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Libros y Papers sobre Complejidad - Sistemas Complejos

Publicaciones sobre Complejidad y Sistemas Complejos
 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity - Complex Systems Theory

Emergence of Criticality in the Transportation Passenger Flow: Scaling and Renormalization in the Seoul Bus System

Social systems have recently attracted much attention, with attempts to understand social behavior with the aid of statistical mechanics applied to complex systems. Collective properties of such systems emerge from couplings between components, for example, individual persons, transportation nodes such as airports or subway stations, and administrative districts. Among various collective properties, criticality is known as a characteristic property of a complex system, which helps the systems to respond flexibly to external perturbations. This work considers the criticality of the urban transportation system entailed in the massive smart card data on the Seoul transportation network. Analyzing the passenger flow on the Seoul bus system during one week, we find explicit power-law correlations in the system, that is, power-law behavior of the strength correlation function of bus stops and verify scale invariance of the strength fluctuations. Such criticality is probed by means of the scaling and renormalization analysis of the modified gravity model applied to the system. Here a group of nearby (bare) bus stops are transformed into a (renormalized) “block stop” and the scaling relations of the network density turn out to be closely related to the fractal dimensions of the system, revealing the underlying structure. Specifically, the resulting renormalized values of the gravity exponent and of the Hill coefficient give a good description of the Seoul bus system: The former measures the characteristic dimensionality of the network whereas the latter reflects the coupling between distinct transportation modes. It is thus demonstrated that such ideas of physics as scaling and renormalization can be applied successfully to social phenomena exemplified by the passenger flow.

Via Bernard Ryefield
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

Information Evolution in Social Networks

Social networks readily transmit information, albeit with less than perfect fidelity. We present a large-scale measurement of this imperfect information copying mechanism by examining the dissemination and evolution of thousands of memes, collectively replicated hundreds of millions of times in the online social network Facebook. The information undergoes an evolutionary process that exhibits several regularities. A meme's mutation rate characterizes the population distribution of its variants, in accordance with the Yule process. Variants further apart in the diffusion cascade have greater edit distance, as would be expected in an iterative, imperfect replication process. Some text sequences can confer a replicative advantage; these sequences are abundant and transfer "laterally" between different memes. Subpopulations of the social network can preferentially transmit a specific variant of a meme if the variant matches their beliefs or culture. Understanding the mechanism driving change in diffusing information has important implications for how we interpret and harness the information that reaches us through our social networks.

Information Evolution in Social Networks

http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.6792

Via Complexity Digest
António F Fonseca's curator insight,

Memes are the information science counterpath of particles to physics.

 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity - Complex Systems Theory

PLOS ONE Complex systems articles

PLOS ONE: an inclusive, peer-reviewed, open-access resource from the PUBLIC LIBRARY OF SCIENCE. Reports of well-performed scientific studies from all disciplines freely available to the whole world.

Via Bryan Knowles, Bernard Ryefield
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

Zipf's Law for All the Natural Cities around the World

Two fundamental issues surrounding research on Zipf's law regarding city sizes are whether and why Zipf's law holds. This paper does not deal with the latter issue with respect to why, and instead investigates whether Zipf's law holds in a global setting, thus involving all cities around the world. Unlike previous studies, which have mainly relied on conventional census data, and census- bureau-imposed definitions of cities, we adopt naturally and objectively delineated cities, or natural cities, to be more precise, in order to examine Zipf's law. We find that Zipf's law holds remarkably well for all natural cities at the global level, and remains almost valid at the continental level except for Africa at certain time instants. We further examine the law at the country level, and note that Zipf's law is violated from country to country or from time to time. This violation is mainly due to our limitations; we are limited to individual countries, and to a static view on city-size distributions. The central argument of this paper is that Zipf's law is universal, and we therefore must use the correct scope in order to observe it. We further find that this law is reflected in the distribution of cities: the number of cities in individual countries follows an inverse power relationship; the number of cities in the first largest country is twice as many as that in the second largest country, three times as many as that in the third largest country, and so on.

