Sistemas complejos
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# Teoría de sistemas, sistemas complejos adaptativos y dialéctica: Mapa mental

(c) 2009 Txema Laullon. Copyleft, All rights reversed.
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# Sistemas complejos

## The Global Risks 2015 Report

The 2015 edition of the Global Risks report completes a decade of highlighting the most significant long-term risks worldwide, drawing on the perspectives of experts and global decision-makers.
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## Complex Systems Science: Where Does It Come From and Where is It Going To?

Today complex systems science is rapidly growing as a discipline, with relevance to many areas of science and as an approach to addressing a wide range of real world problems. Understanding the fundamental mathematical origins of complex systems science reveals its conceptual richness and ability to advance science and expand its application. I will review these origins, describe some current applications, and point to the opportunities of the future.

Complex Systems Science: Where Does It Come From and Where is It Going To?
Yaneer Bar-Yam

Opening plenary address at the Conference on Complex Systems 2015, at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona.

Via Complexity Digest
Complexity Digest's curator insight,

## Complexity Explorer

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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Open and online learning

## Increase of study success starts in the classroom: research into complex systems

Student drop out in universities is a universal problem [..]. Even though researchers found several critical aspects that affect student success and that could reduce student drop out, implementation of research results have rarely led to any major improvements in graduation rates.

One way of understanding this, is by thinking of student success as something originating from a complex system.

Via verstelle
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## Uncovering disease-diseas relationships through th incomplete interactome

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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Non-Equilibrium Social Science

## Computational fact checking from knowledge networks

Traditional fact checking by expert journalists cannot keep up with the enormous volume of information that is now generated online. Computational fact checking may significantly enhance our ability to evaluate the veracity of dubious information. Here we show that the complexities of human fact checking can be approximated quite well by finding the shortest path between concept nodes under properly defined semantic proximity metrics on knowledge graphs. Framed as a network problem this approach is feasible with efficient computational techniques. We evaluate this approach by examining tens of thousands of claims related to history, entertainment, geography, and biographical information using a public knowledge graph extracted from Wikipedia. Statements independently known to be true consistently receive higher support via our method than do false ones. These findings represent a significant step toward scalable computational fact-checking methods that may one day mitigate the spread of harmful misinformation.

Computational fact checking from knowledge networks
Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Prashant Shiralkar, Luis M. Rocha, Johan Bollen, Filippo Menczer, Alessandro Flammini

http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.03471

Via Complexity Digest, NESS
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## Reputation drives cooperative behaviour and network formation in human groups

Cooperativeness is a defining feature of human nature. Theoreticians have suggested several mechanisms to explain this ubiquitous phenomenon, including reciprocity, reputation, and punishment, but the problem is still unsolved. Here we show, through experiments conducted with groups of people playing an iterated Prisoner's Dilemma on a dynamic network, that it is reputation what really fosters cooperation. While this mechanism has already been observed in unstructured populations, we find that it acts equally when interactions are given by a network that players can reconfigure dynamically. Furthermore, our observations reveal that memory also drives the network formation process, and cooperators assort more, with longer link lifetimes, the longer the past actions record. Our analysis demonstrates, for the first time, that reputation can be very well quantified as a weighted mean of the fractions of past cooperative acts and the last action performed. This finding has potential applications in collaborative systems and e-commerce.

Via Ashish Umre
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## The Information Theory of Individuality

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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Social Foraging

## Nicholas Christakis: The #Sociological Science Behind Social #Networks and Social #Influence | #SNA

If You're So Free, Why Do You Follow Others? The Sociological Science Behind Social Networks and Social Influence. Nicholas Christakis, Professor of Medical ...

Via luiy, Ashish Umre
luiy's curator insight,

If you think you're in complete control of your destiny or even your own actions, you're wrong. Every choice you make, every behavior you exhibit, and even every desire you have finds its roots in the social universe. Nicholas Christakis explains why individual actions are inextricably linked to sociological pressures; whether you're absorbing altruism performed by someone you'll never meet or deciding to jump off the Golden Gate Bridge, collective phenomena affect every aspect of your life. By the end of the lecture Christakis has revealed a startling new way

Bill Aukett's curator insight,

Human networks as complex systems?

