," says Svetlana Stephenson, professor of sociology at London Metropolitan University and author of Gangs of Russia: From the Streets to the Corridors of Power. "There was a flirtation with this world among the intelligentsia."

Cryptolects

Many other communities around the world have developed secret languages, or "cryptolects". Examples include:

• The Kali-worshipping Thuggees of India talked in Ramaseeana from the 1700s

• London's 1800s "demimonde" chittered in Flash, famously spoken by the Artful Dodger when he utters: "Hullo, my covey! What's the row?"

• In the 1900s, US carnival workers talked in Ciazarn, the secret language of "carnies", with some words still used in professional wrestling today

• During Brazil's military dictatorship, the travesti (a distinct LGBTQ community) created the Pajubá language, adopting Yoruba words into Portuguese, as protection from government persecution

• Before the UK decriminalised homosexuality in 1967, some gay men would use Polari to communicate in secret

• Some twins invent entirely new languages – spoken only by two

Attempts to suppress thieves' songs only boosted their popularity. As the USSR intensified its censorship, enterprising citizens bootlegged music, cutting cheap X-ray sheets into disc shapes with scissors and printing sounds on them using home-made lathes. Known as "jazz on bones", these were playable on gramophones. The burgeoning black market in these sheets allowed people to trade music from denounced Russian émigrés as well as record their own songs, which was otherwise impossible.

Home recordings of thieves' songs circulated widely. Later, with the advent of the cassette tape, the rowdy sounds of underground artists like Arkady Severny and emigrant singer Dina Vierny – with their bawdy tales of sex, robberies, violence and gulags – thundered through the USSR.

By the time the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991, Fenya's folkloric status was cemented, despite the best efforts of the state. Yet speaking Fenya in polite society was still unthinkable.

At the turn of the millennium, however, it entered a surprising new era of acceptability. Russian political elites including Vladimir Putin began to use Fenya in their official communiques, says Larissa Ryazanova-Clarke, professor of Russian and sociolinguistics at the University of Edinburgh in the UK. This "period of linguistic turmoil" was due to the "landslide of the norm", she says, reflecting the dramatic changes of the time.

Officials probably used this language to lend them a populist appeal, says Stephenson, who has described the trend as "Kremlovskaya Fenya" – Kremlin Fenya. "I think it expresses the culture of violence, which has penetrated to the very top of Russian society," she says. Paradoxically, officials banned speaking Fenya in Russian prisons but continued to speak it themselves.

Obfuscating the web
​As Fenya burrowed into everyday language at the turn of the 21st Century, it also began to evolve in a new arena: the digital revolution.

In 1999 on the early Russian internet (or "RuNet"), a user on the FidoNet bulletin board published a "Manifesto of Anti-Literacy", writes academic Larisa Morkoborodova. This railed against "the so-called spelling correctness on the Net" and urged "all masters of the Russian word" to "challenge the killing of our live language by soulless automatons!".

Check Point Research
An apparently nonsense output from an automated translation tool of Fenya words (Credit: Check Point Research)
Their deliberate misspellings and punny inventions evolved into new slang known as padonki, also ironically named olbanian. Millions per month speak in padonki online, writes Morkoborodova, and it has seeped into broader society. It means many Russians are familiar with padonki – only a subset of them criminals. Still, its creative semantics can cause headaches for cyber investigators.

The lingo deliberately breaks Russian language conventions, emphasising double consonants and phonetically written words, with loanwords from English that deviate from their original meanings.

For example, Russian speakers might write "email" as "mylo" – literally "soap dish" – because at the dawn of digital culture in Russia there was simply no word for email, says Roman Sannikov, a cyber-security expert who's worked as a linguist for the FBI. The Russian word for soap dish sounded phonetically close enough. "If you're using machine translation, sometimes you'll get 'soap' instead of an 'email'," he adds.

With Cyrillic (Russian) keyboards rare at the time, some web users also deployed the numerical "4" as shorthand for a "ch" sound, because "four" is "chetyre" in Russian. 

"A lot of it came from English, because the words just did not exist in Russian," Sannikov says. "A hard drive was frequently called a 'winch', because many of them were branded 'Winchester'."

'Cyber-Fenya'
"Most of the people that created cyber-slang were kids or young people," says Sannikov – rather different from the Fenya-uttering vory (thieves) of the past.

So when Fenya words do crop up, says Fyodor Yarochkin, a researcher at the cyber security company Trend Micro, they might speak to a rarer sort of cross-pollination: traditional crooks who've entered the realm of white-collar cyber-criminals, perhaps to discuss more physical kinds of lawbreaking.

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Or, having learned phrases from gangster movies, they might just be trying to impress their associates and look tough, he suggests, using Fenya as a status symbol or cultural signifier rather than evasion.

Still, when chat logs from the Russian cyber-crime gang Conti leaked in 2022, among the logistics, obscenities and general blather were words that can be traced back to Fenya.

Researchers at global cyber-security firm Check Point noted that some of the chat logs appeared impossible to understand, with machine translation failing when they said phrases to each other such as: "My soaps don't bathe. I've been warming them up for months." What the criminals were really talking about was avoiding email blacklists.