Zipf's Law for All the Natural Cities around the World
Bin Jiang, Junjun Yin, Qingling Liu

http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.2965

Via Complexity Digest
António F Fonseca's curator insight,

This is a problem almost a century old, Zip's law was formulated in the 40's with English words.

 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

Damage spreading in spatial and small-world random Boolean networks

The study of the response of complex dynamical social, biological, or technological networks to external perturbations has numerous applications. Random Boolean networks (RBNs) are commonly used as a simple generic model for certain dynamics of complex systems. Traditionally, RBNs are interconnected randomly and without considering any spatial extension and arrangement of the links and nodes. However, most real-world networks are spatially extended and arranged with regular, power-law, small-world, or other nonrandom connections. Here we explore the RBN network topology between extreme local connections, random small-world, and pure random networks, and study the damage spreading with small perturbations. We find that spatially local connections change the scaling of the Hamming distance at very low connectivities ($\bar{K} << 1$) and that the critical connectivity of stability $\bar{K}$ changes compared to random networks. At higher $\bar{K}$, this scaling remains unchanged. We also show that the Hamming distance of spatially local networks scales with a power law as the system size $N$ increases, but with a different exponent for local and small-world networks. The scaling arguments for small-world networks are obtained with respect to the system sizes and strength of spatially local connections. We further investigate the wiring cost of the networks. From an engineering perspective, our new findings provide the key design trade-offs between damage spreading (robustness), the network's wiring cost, and the network's communication characteristics.

Qiming Lu and Christof Teuscher
Damage spreading in spatial and small-world random Boolean networks
Phys. Rev. E 89, 022806 (2014)

http://pre.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v89/i2/e022806

Via Complexity Digest
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[1310.5360] A Bottom-Up Model of Self-Organized Criticality on Networks

Costas Bouyioukos's curator insight,

Potential groundbreaking findings!

 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

From Schelling to Schools

We address theoretically whether and under what conditions Schelling's celebrated result of 'self-organized' unintended residential segregation may also apply to school segregation. We propose here a computational model of school segregation that is aligned with a corresponding Schelling-type model of residential segregation. To adapt the model for application to school segregation, we move beyond previous work by combining two preference arguments in modeling parents' school choice, preferences for the ethnic composition of a school and preferences for minimizing the travelling distance to the school. In a set of computational experiments we assessed the effects of population composition and distance preferences in the school model. We found that a preference for nearby schools can suppress the trend towards self-organized segregation obtained in a baseline condition where parents were indifferent towards distance. We then investigated the joint effects of the variation of agents' 'tolerance' for out-group members and distance preference. We found that integrated distributions were preserved under a much broader range of conditions than in the absence of a preference for nearby schools. We conclude that parents' preferences for nearby schools may be an important factor in tempering for school choice the segregation dynamics known from models of residential segregation.

From Schelling to Schools: A Comparison of a Model of Residential Segregation with a Model of School Segregation

Victor Ionut Stoica and Andreas Flache

Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 17 (1) 5

Via Complexity Digest
Eli Levine's curator insight,

It appears as if racial segregation begins with where you live and are able to live.  This then helps to perpetuate misunderstandings, bigotry and biases against people from other racial, ethnic and social backgrounds than yourself in many individual cases across the human spectrum.

It's a shame that, even now, we're still so tribal, just like our chimp ancestors.

 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers

Measuring the Complexity of Self-organizing Traffic Lights

We apply measures of complexity, emergence and self-organization to an abstract city traffic model for comparing a traditional traffic coordination method with a self-organizing method in two scenarios: cyclic boundaries and non-orientable boundaries. We show that the measures are useful to identify and characterize different dynamical phases. It becomes clear that different operation regimes are required for different traffic demands. Thus, not only traffic is a non-stationary problem, which requires controllers to adapt constantly. Controllers must also change drastically the complexity of their behavior depending on the demand. Based on our measures, we can say that the self-organizing method achieves an adaptability level comparable to a living system.

