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This e-journal on 'Pest Risk Analysis' is maintained by the Secretariat of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) and its aim is to share information collected on the Internet on pest risk analyses and on PRA tools. EPPO is an intergovernmental organization created in 1951 which currently has 50 member countries. EPPO is responsible for harmonization and cooperation among the National Plant Protection Organizations (official authorities) of its member countries. EPPO helps its members in their efforts to protect plant health in agriculture, forestry and the uncultivated environment (standard-setting activities and exchange of information). On its official website, EPPO also provides: - all PRAs conducted by EPPO Expert Working Groups: http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm - working documents on Pest Risk Analysis which have been presented to various EPPO Panels: http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_documents.htm - the EPPO Alert List (early warning on emerging pests which could present a risk for the Euro-Mediterranean region):
www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Alert_List/alert_list.htm Read more on EPPO work on PRA on http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/Pest_Risk_Analysis/PRA_intro.htm. Visit the official EPPO website: www.eppo.int
Les chenilles processionnaires sont des insectes, présents dans plusieurs régions de France, y compris en ville, et dont la prolifération provoque un affaiblissement des arbres. Elles ont également un impact sur la santé humaine et animale, leurs poils, urticants et allergisants, étant responsables de dermites. Les traitements insecticides ne pouvant être utilisés en zone urbanisée, l’Anses indique, dans un avis publié le 14 mai 2013, que la stratégie la plus efficace de lutte contre ces chenilles en milieu urbain passe par une combinaison de méthodes préventives (choix des plantations en zone urbaine, mesures de détection précoce de la chenille,…) et curatives (pièges à chenilles, destruction des nids de chenilles, nichoirs pour les oiseaux insectivores,…). Le degré d’intervention devra être modulé en fonction de la fréquentation des zones concernées : application de méthodes de lutte visant à éradiquer les chenilles dans les lieux très fréquentés et à les contenir dans les autres zones. http://www.anses.fr/fr/documents/SVEG2012sa0149Ra.pdf
This Quickscan concerns the butterfly species Ascia monuste subsp. monuste. An adult was found on planting material of Dracaena marginata imported from Costa Rica. Dracaena is not a host plant. Host plants belong to the mustard family (Brassicaceae), including beach cabbage (Cakile maritima), cultivated cabbage and radish, peppergrass (Lepidium species); and plants in the caper family (Capparidaceae) including nasturtium.
Risk assessment: the species poses no or a low risk for plant health in the Netherlands because the pest is unlikely to establish in the Netherlands. Quick scan number: QS.ent.2012.01 (dated 2013-04-08) available at http://www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p_file_id=2203466
For the first time in its history, EPPO has prepared a poster on behalf of its member countries. The objective of this poster is to raise public awareness about the risks of moving plants and their associated pests during international travel and to encourage responsible behaviour.
Via Petter Françoise
JKI published in March 2013 an express PRA (in German) on Pseudococcus viburni (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Pseudococcus viburni was first recorded in Germany in Heilbronn (Baden-Württemberg) in October 2012. It is present in many EPPO countries. An express PRA has been conducted and concluded that P. viburni may present a medium risk to Germany and the European Union. The overall uncertainty of the PRA was estimated as medium due to the general lack of information about the pest distribution and potential for spread under the German climatic conditions. P. viburni is a polyphagous mealybug which can be found on most parts of its hosts including the main roots, fruit, leaves, stems, and under bark crevices. It attacks economically important crops such as: apple, citrus, grapevine, pear, pomegranate, stone fruit, strawberry, tomato, walnut and many ornamental plants. Julius Khün-Institut. Express PRA on Pseudococcus viburni dated 2013-03-10 (in German). http://pflanzengesundheit.jki.bund.de/dokumente/upload/b3733_pseudococcus_viburni-express-pra.pdf
The Commission on Phytosanitary Measures adopted last week a key revision to ISPM 11 'Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms' by adding an Annex on PRA for plants. The core text of the ISPM will be amended accordingly. CPM-8, Roma, April 8-12
A new free online course is helping to ensure safe international trade by highlighting the important role of phytosanitary measures in cross-border trade of forest products. The course was developed by FAO, the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC) Secretariat and other partners. "The course is a very practical tool for exporters and importers. It provides a checklist of the steps they need to take to comply with phytosanitary standards before entering foreign markets," said FAO Forestry Officer Gillian Allard. "It should also help strengthen communication between forestry officials, national plant protection organizations and the private sector."