 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Talks

## ▶ Self-organizing Intelligent Network of UAVs - YouTube

This video explains our research on autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The research team at the Alpen-Adria University and Lakeside Labs developing a multi-UAV system by four key components: - the multiple UAV platforms,

http://youtu.be/QX2UPkd6yIc

Via Complexity Digest
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complex World

## The small-world effect is a modern phenomenon

The "small-world effect" is the observation that one can find a short chain of acquaintances, often of no more than a handful of individuals, connecting almost any two people on the planet. It is often expressed in the language of networks, where it is equivalent to the statement that most pairs of individuals are connected by a short path through the acquaintance network. Although the small-world effect is well-established empirically for contemporary social networks, we argue here that it is a relatively recent phenomenon, arising only in the last few hundred years: for most of mankind's tenure on Earth the social world was large, with most pairs of individuals connected by relatively long chains of acquaintances, if at all. Our conclusions are based on observations about the spread of diseases, which travel over contact networks between individuals and whose dynamics can give us clues to the structure of those networks even when direct network measurements are not available. As an example we consider the spread of the Black Death in 14th-century Europe, which is known to have traveled across the continent in well-defined waves of infection over the course of several years. Using established epidemiological models, we show that such wave-like behavior can occur only if contacts between individuals living far apart are exponentially rare. We further show that if long-distance contacts are exponentially rare, then the shortest chain of contacts between distant individuals is on average a long one. The observation of the wave-like spread of a disease like the Black Death thus implies a network without the small-world effect.

Via Claudia Mihai
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complex World

## A Brazilian Wunderkind Who Calms Chaos

Artur Avila’s solutions to ubiquitous problems in chaos theory have “changed the face of the field,” earning him Brazil’s first Fields Medal.

Via Claudia Mihai
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity & Systems

## The Fascinating World of Complex Systems

june holley's curator insight,

Videos on complex systems.

Tom Cockburn's curator insight,

Interesting

## The physics of life

From flocking birds to swarming molecules, physicists are seeking to understand 'active matter' — and looking for a fundamental theory of the living world.

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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Networks and Graphs

## The New Laws of Explosive Networks | Quanta Magazine

Researchers are uncovering the hidden laws that reveal how the Internet grows, how viruses spread, and how financial bubbles burst.

Via Bernard Ryefield
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## Addressing the 'wicked' problem of sustainability through the complex systems lens

In an article for the Journal of Industrial Ecology, SFI’s Luís Bettencourt and Christa Brelsford take a complex systems perspective ...
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## Complexity, computation and philosophy, Carlos Gershenson

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## An alternative use of the NetLogo modeling environment, where the student thinks and acts like an Agent, in order to teach concepts of Ecology

The Multi Agent Based programming, modeling and simulation environment of NetLogo has been used extensively during the last fifteen years for educational among other purposes. The learning subject, upon interacting with the Users Interface of NetLogo, can easily study properties of the simulated natural systems, as well as observe the latters response, when altering their parameters. In this research, NetLogo was used under the perspective that the learning subject (student or prospective teacher)interacts with the model in a deeper way, obtaining the role of an agent. This is not achieved by obliging the learner to program (write NetLogo code) but by interviewing them, together with applying the choices that they make on the model. The scheme was carried out, as part of a broader research, with interviews, and web page like interface menu selections, in a sample of 17 University students in Athens (prospective Primary School teachers) and the results were judged as encouraging. At a further stage, the computers were set as a network, where all the agents performed together. In this way the learners could watch onscreen the overall outcome of their choices and actions on the modeled ecosystem. This seems to open a new, small, area of research in NetLogo educational applications.

Via Bernard Ryefield
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Non-Equilibrium Social Science

## The multilayer temporal network of public transport in Great Britain

Despite the widespread availability of information concerning public transport coming from different sources, it is extremely hard to have a complete picture, in particular at a national scale. Here, we integrate timetable data obtained from the United Kingdom open-data program together with timetables of domestic flights, and obtain a comprehensive snapshot of the temporal characteristics of the whole UK public transport system for a week in October 2010. In order to focus on multi-modal aspects of the system, we use a coarse graining procedure and define explicitly the coupling between different transport modes such as connections at airports, ferry docks, rail, metro, coach and bus stations. The resulting weighted, directed, temporal and multilayer network is provided in simple, commonly used formats, ensuring easy access and the possibility of a straightforward use of old or specifically developed methods on this new and extensive dataset.

The multilayer temporal network of public transport in Great Britain
Riccardo Gallotti & Marc Barthelemy

Scientific Data, Published online: 6 January 2015; | http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2014.56

Via Complexity Digest, NESS
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## Universal Power Law Governing Pedestrian Interactions

Human crowds often bear a striking resemblance to interacting particle systems, and this has prompted many researchers to describe pedestrian dynamics in terms of interaction forces and potential energies. The correct quantitative form of this interaction, however, has remained an open question. Here, we introduce a novel statistical-mechanical approach to directly measure the interaction energy between pedestrians. This analysis, when applied to a large collection of human motion data, reveals a simple power law interaction that is based not on the physical separation between pedestrians but on their projected time to a potential future collision, and is therefore fundamentally anticipatory in nature. Remarkably, this simple law is able to describe human interactions across a wide variety of situations, speeds and densities. We further show, through simulations, that the interaction law we identify is sufficient to reproduce many known crowd phenomena.