Measuring the Complexity of Self-organizing Traffic Lights
Dario Zubillaga, Geovany Cruz, Luis Daniel Aguilar, Jorge Zapotecatl, Nelson Fernandez, Jose Aguilar, David A. Rosenblueth, Carlos Gershenson

http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0197

Via Complexity Digest
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complex World

Fighting for Attention

Competition for attention among users can bring social networks close to the critical point of a phase transition.

A “meme” is an idea, style, or behavior that spreads within society; examples include songs, catch phrases, Internet videos, and fashions. The name was coined by British evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins to suggest the analogy with a gene: a meme can replicate, mutate, and evolve, competing for success. But what mechanisms determine the popularity of a meme? Reporting in Physical Review Letters, James Gleeson at the University of Limerick, Ireland, and co-workers present a model that describes how memes spread and compete in a social network.

The key result of their analysis is that the competition between memes turns the social network into a so-called critical system, i.e., a system close to the critical point of a phase transition. In such a state, minor disturbances lead to avalanches of events that drive the system to a new phase, e.g., one in which certain memes go viral. As expected for a critical state, the authors show that many statistical properties exhibit certain regularities. In particular, they are able to predict distributions of popularity following power laws whose exponents are close to empirical values.

Via Claudia Mihai
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity - Complex Systems Theory

Cellular Automaton | Simplicity Behind Complexity | InTechOpen

The book presents the versatility of cellular automaton as models for complex systems through the study of several problems using recent techniques | InTechOpen

Via Bernard Ryefield
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from CxBooks

Understanding Complex Urban Systems: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Modeling (by Christian Walloth et al.)