Several pest risk assements have been recently posted on USDA website for comments. They are as follows: Importation of Fresh Mango Fruit, Mangifera indica L., from Vietnam into the Continental United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Vietnam-Mango.pdf Importation of Irradiated Star Apple (Chrysophyllum cainito) from Vietnam into the Conterminous United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Vietnam-StarApple.pd fImportation of Fresh Watermelon Fruit, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai, into the Continental United States from Colombia http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Colombia-Watermelon.pdf Importation of Pitahaya from Ecuador into the Continental United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Ecuador-Pitahaya.pdf Importation of Fruit of Pummelo, Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr., from Thailand into the Continental United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Thailand-Pummelo.pdf Importation of Fresh Kumquat Fruit, Fortunella spp., from Israel into the Continental United States
http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Israel_Kumquat.pdf Importation of Fresh Guava Fruit, Psidium guajava, from Taiwan into the Continental United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/Taiwan_guava.pdf Importation of Fresh Lemons (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.) from Chile into the Continental United States http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/process/downloads/ChileLemon.pdf
Higher temperatures in cities can be a key driver of insect pest outbreaks on trees in urban areas, according to new research. The study concludes that since current urban warming is similar in magnitude to the higher temperatures predicted by global warming in the next fifty years, their results may indicate potential changes in pest abundance as natural forests also grow warmer. Emily K. Meineke, Robert R. Dunn, Joseph O. Sexton, Steven D. Frank. Urban Warming Drives Insect Pest Abundance on Street Trees. PLoS ONE, 2013; 8 (3): e59687 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0059687
"Brazil is close to eradicating the country’s most damaging apple and pear pest, the Cydia pomonella or codling moth. According to the website Embrapa Uva e Vinho, in the 2012-13, no codling moths were detected. In 2010-11, seven moths had been found and only one in 2011-12. Director of the national eradication program, Adalécio Kovaleski, explained the requirements to officially claim total eradication. “Two years are needed with zero record for the pest to be declared effectively as eradicated, but the production chain certainly has something to celebrate,” Kovaleski said in the Brazilian publication. Work to rid Brazil of the moth began in the 1990s. According to Embrapa Uva e Vinho, the pest was first detected in 1991 in one of the country’s main apple production zones. The insect had been brought in with imported fruit. http://www.freshfruitportal.com/brazil-nears-eradication-of-major-fruit-pest/ http://www.cnpuv.embrapa.br/noticias/2013/2013-03-19.html
Via AGROCAMPUS_FLAM
European mountain ash ringspot associated virus (EMARAV) is the tentative name of a virus obtained from symptomatic Sorbus aucuparia (Rowan or European mountain ash). Symptoms of ring-spots and line patterns on the foliage of affected trees was first recorded in 1960. The exact distribution of the virus (and its host range) is not known. Within Europe, the symptoms and/or the virus have been reported from the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the UK. However to date, it does not appear to have had a significant impact on populations of mountain ash in areas where it is known to occur. Therefore no statutory action is recommended. The PRA is available at http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/emarav.pdf
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Insect as well as plant and animal species from around the world can hitch a ride in a manner of speaking, on cargo shipments, moving from their native lands to exotic foreign destinations, and sometimes stay and establish a new home. Ports of entry like Baltimore and Norfolk are doorways to establishment of species that may impact livelihoods by altering the characteristic services of ecological systems.
L’Anses a réalisé une ARP sur le nématode des tiges et bulbes (Ditylenchus dipsaci) sur luzerne (Medicago sativa) pour l'Union européenne afin de réviser la politique phytosanitaire concernant ce nématode. Conclusions: - Ditylenchus dipsaci ne répond pas à la définition d’un organisme de quarantaine sensu stricto dans la zone ARP.