Forums for "initial access brokers" – the insider threats at organisations who open the doors to cyber-attackers – also often speak in a mixture of Fenya and Mat, helping to disguise what they're up to.

"Fenya and cyber-crime lingo are almost like a form of convergent evolution," says Sannikov – together forming an intricate semantic tapestry that's hard to unpick. You could call the jumble of online criminal lingo "cyber-Fenya", he adds.

This internet usage is just the latest example of how criminal argot continues to be diluted, changed and occasionally absorbed into Russian. And Fenya's reach today is ultimately thanks to Stalin and the Gulags, which turned it into one of the most widespread covert languages in the world.

Many of the prisoners there could have told you that a raspberry was a secret lair, a "sixer" was at the very bottom of the criminal hierarchy, and that the "akademiya", or prison, is where you never wanted to end up – though it certainly would have given you a good education in Fenya."
Tamlin Magee
Alamy
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20260611-fenya-how-cyber-criminals-adopted-russias-secret-language-of-thieves
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Pensées arabes en traduction - Livres des 2 rives
12 ressources pour faire dialoguer les acteurs du monde du livre arabe et la France

Pensée avec l'Institut français, cette liste présente d'importantes bases de données, aides et initiatives artistiques et linguistiques en faveur de liens éditoriaux soutenus entre les différents acteurs du monde arabe et la France.

1/ Catalogue Pensées arabes en traduction
Produit dans le cadre de la phase 1 du projet Livres des deux rives, le catalogue Pensées arabes en traduction rassemble 31 notices d'ouvrages de sciences humaines et sociales. Son objectif est de porter à la connaissance du public francophone une série d'ouvrages marquants de sciences humaines et sociales déjà publiés en arabe. Ce catalogue a permis la traduction de plusieurs titres recensés, au sein d'une nouvelle collection coéditée par les éditions de l'Atelier et l'Institut du monde arabe, « Pensées arabes contemporaines ». Cette initiative trouve un prolongement aujourd'hui dans le projet « Tarjamat » porté par l'Institut français de Tunisie. Ce projet met en œuvre des formations sur la traduction des sciences humaines et sociales pour permettre un meilleur repérage de ces publications dans le monde arabe. « Tarjamat » a déjà permis la formation de 35 traducteurs, la traduction de deux ouvrages et de 10 articles sur Open-Edition et l'enrichissement du catalogue Pensées arabes en traduction avec la production de 60 nouvelles notices...

2/ Annuaire des traducteurs
Livres des deux rives a pour objectif de soutenir les flux de traduction entre les langues arabe et française et de favoriser le renouvellement des générations de traductrices et traducteurs dans les pays impliqués, comme leur professionnalisation. Depuis sa première phase, le projet a mis en œuvre une série d'ateliers de formation à la traduction littéraire, tant dans une démarche de sensibilisation que de professionnalisation. Ainsi plus de 150 jeunes traducteurs ont pu bénéficier de ces ateliers. Les profils de traducteurs professionnels ont été recensés dans cet annuaire, établi par l'association Atlas, afin de permettre aux professionnels de l'édition de mieux identifier ces profils.

3/ Catalogue Leila
Leila est un projet coopératif qui vise à promouvoir la traduction et la diffusion en Europe de la littérature arabe contemporaine. Il a été conçu et mis en œuvre en 2021 par l'iReMMO, en partenariat avec ATLAS, BOZAR / Chaire Mahmoud Darwish, et la Fédération Tunisienne des Éditeurs, dans le cadre d'un financement de l'Union européenne. À la faveur de sa seconde phase, le projet Livres des deux rives enrichit le catalogue New Books in Arabic, créé au sein du projet Leila, en proposant 10 nouvelles fiches de lectures, la promotion du site et du catalogue enrichi, à l'occasion de salons littéraires ou événements internationaux ; et la production d'un catalogue complet Leila en anglais."
Institut Français
12.06.2026
https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/12-ressources-pour-faire-dialoguer-les-acteurs-du-monde-du-livre-arabe-et-la-france
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"DeepL étend son service de traduction vocale en temps réel à Google Meet, complétant ainsi un trio de plateformes de visioconférence aux côtés de Zoom et Microsoft Teams.

DeepL a annoncé l’intégration de Google Meet à la liste des plateformes compatibles avec « DeepL Voice for Meetings », son service de sous-titrage traduit en temps réel. Une offensive qui place l’entreprise allemande en concurrence directe avec les solutions natives des géants de la tech, au moment où la réunion d’entreprise multilingue s’impose comme un enjeu stratégique.

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Les utilisateurs peuvent désormais accéder à cette fonctionnalité sur Google Meet, en plus de Zoom et Microsoft Teams, déjà pris en charge. Le service supporte actuellement plus de 40 langues et est réservé aux abonnés au forfait Enterprise.

Cette extension permet aux équipes internationales de bénéficier de sous-titres traduits automatiquement (dans plus de 40 langues), quelle que soit la plateforme de réunion utilisée au sein de leur organisation.

Google Meet et Microsoft Teams : la fin de la guerre des salles de réunion
96 % des experts préfèrent DeepL Voice
DeepL s’appuie sur un benchmark indépendant pour asseoir sa crédibilité sur ce marché.