 List Price: $129.00 Price:$121.32 You Save: $7.68 (6%) Understanding Complex Urban Systems takes as its point of departure the insight that the challenges of global urbanization and the complexity of urban systems cannot be understood – let alone ‘managed’ – by sectoral and disciplinary approaches alone. But while there has recently been significant progress in broadening and refining the methodologies for the quantitative modeling of complex urban systems, in deepening the theoretical understanding of cities as complex systems, or in illuminating the implications for urban planning, there is still a lack of well-founded conceptual thinking on the methodological foundations and the strategies of modeling urban complexity across the disciplines. Bringing together experts from the fields of urban and spatial planning, ecology, urban geography, real estate analysis, organizational cybernetics, stochastic optimization, and literary studies, as well as specialists in various systems approaches and in transdisciplinary methodologies of urban analysis, the volume seeks to advance the discussion on multidisciplinary approaches to urban modeling. While engaging with the ‘state of the art’ in their respective fields, the contributions are specifically written for both experts from a broad range of disciplines as well as for urban practitioners who feel the need for new approaches given the uncertainty of current developments. Via Complexity Digest No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Non-Equilibrium Social Science Does the internet promote fairness of income distribution? (Phys.org) —The question of how an economic system should be structured in order to best promote fairness and equality is one of the most debated subjects of all time. By approaching the complexities of this question from the field of network science, researchers from MIT and other institutions have found that the average degree to which individuals in a society are connected to each other can crucially affect the fairness of income distribution. Read more at: http://phys.org/news/2014-01-internet-fairness-income-video.html#jCp Via NESS António F Fonseca's curator insight, Very interesting problem, see Matthew effect. june holley's curator insight, Fascinating!  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Network and Graph Theory Epidemiological modeling of online social network dynamics The last decade has seen the rise of immense online social networks (OSNs) such as MySpace and Facebook. In this paper we use epidemiological models to explain user adoption and abandonment of OSNs, where adoption is analogous to infection and abandonment is analogous to recovery. We modify the traditional SIR model of disease spread by incorporating infectious recovery dynamics such that contact between a recovered and infected member of the population is required for recovery. The proposed infectious recovery SIR model (irSIR model) is validated using publicly available Google search query data for "MySpace" as a case study of an OSN that has exhibited both adoption and abandonment phases. The irSIR model is then applied to search query data for "Facebook," which is just beginning to show the onset of an abandonment phase. Extrapolating the best fit model into the future predicts a rapid decline in Facebook activity in the next few years. Via Bernard Ryefield No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers The Relative Ineffectiveness of Criminal Network Disruption Researchers, policymakers and law enforcement agencies across the globe struggle to find effective strategies to control criminal networks. The effectiveness of disruption strategies is known to depend on both network topology and network resilience. However, as these criminal networks operate in secrecy, data-driven knowledge concerning the effectiveness of different criminal network disruption strategies is very limited. By combining computational modeling and social network analysis with unique criminal network intelligence data from the Dutch Police, we discovered, in contrast to common belief, that criminal networks might even become ‘stronger’, after targeted attacks. On the other hand increased efficiency within criminal networks decreases its internal security, thus offering opportunities for law enforcement agencies to target these networks more deliberately. Our results emphasize the importance of criminal network interventions at an early stage, before the network gets a chance to (re-)organize to maximum resilience. In the end disruption strategies force criminal networks to become more exposed, which causes successful network disruption to become a long-term effort. The Relative Ineffectiveness of Criminal Network Disruption Paul A. C. Duijn, Victor Kashirin & Peter M. A. Sloot Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 4238 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep04238 ; See also documentary at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qhk9ciHlzzo&nbsp; Via Complexity Digest Eli Levine's curator insight, My only critique of this, is that even by successfully disrupting the social networks, you will ont get rid of the foundations of crime within a society. Greed, lust, violence, all of these things come from the brain and can be seen as mental health problems, rather than necessarily just societal problems. I think we've got to begin ori sorting th the convected and post conicted crowd, such tht we can understand how their brains work and then, how to help heal them, such that we eliminate criminality and crime inspited lifestyles. I understand there are dozens of easy ways to be opposed to this and that there are dozes more ways th work (especially here, in america, where we are soc focused on our small "selves" to forget that there is a much much much much larger world out thre, and that of ourselves as well. We are connected to everyone and everything. That's science. To deny that it is otherwise is to invite delusion and hallucinations about reality and to invite other problems into your life and the rest of ours for your deliberate ignorance and unwillingness to escape to where reality simply is unoffensive and not politically motivated other than to help other people. Therefore, let's overcome this monkey need to punish people for crimes they really didn't have much say in (thankst o the primacy of the brain) and start doing some research on these people (even though they should be confined from the rest of the population until treatments and diagnoses have been developed and concluded upon). Think about it.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity - Complex Systems Theory PLOS ONE Nonlinear dynamics articles PLOS ONE: an inclusive, peer-reviewed, open-access resource from the PUBLIC LIBRARY OF SCIENCE. Reports of well-performed scientific studies from all disciplines freely available to the whole world. Via Bryan Knowles, Bernard Ryefield No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Complexity - Complex Systems Theory How to Save Human Lives with Complexity Science We discuss models and data of crowd disasters, crime, terrorism, war and disease spreading to show that conventional recipes, such as deterrence strategies, are not effective and sufficient to contain them. The failure of many conventional approaches results from their neglection of feedback loops, instabilities and/or cascade effects, due to which equilibrium models do often not provide a good picture of the actual system behavior. However, the complex and often counter-intuitive behavior of social systems and their macro-level collective dynamics can be understood by means of complexity science, which enables one to address the aforementioned problems more successfully. We highlight that a suitable system design and management can help to stop undesirable cascade effects and to enable favorable kinds of self-organization in the system. In such a way, complexity science can help to save human lives. Via Bernard Ryefield No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers Controlling Chaos Faster Predictive Feedback Control is an easy-to-implement method to stabilize unknown unstable periodic orbits