- Sur luzerne, les semences importées et/ou circulant au sein de la zone ARP représentent la principale filière d’entrée du nématode dans des zones qui en seraient exemptes.
- Le risque phytosanitaire lié à l’introduction de D. dipsaci via les semences deluzerne n’est pas acceptable.
- Suite à l’interdiction du bromure de méthyle, et en l’absence de traitement chimique ou thermique de remplacement opérationnel, la combinaison de plusieurs mesures s’avère nécessaire pour réduire sensiblement le pourcentage de lots contaminés et/ou diminuer l’ampleur des conséquences d’une contamination par semences. Il est aussi noté que la norme ARP de l’OEPP (PM 5/3) n’est pas adaptée pour analyser le risque phytosanitaire d’un organisme nuisible présentant une large répartition dans la zone considérée.
This Quickscan concerns the broad-nosed weevil species, Tanymecus lacaena, which was intercepted on Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss) imported from the USA. The species is not known as an important pest in its current area of distribution (Southern USA).
The risk assessment concludes that the species poses no or a low risk for plant health in the Netherlands because the pest is unlikely to establish in the Netherlands. In Southern Europe, the species may establish, but the species is not considered a serious pest on Citrus in the USA, nor on other host plants. Quick scan number: QS-ent-2012-02 (dated 2013-04-08) available at http://www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p_file_id=2203467
In March 2013, Fera published an Express PRA on Ceratocystis platani (Canker stain of plane) The pathogen is already present in Europe and, despite current EU wide legislation designed to limit its further spread, the pathogen is still spreading in France and other southern member states. Although it is moderately likely that the pathogen could enter the UK, the likelihood of establishment is assessed as very uncertai. However, iIf the pathogen establishes, large economic impacts may occur. The Plant Health (England) (Amendment) Order 2013, which came into force in January 2013 strengthened existing EU measures to limit the spread of this pathogen through the introduction of statutory notifications requirements for all imports of Platanus (Plane), along with several other genera of trees. The introduction of a surveillance strategy to target inspections at the highest risk imported planting material, with any plants exhibiting suspect symptoms to be submitted for laboratory testing. http://www.fera.defra.gov.uk/plants/plantHealth/pestsDiseases/documents/planeCanker.pdf
Kenyan authorities have removed a ban imposed on Tanzanian flowers en route to markets in Europe and other destinations via Nairobi following the signing of a Memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the two neighbouring countries. The ban was imposed by Kenya in May, 2011 to protect the country’s flower industry from regulated pests which the authorities suspected Tanzanian roses might have infected. The pests are not known in Kenya or are present in Kenya, but are not widespread and are controlled by Kenya and the European Union (EU). The Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) has been completed and Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services (Kephis) has concluded that, the importation of flowers from Tanzania may be permitted “provided that Tanzania meets the requirements contained in the MoU aiming at minimising pest risks”.
The EFSA Panel on Plant Health conducted a pest risk assessment for Bemisia tabaci and the viruses it transmits for the EU. This assessment includes an evaluation of risk reduction options and of the effectiveness of the special requirements linked to B. tabaci and the viruses listed in Council Directive 2000/29/EC. B. tabaci and a large number of viruses transmitted by this polyphagous insect occur in subtropical and tropical climates around the world. Five entry pathways for B. tabaci and associated viruses were identified, with the plants for planting pathway being most significant and rated for entry of insects and viruses as likely and moderately likely, respectively. Because of similar climate requirements and host plant preferences, B. tabaci and associated viruses currently not present in Europe are likely to establish within the temperature limits set for B. tabaci. Trade between European Member States allows B. tabaci to reach greenhouses in northern Europe, including those in areas with protected zone status. B. tabaci -transmitted viruses cause severe diseases with major negative impact on crop production when risk reduction measures are not used. Risk reduction options will also apply to B. tabaci and viruses new to Europe. Risk reductions options are evaluated in terms of reducing B. tabaci populations, crop infestations, virus incidence and the impact of diseases.