Le cabinet de recherche spécialisé Slator, expert en traduction, localisation, interprétation et IA linguistique, a publié les résultats d’une étude comparant les sous-titres natifs de Google Meet, Microsoft Teams et Zoom à ceux de DeepL Voice.

Verdict : 96 % des experts linguistiques ayant participé à une évaluation en aveugle ont désigné DeepL Voice comme la solution préférée, notamment pour la qualité de traduction et la stabilité des sous-titres.

Une pression accrue sur les solutions natives
En s’installant sur les trois principales plateformes de réunion en ligne, DeepL crée une alternative directe aux fonctionnalités de sous-titrage intégrées par Google, Microsoft et Zoom.

L’enjeu est de taille : la réunion d’entreprise multilingue représente un marché en forte croissance, porté par la mondialisation des équipes et l’essor du travail à distance.

Pour les entreprises qui communiquent quotidiennement dans plusieurs langues, la qualité de la traduction en temps réel est devenue un critère de productivité à part entière."
Par Kim Mi-jeong
Publié le 12/06/2026 à 08:45 | Mis à jour le 12/06/2026 à 09:58
https://www.zdnet.fr/actualites/deepl-sinvite-dans-google-meet-avec-des-sous-titres-traduits-en-temps-reel-496717.htm
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Papers of Former Nuremberg Trial Translator Come to Hoover
Hildy Jarman was a multilingual educator who survived the London Blitz and served as a translator at the Nuremberg war trials before teaching at Palo Alto's Castilleja School for over two decades. Her collection — discovered in a travel-worn suitcase — includes rare correspondence with U.S. Army generals and documentation of war crimes investigations, offering a window into the role of women who worked behind the scenes of postwar justice.

Thursday, May 28, 2026  1 min read
featuring the work of Jean McElwee Cannon

Hoover Institution (Stanford, CA) — The Hoover Institution Library & Archives has acquired a collection of correspondence, photographs, printed material, and ephemera formerly belonging to Hildy Jarman, a talented Allied translator during World War II.

Born in Strasbourg, France, on November 6, 1910, Jarman was educated at the Sorbonne in Paris and the University of Bristol in England. She lived through the London Blitz during World War II and was selected to translate at the Nuremberg war trials. After teaching in England and Switzerland following the war, she eventually moved to Palo Alto, California, where she taught French and German at Castilleja School for 21 years and was known by students and staff as "Madame Jarman."

In 1980, she married U.S. Army Major General Ralph Corbett Smith, whose papers are also preserved at the Library & Archives. Smith, a rugged Nebraskan, was decorated for bravery in World War I and commanded an infantry division in combat in the Pacific during World War II. He became the oldest surviving general officer of the United States Army, passing away in 1998 at the age of 104. Jarman died in Santa Clara County on August 1, 1995, at the age of 84.

Jarman's papers mainly concern her time abroad, preceding her career at Castilleja, and include materials on the war crimes trials investigations. Noteworthy items include correspondence between Jarman and Smith with U.S. Army General Albert C. Wedemeyer, who served in Asia during World War II and whose papers are also held at Hoover.

The Jarman collection offers documentation of women's essential but often overlooked roles in the Nuremberg trials, where translators enabled international justice through their linguistic expertise. Her papers also outline connections to military leadership networks through correspondence with generals whose papers are held at Hoover, allowing scholars to examine World War II and postwar accounts from multiple perspectives.

Samira Bozorgi, a former archivist at the Hoover Institution Library & Archives and current associate librarian at Castilleja School, facilitated the acquisition of the material. She is pictured (left) with the collection, which was housed in a well-worn suitcase adorned with tags and markers from Jarman’s frequent travels abroad."

https://www.hoover.org/news/papers-former-nuremberg-trial-translator-come-hoover
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus

"Professor Dr Kosar Mohammed Ali, President of the University of Sulaymaniyah, has honoured the supervisors and translators of Happiness Around the World Book in recognition of their academic and cultural contribution to making the work accessible to Kurdish readers.

During a meeting held on 10 June 2026, the President welcomed members of the translation team and praised their efforts in producing the Kurdish edition of the book. The recognition reflects the University's commitment to supporting academic translation and fostering cultural exchange through scholarly initiatives.

Speaking on behalf of the team, Dr Harem Osman, a lecturer at the University of Sulaymaniyah, expressed his appreciation for the University's support and acknowledgement.

"We are grateful to the University Presidency for this recognition. Most members of the team are students at the University of Sulaymaniyah from two different colleges, and their dedication played a vital role in the success of this project," he said.

Ahmed Rashid Hamad Murad, a member of the translation team, highlighted the collaborative nature of the initiative. "The project brought together students from several colleges and academic departments across the University. Our goal was to accurately convey the ideas and perspectives presented in the original English text to Kurdish readers," he said.

The team described the book as an important milestone in their translation work and expressed hope of undertaking further academic and cultural projects in the future."
PUKMEDIA
https://www.pukmedia.com/EN/Details/81773
#metaglossia
#metaglossia_mundus