in chaotic dynamical systems. Predictive Feedback Control is severely limited because asymptotic convergence speed decreases with stronger instabilities which in turn are typical for larger target periods, rendering it harder to effectively stabilize periodic orbits of large period. Here, we study stalled chaos control, where the application of control is stalled to make use of the chaotic, uncontrolled dynamics, and introduce an adaptation paradigm to overcome this limitation and speed up convergence. This modified control scheme is not only capable of stabilizing more periodic orbits than the original Predictive Feedback Control but also speeds up convergence for typical chaotic maps, as illustrated in both theory and application. The proposed adaptation scheme provides a way to tune parameters online, yielding a broadly applicable, fast chaos control that converges reliably, even for periodic orbits of large period. Controlling Chaos Faster Christian Bick, Christoph Kolodziejski, Marc Timme http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.4763 Via Complexity Digest No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers The complex architecture of primes and natural numbers Natural numbers can be divided in two non-overlapping infinite sets, primes and composites, with composites factorizing into primes. Despite their apparent simplicity, the elucidation of the architecture of natural numbers with primes as building blocks remains elusive. Here, we propose a new approach to decoding the architecture of natural numbers based on complex networks and stochastic processes theory. We introduce a parameter-free non-Markovian dynamical model that naturally generates random primes and their relation with composite numbers with remarkable accuracy. Our model satisfies the prime number theorem as an emerging property and a refined version of Cram\'er's conjecture about the statistics of gaps between consecutive primes that seems closer to reality than the original Cram\'er's version. Regarding composites, the model helps us to derive the prime factors counting function, giving the probability of distinct prime factors for any integer. Probabilistic models like ours can help not only to conjecture but also to prove results about primes and the complex architecture of natural numbers. The complex architecture of primes and natural numbers Guillermo Garcia-Perez, M. Angeles Serrano, Marian Boguna http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.3612 Via Complexity Digest No comment yet.  Scooped by Complejidady Economía ebook CIENCIA y SOCIEDAD: Pinceladas por E Vizcaya, L. Pacheco y O. Miramontes (2013-2014) UNAM Complejidady Economía's insight: En este libro se recogen las contribuciones de una constelación de autores que, desde su práctica científica cotidiana, han dedicado importantes esfuerzos para señalar y advertir, tanto a sus colegas de profesión como al público en general, sobre la naturaleza social de la ciencia y la responsabilidad social del científico. El quehacer científico no es ideologicamente neutro, nunca lo ha sido y nunca lo será. En los conceptos científicos que se desarrollan y construyen históricamente está embutida una visión social particular y una ideología llena de preconceptos. El científico promedio tiende a ignorar las consecuencias del tipo particular de ciencia que desarrolla. Este libro pretende advertir sobre algunos de los peligros que se derivan de ello, así como promover acciones coherentes con dichas reflexiones. No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Papers How do life, economy and other complex systems escape the heat death? The primordial confrontation underlying the existence of our universe can be conceived as the battle between entropy and complexity. The law of ever-increasing entropy (Boltzmann H-theorem) evokes an irreversible, one-directional evolution (or rather involution) going uniformly and monotonically from birth to death. Since the 19th century, this concept is one of the cornerstones and in the same time puzzles of statistical mechanics. On the other hand, there is the empirical experience where one witnesses the emergence, growth and diversification of new self-organized objects with ever-increasing complexity. When modeling them in terms of simple discrete elements one finds that the emergence of collective complex adaptive objects is a rather generic phenomenon governed by a new type of laws. These 'emergence' laws, not connected directly with the fundamental laws of the physical reality, nor acting 'in addition' to them but acting through them were called by Phil Anderson 'More is Different', 'das Maass' by Hegel etc. Even though the 'emergence laws' act through the intermediary of the fundamental laws that govern the individual elementary agents, it turns out that different systems apparently governed by very different fundamental laws: gravity, chemistry, biology, economics, social psychology, end up often with similar emergence laws and outcomes. In particular the emergence of adaptive collective objects endows the system with a granular structure which in turn causes specific macroscopic cycles of intermittent fluctuations. How do life, economy and other complex systems escape the heat death? Sorin Solomon, Natasa Golo http://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0153 Via Complexity Digest No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Network and Graph Theory Classifying Latent Infection States in Complex Networks Algorithms for identifying the infection states of nodes in a network are crucial for understanding and containing infections. Often, however, only a relatively small set of nodes have a known infection state. Moreover, the length of time that each node has been infected is also unknown. This missing data -- infection state of most nodes and infection time of the unobserved infected nodes -- poses a challenge to the study of real-world cascades. In this work, we develop techniques to identify the latent infected nodes in the presence of missing infection time-and-state data. Based on the likely epidemic paths predicted by the simple susceptible-infected epidemic model, we propose a measure (Infection Betweenness) for uncovering these unknown infection states. Our experimental results using machine learning algorithms show that Infection Betweenness is the most effective feature for identifying latent infected nodes. Via Bernard Ryefield No comment yet.  Scooped by Complejidady Economía Corruption drives the emergence of civil society Complejidady Economía's insight: Abstract Centralized sanctioning institutions have been shown to emerge naturally through social learning, displace all other forms of punishment and lead to stable cooperation. However, this result provokes a number of questions. If centralized sanctioning is so successful, then why do many highly authoritarian states suffer from low levels of cooperation? Why do states with high levels of public good provision tend to rely more on citizen-driven peer punishment? Here, we consider how corruption influences the evolution of cooperation and punishment. Our model shows that the effectiveness of centralized punishment in promoting cooperation breaks down when some actors in the model are allowed to bribe centralized authorities. Counterintuitively, a weaker centralized authority is actually more effective because it allows peer punishment to restore cooperation in the presence of corruption. Our results provide an evolutionary rationale for why public goods provision rarely flourishes in polities that rely only on strong centralized institutions. Instead, cooperation requires both decentralized and centralized enforcement. These results help to explain why citizen participation is a fundamental necessity for policing the commons. No comment yet.  Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from CxBooks Physics, Nature and Society: A Guide to Order and Complexity in Our World (by Joaquin Marro) Physics, Nature and Society: A Guide to Order and Complexity in Our World (The Frontiers Collection) ~ Joaquin Marro (author) More about this product  List Price:$39.99 Price: $31.99 You Save:$8.00 (20%)