Un nouveau décret (n°2012-140 du 30 janvier 2012) introduit de nouvelles dispositions relatives aux macroorganismes non indigènes utiles aux végétaux. Cependant, compte tenu de l’utilisation de ces macroorganismes non indigènes depuis de longues années, il est prévu que ceux qui ont été régulièrement introduits dans l’environnement avant la date d’entrée en vigueur du décret, et qui,sur la base d'une évaluation simplifiée, ne présentent pas de risque particulier, soient dispensés d’une demande d’autorisation d’entrée ou d’introduction sur le territoire "national".
En réponse à la demande du Ministère chargé de l'agriculture, l'Anses a établi une liste de macroorganismes qui peuvent être dispensés d’une autorisation de demande d’autorisation d’entrée sur le territoire et
d’introduction dans l’environnement. http://www.anses.fr/sites/default/files/documents/DPR2012sa0221.pdf
The Dutch NPPO recently published a Pest Risk Analysis for Blueberry scorch virus for the Netherlants. It also Includes an inventory of highbush blueberry pests and diseases present in North America and absent in the Netherlands This document describes the relevant aspects to assess the potential risk of Blueberry scorch virus (BlScV) for the Netherlands. In addition, the import of plants for planting and fruit of Vaccinium corymbosum is considered in a broader scope, by evaluation of other pests and diseases associated with this crop in North America where V. corymbosum originates from (e.g. viruses and the bud mite Acalitus vaccinii) and which may be introduced with fruit or plants for planting. Possible management options are identified. The PDF is available at http://www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p_file_id=2203330
This review summarizes the most significant results from the so far existing, but fragmented studies on the potential effects of climate change on wheat pathogens and the diseases they cause. Juroszek P. & von Tiedemann A. 2013 Climate change and potential future risks through wheat diseases: a review. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 136:1 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10658-012-0144-9/fulltext.html
The bacterium Xanthomonas fragariae causes disease (angular leaf spot) on strawberry (Fragaria spp.). At present, EU council directive 2000/29/EC lists X. fragariae as an Annex IIAII statutory organism on Fragaria plants intended for planting, other than seeds. Because X. fragariae is already present in many EU-countries and is generally not considered a pest of major economic importance, removal of X. fragariae from the EU quarantine list has been suggested. The current PRA evaluates the risk of X. fragariae for the EU and can be used by risk managers to reconsider the current statutory position of the pathogen. Van der Gaag, D.J., Bergsma-Vlami, M., Van Vaerenbergh, J., Vandroemme, J., Maes, M., 2013. Pest risk analysis for Xanthomonas fragariae. Netherlands Food and Consumer ProductSafety Authority, Utrecht, the Netherlands - Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research,
Merelbeke, Belgium. www.vwa.nl/txmpub/files/?p_file_id=2203331
Gunerra tinctoria (Gunneraceae) is a large herbaceous plant originating from South America. It is used as an ornamental waterside plant. Two of its English common names are ‘Chilean rhubarb’ or ‘giant rhubarb’. It reproduces vigorously by seeds which are spread by birds and water. It also reproduces vegetatively by rhizomes. The plant smothers other plants in riparian habitats and forests, and is considered as invasive in New Zealand and in the British Isles. In the EPPO region, it is only recorded in France, Ireland, the United Kingdom and Azores (Portugal). As G. tinctoria still has a limited distribution in the EPPO region and presents an invasive behaviour in areas where it has been introduced, the EPPO Secretariat decided to add it to the EPPO Alert List.
Attacks from pests are one of several factors responsible for the bee decline reported in many European countries. Other possible causes are agriculture and pesticide use, starvation and poor bee nutrition, viruses, GM plants, and environmental changes. According to the scientific opinion of EFSA’s Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW), the import of bees, bee products to be used in beekeeping activities and the unintended import of bees are the pathways that pose the greatest risk with respect to the possible entry of these pests
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The EPPO Secretariat maintains other scoop.it magazines on Pest Alerts (http://www.scoop.it/t/pest-alerts), Invasives Alien Plants (http://www.scoop.it/t/invasive-alien-plants), Video of plant pests (http://www.scoop.it/t/pests-on-videos), Diagnostic activities for plant pests (http://www.scoop.it/t/diagnostic-for-pests), Communication on pests (http://www.scoop.it/t/communication-and-citizen-sciences-on-pests-and-invasive-alien-species)