Universal Power Law Governing Pedestrian Interactions
Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 238701 – Published 2 December 2014
Ioannis Karamouzas, Brian Skinner, and Stephen J. Guy

http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.238701

Via Complexity Digest
Liz Rykert's curator insight,

Love this kind of research describing the actual patterns of interaction, in this case the space between pedestrians described as the time to potential collision!

## Visualizing the “Heartbeat” of a City with Tweets | NECSI

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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complex World

## Percolation and cooperation with mobile agents: Geometric and strategy clusters

We study the conditions for persistent cooperation in an off-lattice model of mobile agents playing the Prisoner's Dilemma game with pure, unconditional strategies. Each agent has an exclusion radius ${r}_{P}$, which accounts for the population viscosity, and an interaction radius ${r}_{\mathrm{int}}$, which defines the instantaneous contact network for the game dynamics. We show that, differently from the ${r}_{P}=0$ case, the model with finite-sized agents presents a coexistence phase with both cooperators and defectors, besides the two absorbing phases, in which either cooperators or defectors dominate. We provide, in addition, a geometric interpretation of the transitions between phases. In analogy with lattice models, the geometric percolation of the contact network (i.e., irrespective of the strategy) enhances cooperation. More importantly, we show that the percolation of defectors is an essential condition for their survival. Differently from compact clusters of cooperators, isolated groups of defectors will eventually become extinct if not percolating, independently of their size.

Via Claudia Mihai
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

## The Matthew effect in empirical data

The Matthew effect describes the phenomenon that in societies the rich tend to get richer and the potent even more powerful. It is closely related to the concept of preferential attachment in network science, where the more connected nodes are destined to acquire many more links in the future than the auxiliary nodes. Cumulative advantage and success-breads-success also both describe the fact that advantage tends to beget further advantage. The concept is behind the many power laws and scaling behaviour in empirical data, and it is at the heart of self-organization across social and natural sciences. Here we review the methodology for measuring preferential attachment in empirical data, as well as the observations of the Matthew effect in patterns of scientific collaboration, socio-technical and biological networks, the propagation of citations, the emergence of scientific progress and impact, career longevity, the evolution of common English words and phrases, as well as in education and brain development. We also discuss whether the Matthew effect is due to chance or optimisation, for example related to homophily in social systems or efficacy in technological systems, and we outline possible directions for future research.

The Matthew effect in empirical data
Matjaz Perc

http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.5124

Via Complexity Digest
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complex World

## Sand Pile Model of the Mind Grows in Popularity

Support is growing for a decades-old physics idea suggesting that localized episodes of disordered brain activity help keep the overall system in healthy balance

Via Claudia Mihai
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

## Self-organization in complex systems as decision making

The idea is advanced that self-organization in complex systems can be treated as decision making (as it is performed by humans) and, vice versa, decision making is nothing but a kind of self-organization in the decision maker nervous systems. A mathematical formulation is suggested based on the definition of probabilities of system states, whose particular cases characterize the probabilities of structures, patterns, scenarios, or prospects. In this general framework, it is shown that the mathematical structures of self-organization and of decision making are identical. This makes it clear how self-organization can be seen as an endogenous decision making process and, reciprocally, decision making occurs via an endogenous self-organization. The approach is illustrated by phase transitions in large statistical systems, crossovers in small statistical systems, evolutions and revolutions in social and biological systems, structural self-organization in dynamical systems, and by the probabilistic formulation of classical and behavioral decision theories. In all these cases, self-organization is described as the process of evaluating the probabilities of macroscopic states or prospects in the search for a state with the largest probability. The general way of deriving the probability measure for classical systems is the principle of minimal information, that is, the conditional entropy maximization under given constraints. Behavioral biases of decision makers can be characterized in the same way as analogous to quantum fluctuations in natural systems

Self-organization in complex systems as decision making
V.I. Yukalov, D. Sornette
arXiv:1408.1529, 2014
http://arxiv.org/abs/1408.1529

Via Complexity Digest
Eli Levine's curator insight,

Basically, the process of decision-making is apart of the system as a whole and not an externality. Where is the clear distinction between a user and the computer program that they choose to run? Can't it all be viewed as one thing?

Amazing implications for governing and government relative to society.