This wide-ranging and accessible book serves as a fascinating guide to the strategies and concepts that help us understand the boundaries between physics, on the one hand, and sociology, economics, and biology on the other. From cooperation and criticality to flock dynamics and fractals, the author addresses many of the topics belonging to the broad theme of complexity. He chooses excellent examples (requiring no prior mathematical knowledge) to illuminate these ideas and their implications. The lively style and clear description of the relevant models will appeal both to novices and those with an existing knowledge of the field.

Via Complexity Digest
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from Non-Equilibrium Social Science

An Introduction to Socio-Finance (by Jørgen Vitting Andersen, Andrzej Nowak)

An Introduction to Socio-Finance

 List Price: $89.99 Price:$85.49 You Save: \$4.50 (5%)

This introductory text is devoted to exposing the underlying nature of price formation in financial markets as a predominantly sociological phenomenon that relates individual decision-making to emergent and co-evolving social and financial structures.

Two different levels of this sociological influence are considered: First, we examine how price formation results from the social dynamics of interacting individuals, where interaction occurs either through the price or by direct communication.  Then the same processes are revisited and examined at the level of larger groups of individuals.

In this book, models of both levels of socio-finance are presented, and it is shown, in particular, how complexity theory provides the conceptual and methodological tools needed to understand and describe such phenomena. Accordingly, readers are first given a broad introduction to the standard economic theory of rational financial markets and will come to understand its shortcomings with the help of concrete examples. Complexity theory is then introduced in order to properly account for behavioral decision-making and match the observed market dynamics.

Via Complexity Digest, NESS
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 Rescooped by Complejidady Economía from CxAnnouncements

Infrastructure Complexity journal

Infrastructure Complexity aims to understand, shape and design complex systems and services that emerge from a collection of interacting physical objects and social actors in an urban environment. It aims to propel sustainable urban systems, through urban metabolism, and is rooted in the fundamental understanding of urban (infrastructure) systems and services.

http://www.infrastructure-complexity.com

Via Complexity Digest
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